106 resultados para producto lítico clástico
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Los plásticos proporcionan claros beneficios a la sociedad, es un material de innegable utilidad presente en infinidad de productos de uso cotidiano . No obstante, p ese a no ser considerados resi duos peligrosos, los res i duos plásticos representan un problema ambiental global de creciente preocupación ya que la cultura del uso y desecho que prevalece hoy en día hac e que la generación de res i duos ocurra de manera masiva y conti nua . Además, e l plástico es un material inorgánico que tiene alta durabilidad. Se calcula que puede tardar entre 100 y 1000 años en degradarse d ependiendo del tipo de plástico, lo que supone que no se reincorpore fácilmente a los ciclos naturales, permaneciendo por largos periodos y afectando de diferentes maneras los lugares donde queda dispuesto. Por lo tanto, los impactos ambientales son acumulativos, de largo plazo y lejanos. El interés de reciclar los plá sticos surge por la necesidad de eliminar su dep ó sito en vertederos, donde dada su baja degradabilidad solo originan problemas medioambientales y de deterioro del paisaje. A nivel mundial , el principal impacto ambiental de los res i duos p lásticos es la contaminación de los océanos y mares. Es un impacto acumulativo que se presenta a largo plazo y cubre gran cantidad de espacios de todo el planeta. Se han encontrado cantidades substanciales de residuos contaminando los hábitats marinos desde los polos hasta el ecuador, desde costas remotas inhabitadas hasta costas altamente pobladas y áreas profundas del océano (Barnes y cols., 2009 ) . El bajo peso del plástico, que es una ventaja en las etapas de distri bución y consumo del producto plástico, se convierte en una problemática ambiental cuando los residuos plásticos navegan por corrientes subterráneas, ríos, mares y océanos.
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Los enzimas son piezas fundamentales en el correcto funcionamiento de cualquier sistema biológico. Gracias a su naturaleza proteica y a las estructuras tridimensionales complejas que son capaces de adoptar, estas moléculas actúan como catalizadores de reacciones químicas. L a función de los enz imas es disminuir la energía de activación de la reacción, aumentando de este modo la velocidad de reacción. L o s enzimas no alteran el balance e nergético de las reacciones en que intervienen, ni modifican, por lo tanto, el equilibrio de la reacción . Por este motivo, en las reacciones catalizadas por enzimas se observa una mayor rapidez a la hora de alcanzar el equilibrio. La ciencia que estudia l a velocidad de las reacciones químicas que son catalizadas por enzimas es la cinética enzimática , e n la cual , las moléculas sobre las que actúan los enzimas se denominan sustratos y las moléculas resultantes de la conversión productos. El estudio de la cin ética de un enzima permite explicar los detalles de su mecanismo catalítico, su papel en el metabolismo o incluso cómo se controla su actividad en la célula. Las dos propiedades más importantes a la hora de trabajar con enzimas son: el tiempo que tarda en saturarse con un sustrato en particular y la velocidad máxima de reacción que puede alcanzar. Para el estudio de estas propiedades en el laboratorio se realizan los ensayos enzimáticos. El procedimiento a seguir en estos casos es medir la aparición de un producto o la desaparición de un sustrato frente al tiempo.
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En el presente proyecto se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de la glicólisis catalítica del PU para la despolimerización. Esta reacción se realiza entre dos reactivos: uno en fase sólida (PU) y otro en fase líquida (dietilenglicol, DEG). El producto de reacción de interés es el poliol de partida. En primer lugar se han estudiado las condiciones óptimas de reacción con el catalizador mayoritariamente utilizado para la glicólisis (dietilenamina) en un reactor discontinuo de tipo tanque agitado. Debido al problema ambiental asociado al catalizador se ha llevado a cabo el estudio de diferentes catalizadores medioambientalmente más amigables.Por último, Se ha caracterizado el producto de reacción por cromatografía de permeación de gel (GPC), espectrometría infrarroja (FTIR) y se ha determinado el contenido de agua, la viscosidad y la densidad. Así mismo se ha llevado a cabo un ensayo de re-espumación de PU empleando el poliol recuperado.
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[ES] En el presente trabajo, se ha tratado de recoger la información relevante sobre el proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa aplicado a la automoción, desde la experiencia adquirida por el autor en GKN Driveline Zumaia. En los primeros capítulos, se explica el proceso de soldadura desde diferentes enfoques y se describe brevemente la planta de fabricación GKN Driveline Zumaia y su producto fabricado mediante este proceso de soldadura. En los siguientes capítulos las tres principales fases del ciclo de soldadura con los parámetros que lo gestionan. Finalmente en los últimos y siguiendo el flujo del proceso de fabricación, se exponen otros tres capítulos que tienen que ver con este proceso de soldadura por fricción rotativa: Materia prima, máquina y ensayos no destructivos.
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Duración (en horas): De 21 a 30 horas Destinatario: Profesor
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[ES] La práctica tradicional del boca-oreja, natural desde hace años como modo de publicidad efectiva sin recurrir a grandes inversiones ni contrataciones en medios masivos se ha convertido en una nueva posibilidad de marketing con la llegada de las nuevas tecnologías e Internet. Así ha aparecido una nueva estrategia de marketing que consiste en explotar las redes sociales preexistentes para producir incrementos exponenciales en conocimiento de marca, denominada marketing viral. El efecto "boca-oreja online" que genera es una herramienta poderosa para las empresas, aunque su verdadero potencial está aún por descubrir. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es analizar este fenómeno a través de una amplia revisión bibliográfica del término, así como un estudio empírico consistente en una entrevista en profundidad realizada a una muestra de importantes empresas españolas. Los resultados indican que el marketing viral puede ser empleado para el beneficio, tanto de grandes empresas con grandes presupuestos, como de pequeños negocios. Las experiencias exitosas de su utilización demuestran que, cuando se usa integrado en el resto de estrategias comerciales de la empresa, puede mejorar la recomendación de la marca e incrementar su notoriedad en el mercado. El marketing viral puede ser ventajoso a la hora de lanzar un nuevo producto al mercado, sin embargo, la efectividad y la medición de las campañas son vistas por muchos académicos y profesionales como un punto débil de la estrategia.
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[ES] Esta investigación aporta evidencias concluyentes de que existe el efecto placebo en la valoración de un producto artístico, en este caso un poema. Tras la aplicación de diferentes metodologías y testando divergentes poemas, los resultados indican que el nombre del autor influye significativamente en la valoración subjetiva que se hace de la obra. De este modo, esta investigación da respuesta a la pregunta: ¿puede una pieza literaria ser evaluada de manera diferente en función de la persona que firma esa creación? Los resultados de este estudio ciertamente muestran ese efecto: un poema es evaluado de manera significativamente más favorable cuando el que lo lee cree que esa obra está firmada por un gran artista, en contraposición a que ese poema fuera anónimo. O lo que es lo mismo, el nombre de marca condiciona la percepción del producto. Sin embargo, el efecto placebo se debilita cuando el estímulo es evaluado por personas con alta experiencia con el producto. Las implicaciones para el marketing y para el sector editorial son discutidas finalmente.
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En este proyecto se describirá como construir un modelo predictivo de tipo gradient boosting para predecir el número de ventas online de un producto X del cual solo sabremos su número de identificación, teniendo en cuenta las campañas publicitarias y las características tanto cualitativas y cuantitativas de éste. Para ello se utilizarán y se explicarán las diferentes técnicas utilizadas, como son: la técnica de la validación cruzada y el Blending. El objetivo del proyecto es implementar el modelo así como explicar con exactitud cada técnica y herramienta utilizada y obtener un resultado válido para la competición propuesta en Kaggle con el nombre de Online Product Sales.
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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.
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E-mail de contacto: juliaramosdelvalle@gmail.com
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En este Proyecto de Fin de Grado se ha realizado el diseño y la implementación de la aplicación Baldugenda. El objetivo que tiene Baldugenda es juntar la agenda universitaria física con los teléfonos móviles y los servicios de Google, para que los alumnos puedan llevar al día los exámenes y sus notas mediante la aplicación. El desarrollo se ha realizado en un marco de integración y colaboración directa de los usuarios en el proyecto, partiendo de un producto mínimo viable inicial e integrando el feedback en la progresiva ampliación de las características del servicio.El sistema se basa en una aplicación nativa para Android conectada con los servicios web de Google Calendar y Google Drive. En implementación se han utilizado tecnologías emergentes, todas de código abierto: Sqlite para el almacenamiento de datos, y como cliente una aplicación Android nativa.
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En este Proyecto Fin de Carrera se ha realizado el diseño y la implementación de la aplicación JonBike. Tiene como objetivo mejorar y optimizar el seguimiento de los entrenamientos de los ciclistas. El desarrollo se ha realizado en un marco de integración y colaboración directa de los usuarios en el proyecto, partiendo de un Producto Mínimo Viable o "Minimum Viable Product" (MVP) inicial e integrando su feedback en la progresiva ampliación de las características del servicio. El sistema está compuesto por una aplicación móvil nativa para Android y una fuente de datos alojada en un servidor remoto. En implementación se han utilizado tecnologías emergentes, todas de código abierto: MongoDB junto con MongoLab para el almacenamiento de datos y plataforma base para el backend, y desarrollando como cliente, una aplicación Android nativa.
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