207 resultados para CO2 levels


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An extension of Faulkner's method for the energy levels of the shallow donor in silicon and germanium at zero field is made in order to investigate the effects of a magnetic field upon the excited states. The effective-mass Hamiltonian matrix elements of an electron bound to a donor center and subjected to a magnetic field B, which involves both the linear and quadratic terms of magnetic field, are expressed analytically and matrices are solved numerically. The photothermal ionization spectroscopy of phosphorus in ultrapure silicon for magnetic fields parallel to the [1,0,0] and [1,1,1] directions and up to 10 T is explained successfully.

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A new method of differentiating the deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) signal is used to increase the resolution of conventional DLTS. Using this method, more than one single deep level with small differences in activation energy or capture cross section, which are often hard to determine by conventional DLTS, can be distinguished. A series of lattice-mismatched InxGa1-xP samples are measured by improved DLTS to determine accurately the activation energy of a lattice-mismatch-induced deep level. This level cannot be clearly determined using conventional DLTS because the two signals partly overlap each other. Both the signals are thought to originate from a phosophorus vacancy and lattice-mismatch-induced defect.

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Two thermostable levels E(0.31) and E(0.58) related to Rh in Si were observed using deep level transient spectroscopy and double correlation deep level transient spectroscopy techniques. By means of thermal annealing and electron irradiation, the microscopic natures of these levels were identified for the first time. The levels E(0.31) and E(0.58) arise from by the same impurity center but have different charge states. Their microstructures are not related to a pure substitutional Rh atom, but correspond to a complex. This result is compared to our self-consistent theoretical calculation.

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The theoretical treatment of magnetic levels formed in the minibands of superlattices under an in-plane magnetic field is discussed. It is found that the results of semiclassical and envelope-function treatments based on miniband structures are in good agreement with the results calculated strictly by the quantum-mechanical method, so long as the critical parameter 2hc/eBL2 is larger than 1. The wave functions obtained are in the nature of superlattice envelope functions, which are over and above the usual effective-mass envelope functions for bulk materials.

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The transitions of E0 ,E0 +A0, and E+ in dilute GaAs(1-x) Nx alloys with x = 0.10% ,0.22% ,0.36% ,and 0.62% are observed by micro-photoluminescence. Resonant Raman scattering results further confirm that they are from the intrinsic emissions in the studied dilute GaAsN alloys rather than some localized exciton emissions in the GaAsN alloys. The results show that the nitrogen-induced E E+ and E0 + A0 transitions in GaAsN alloys intersect at a nitrogen content of about 0.16%. It is demonstrated that a small amount of isoelectronic doping combined with micro-photoluminescence allows direct observation of above band gap transitions that are not usually accessible in photoluminescence.

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利用质谱分析仪测定成人皮肤释放出的微量CO_(2)气体, 研究流过皮肤表皮的CO_(2)渗透率。对六名健康男性受试者的前臂曲侧面皮肤测定的CO_(2)气体渗透率平均值为3.78±0.45×10~(-4)m l/min cm~(2)。CO_(2)释放的强度取决于在身体不同的测试部位, 而且还受到呼吸深度的影响。图5表1参9

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Electron transport in heavily-doped GaAs/AlAs superlattices in parallel electric and magnetic fields is reported. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic exhibited the feature of negative differential velocity (NDV) and high electric field domain effect at different biases. Under strong magnetic fields, sequential resonant tunnelling through Landau levels in the negative differential velocity regime is observed, which are manifested as oscillations in the conductance-voltage characteristics. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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本文以开顶箱法分别控制CO2、O3浓度,在CO2、O3浓度升高及其二者相互作用条件下,分析沈阳城市森林主要树种油松、银杏活性氧水平,抗氧化系统活性以及膜脂过氧化程度动态变化,揭示城市油松、银杏抗氧化系统对全球气候变化的响应规律。 1. 在短期(60天)内CO2浓度倍增(700µmol mol-1)使油松、银杏超氧自由基(O2-.) 产生速率与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量减少,而抗坏血酸(ASA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(GR)活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量下降。与对照相比,大多数测定显示出显著差别。植株抗氧化能力增强,对活性氧清除能力提高。但长期(70天以上)CO2浓度倍增处理则使试验结果发生逆转。 2. 高浓度O3(80nmol mol-1)使O2-. 产生速率提高,H2O2 含量增加,MDA含量也随之增加。ASA含量与SOD、APX及GR活性在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期升高,但随着臭氧暴露时间的延长ASA含量与保护酶活性均变得低于对照。因此,在高浓度臭氧熏蒸的前期(30天以内),抗氧化酶能够在一定程度上调节自身的活性适应环境变化。但连续的高浓度臭氧胁迫导致活性氧含量升高,抗氧化酶活性下降。在试验后期, 虽然肉眼可见的伤害尚未观察到,但丙二醛含量显著升高,膜脂过氧化程度加深,油松、银杏的抗氧化系统已经不能抵抗长期臭氧胁迫所带来的氧化伤害。 3. 高浓度O3熏蒸初期,经倍增浓度CO2预处理的油松、银杏O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量,SOD、APX、MDAR、GR活性与自然O3浓度条件下植株无显著差异,表明高浓度CO2预处理银杏、油松对O3的抵抗能力增强。但随着高O3曝露时间的延长,O2-.产生速率与H2O2含量增加,SOD、APX、MDAR与GR活性低于对照,而且(经高CO2预处理后移入自然CO2、O3浓度中的植株)之差异逐渐增大,在试验末期达到差异显著水平,表明高CO2诱导油松、银杏产生的对O3胁迫的高抗性是不稳定的。 4.高浓度O3预处理(50天)使油松、银杏的抗氧化系统活性下降,已如前述。将经高浓度O3预处理的油松、银杏分别置入倍增浓度CO2与自然CO2环境中,随后的20天高CO2处理使活性氧水平低于自然CO2环境,而抗氧化酶活性高于自然CO2环境。这表明倍增CO2浓度能有效的恢复高浓度O3处理对油松、银杏的氧化胁迫。

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植被-大气间CO2交换研究对准确评价陆地生态系统碳收支有重要意义。本研究以我国北方典型的植被类型—长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,以国际公认的涡度相关技术为主要手段,结合微气象观测和生物学实验,探讨了森林碳交换过程与机制,建立了CO2通量观测数据的质量评价与控制体系。主要结论: (1)长白山阔叶红松林湍流通量贡献区主要集中在0.01~2Hz频率范围内,在弱湍流条件下存在通量低估现象。经过质量控制,CO2通量数据能够反映阔叶红松林与大气间CO2交换的真实过程; (2)森林生态系统CO2通量变化范围为-1.5~1.0 mg CO2•m-2•s-1,白天主要受光合有效辐射PAR的影响,但高的空气饱和水汽压差VPD对植被光合有一定的抑制作用,夜间CO2通量主要受温度的控制; (3)5cm温度是控制土壤碳排放的主导因素,由于雨热同季,因此干旱胁迫现象并不明显。土壤呼吸Q10变化范围为3.88~4.67,其值大小与温度区间有关; (4)2003~2005年森林GPP分别为1441、1312和1502gC•m-2,NEE分别为-188、-157和-186gC•m-2,森林碳收支的年际差异是由水热条件引起。叶片和群落高的弱光利用率和较强的光合吸收能力是其作为有200多年林龄的温带原始林,仍保持较高固碳能力的重要原因之一; (5)2003~2005年生态系统碳排放量分别为1252、1155和1326gC•m-2,土壤呼吸约占生态系统呼吸排放的80%; (6)长白山阔叶红松林具有较高的碳代谢能力,但由于光合吸收和呼吸释放都很活跃,森林总体表现为一稳定、适度的碳汇。这与其温带成熟原始林在碳循环领域的生态功能相一致。

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随着工业化和城市化的迅速发展,高浓度CO2和高浓度O3对植物影响的研究受到了广泛的重视,但二者交互作用对城市树木的生理及碳氧平衡的影响尚不清楚。银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)是沈阳市城市森林的两种重要树种,对大气环境变化的响应具有代表性。本文采用开顶箱法研究了在高浓度CO2(700 μmol•mol-1)、O3(80 nmol•mol-1)及其复合作用条件下城市银杏、油松生长、光合、蒸腾以及呼吸作用的日动态、季节动态变化,揭示了银杏、油松光合对高浓度CO2、O3的适应机制及其本身环境效应的变化规律,为研究城市森林对全球变化的响应与反馈提供了重要基础。 得出的主要结果如下: 1. 短期(0-30 d)高浓度CO2处理提高了银杏、油松叶片/针叶细胞间CO2浓度、羧化效率和表观量子效率,从而提高了银杏、油松的净光合速率。 2. 一个生长季(100 d)高浓度CO2处理促进了银杏、油松叶片/针叶的生长,提高了细胞渗透调节物质含量,增强了银杏、油松抵御逆境胁迫的潜能。银杏、油松日变化曲线趋向单峰曲线,缓解了中午的光抑制现象;固碳释氧量提高了近1倍,有助于减缓全球变化的速度。 银杏、油松的气孔导度和羧化效率的降低是发生光合适应的重要原因。 3. 高浓度O3处理可导致两树种的生理伤害,银杏叶片表现为褐斑型伤害,油松则为水锈型,叶片生长受到抑制。同时两树种可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量降低,电导率升高。 两树种叶绿素含量降低,净光合速率下降。银杏光合速率的降低前期表现为气孔限制,后期转为非气孔限制为主。油松光合速率下降则是两种限制因素共同作用的结果,难分主次,表明油松的气孔调节能力弱于银杏,更易受到O3的伤害。造成实验处理后期银杏、油松光合速率下降的非气孔因素是表观量子效率和羧化效率的降低。 高浓度O3处理使银杏、油松的光抑制现象加强,固碳释氧、降温增湿能力降低,且油松降低幅度大于银杏。 4. 高浓度CO2和O3复合处理提高了银杏油松的叶绿素含量,减轻了高浓度O3对叶片/针叶的伤害,促进了叶的生长。 与对照相比,复合处理提高了银杏、油松的净光合速率,降低了气孔导度和蒸腾速率,从而使水分利用效率和含水量得到提高。表观量子效率和羧化效率的提高是光合速率大幅度上升的重要因素;呼吸速率的提高则是后期光合速率增幅减小的重要原因。复合处理前期CO2主要是通过气孔调节来缓解O3对树木的伤害,高浓度CO2处理对光合作用的促进作用大于高浓度O3处理的抑制作用。 高浓度CO2和O3复合处理的银杏、油松的光呼吸速率、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖的含量增加,电导率降低,提高了银杏、油松的抗逆性,这是高浓度CO2缓解O3胁迫对树木伤害的一个原因。复合处理同样缓解了银杏、油松光抑制现象,提高了固碳释氧量,但银杏降温增湿能力降低。