Etxetik sustatzen den irakurzaletasuna

EUSKARA LABURPENA: Irakurketa bizitza osoan zehar gizakiak jorratu beharko duen prozesu konplexua da. Irakurketarekiko lehen harremanak txikitatik eta familia giroan hasten direla kontuan izanik, hizkuntza idatziaren sustatze egitasmoan familiak duen ezinbesteko papera gailendu nahi izan dugu lan honetan. Horrenbestez, Lekeitioko 3-5 urte bitarteko haurren familiek etxetik irakurzaletasuna sustatzeko egiten duten ahalegina aztertzeko, galdetegi bidezko ikerketa bat egin dugu. Burututako ikerlanetik ondorio interesgarriak ateratzea lortu dugu; besteak beste, etxean gurasoek haurrekin irakurtzeko ohitura erakutsi arren, liburutegira edota ekimenetara joateko ez dutela esfortzu handiegirik egiten; edota familiek ez dutela oparien rankingeko gorengo mailan kokatzen liburua.

Diseño y desarrollo de una interfaz de configuración de un generador de tráfico de red

[ES]Se trata de un software de gobierno para un inyector de tráfico de altas prestaciones capaz de adaptar el tráfico de red a distintos parámetros. Además, se deberán integrar el conjunto en la arquitectura de pruebas del laboratorio.

Suspensión trasera progresiva para moto Student: Alternativa Pro-link

El objetivo de este proyecto ha sido el de diseñar un sistema de suspensión englobado en el ámbito de la competición interuniversitaria MotoStudent. Además de la normativa de la competición, dicha suspensión debe cumplir una serie de requisitos extra impuestos por el equipo de MotoStudent de la ETSI de Bilbao. Las características principales de la suspensión en cuestión deben ser las siguientes:  La rigidez del sistema de suspensión debe ser progresiva, de forma que se comporte como una suspensión blanda a bajas solicitaciones, y como una suspensión dura a altas solicitaciones.  A fin de poder adaptar la suspensión de la moto a diferentes circuitos, el esta deberá estar dotada de un sistema de regulación. Para ello el sistema de suspensión elegido es el sistema por bieletas tipo Pro- Link, cuya principal característica es que, en dicha solución, el balancín no solo tiene movimiento angular, sino que tiene también movimiento lineal, de forma que es mucho más versátil a la hora de diseñar. Figura[

Estudio del efecto de la hidratación de la escoria blanca de acería de HEA: aplicación en pastas y morteros de cemento

xxiv, 252 p.

Cuidados alternativos y complementarios para el manejo del dolor en el paciente crónico y/o paliativo

Desde siempre se han utilizado las terapias alternativas o complementarias (MAC) para tratar los problemas de salud. Hoy en día han ido sustituyéndose por la medicina convencional que conocemos. A pesar de ello, las cifras de personas en el mundo que las utilizan son muy altas. En este trabajo pondremos en el punto de mira el empleo de las MAC por parte de los profesionales de enfermería para el control del dolor en pacientes crónicos y/o paliativos. Objetivos: Describir el estado de la investigación y la evidencia científica de las MAC, analizar su grado de implantación en la formación enfermera y su empleo en los cuidados a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas que puedan requerir unos cuidados paliativos que cursan con dolor e identificar diferentes técnicas de las MAC aplicables al manejo del dolor por parte de enfermería. Metodología: Para alcanzar los objetivos se ha realizado una revisión narrativa. Se ha buscado en diferentes bases de datos utilizando criterios de inclusión y exclusión que han permitido seleccionar las fuentes bibliográficas necesarias. Conclusión: Las MAC demuestran ser eficaces a la hora de realizar los cuidados y controlar el dolor de los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas que puedan requerir de cuidados paliativos, los profesionales de enfermería son aptos para el empleo de las MAC a nivel hospitalario, las MAC son ya utilizadas por los profesionales de enfermería dentro de la medicina convencional, las MAC no sostienen una MBE, no obstante, están respaldadas por numerosas investigaciones que avalan su eficacia.

Optimization of the pyrolysis process for the production of a biomass derived reducing agent and hydrogen-rich gases

221 p.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Modelización de procesos hidrológicos y de contaminación por nitratos mediante dos códigos numéricos (SWAT y MOHID). Cuenca agrícola del río Alegría (País Vasco)

245 p.+ anexos

Effects of global change on the functioning of Mediterranean Rivers

138 p.

Evaluación de un programa de fisioterapia respiratoria en pacientes sometidos a resección pulmonar

169 p.+ anexos

Depresión en la práctica enfermera. Comparativa Urgencias y Cirugía General.

Introducción: La depresión representa una alta carga para la sociedad afectando a 121 millones de personas en el mundo, convirtiéndose en la tercera causa de carga mundial de morbilidad entre todas las enfermedades. En el campo de la enfermería las tasas de depresión son aun menos prometedoras. Diversos estudios a nivel internacional han considerado a la enfermería como una profesión con altas prevalencias en trastornos depresivos dando lugar a un efecto negativo sobre la fuerza de trabajo en el sector sanitario. Factores como los turnos rotatorios, mal ambiente laboral, bajo de nivel de autonomía o estar soltero o divorciado son algunos de los muchos agentes que aumentan el riesgo de padecer depresión. Objetivos: Aunque la depresión ha sido ampliamente estudiada, en la literatura actual los estudios realizados entre la depresión y la enfermería son relativamente escasos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio será un esfuerzo para abordar esta cuestión y tendrá un doble propósito: determinar los niveles de depresión existentes entre las enfermeras del Servicio de Urgencias y de Cirugía General del Hospital de Galdakao y comparar los niveles de depresión entre las unidades anteriormente citadas. Metodología: Para ello se realizará un estudio descriptivo observacional de prevalencia. La población a estudio estará formada por los profesionales de enfermería que trabajan en las unidades de Urgencias y Cirugía General del Hospital de Galdakao. El instrumento que se utilizara para la recogida de datos será el Inventario de Depresión Beck (BDI) y el análisis estadístico se llevará a cabo mediante el programa informático SPSS.

Evaluación del impacto radiológico ambiental de una industria NORM

[ES]El proceso de soldadura más común es la soldadura por arco metálico con electrodos revestidos. A veces ese revestimiento contiene materiales radiactivos de origen natural (NORMs). En España los electrodos más utilizados son los recubiertos de rutilo mezclado con otros materiales. El rutilo contiene algunos radionúclidos naturales detectables, por lo que puede ser considerado como un NORM. Este trabajo principalmente se centra en la aplicación de la metodología expuesta en la Guía de Seguridad 11.3 del Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (Metodología para la evaluación del impacto radiológico en las industrias NORM), como una herramienta para obtener las dosis en una fábrica que produce este tipo de electrodo y evaluar el impacto radiológico en una instalación específica. Para ello, se aplicaron en dicha instalación los pasos requeridos por la metodología para su cumplimiento. Se analizaron los beneficios inherentes al estudio y se identificaron las zonas de radiación más altas así como la posición de los trabajadores. Habiendo hecho uso de evaluaciones de dosis llevadas a cabo con anterioridad por otros procedimientos, métodos de simulación, se establecieron las pautas de protección radiológica a seguir para el cumplimiento de dicha guía, mediante la colocación de dosímetros personales y monitores de radiación.

Kautxu birziklatuzko materialek inpaktura duten erantzunaren simulazioa.

[EU]Ondorengo lanean ingeniaritzaren eremuan aurkitzen den eginkizunik garrantzitsuenetako bat egingo da: material berri bat karakterizatu. Hau da, errealitatean ikusten duguna era matematiko batean idatzi, edo beste era batean esanda, modelo matematiko bat lortu. Jorratuko den materiala kautxu birziklatua izango da, pneumatiko zaharretatik abiatuz egiten dena. Material honek, besteak beste, hurrengo abantailak ditu: produzitzeko erraza (beraz, prezio ekonomikoak, lehengaiak hondakin solidoak direla ikusita) eta inpakturako erantzun ona. Kautxu hau, beste erabileren artean, segurtasun-errailetan erabiltzen da, moto-gidariak ebaketetatik babesteko. Modelo matematikoa edo konstitutiboa lortzeko, lege hiperelastiko eta biskoelastikoetatik abiatuz, portaera bisko-hiperelastikorako lege bat proposatuko da. Lege hau deformazio handietarako eta deformazio abiadura handietarako aplikatu egingo da. Honen oinarria aurreko urteetan eskola honetako beste ikasleek eginiko gradu eta karrera amaierako lanak izango dira. Behin hau izanda, elementu finituetako software baten bidez simulatuko da, eta emaitza numerikoak esperimentalekin alderatuko dira. Honen bidez, modeloa hobetu ahal izango dugu, zehaztasun gehiago lortzeko asmoz.

El tratamiento y la gestión de residuos de construcción y demolición de obras de nueva planta: Una visión normativa y sostenible de un problema socioeconómico y medioambiental.

[ES]Desde el punto de vista de la organización y presentación de la memoria escrita de este TFG, se presentara un contexto de la situación de la construcción, para que se pueda comprender el problema existente de residuos de la construcción y demolición. Después vendría alcance y objetivos y los beneficios que se intenta aportar con este tfg. En segundo lugar, el documento tiene un resumen de la legislación vigente en materia de residuos. Se ha realizado para ver cómo ha evolucionado la concienciación en los residuos y especialmente en los RCDs. Para saber cuál es la situación actual en esta materia y si se puede imitar a otros países. Después vendría un estudio de como es la gestión de los residuos de la construcción y demolición a grandes rasgos, que materiales son que pueden ser sometidos a procesos de valorización y cuáles son. Seguidamente, viene la parte más extensa del tfg la gestión de los áridos reciclados. Se le ha dado más valor, a los residuos de origen pétreo que mediante procesos de reciclaje se consigue el árido reciclado, porque, es el residuo que se encuentra en mas altas cantidades en una demolición. A Continuación, se dispondrá de un presupuesto que reflejara el dinero gastado en la realización del proyecto. Se mostrara de manera clara cuales han sido los distintos gastos. Seguidamente se encuentra la planificación del proyecto, que incluye todas las tareas que han sido realizadas para la consecución de este trabajo.

Análisis nutricional y su relación con el estrés psico-físico y el daño muscular en jugadoras profesionales de voleibol a lo largo de una temporada

261 p.