Critérios de avaliação de prognóstico a longo prazo em doentes com fibrose quística : revisão de literatura e uma visão crítica

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

O transplante pulmonar e hepático combinado na fibrose quística : a propósito de um caso clínico

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Análise descritiva da função respiratória de adultos com fibrose quística

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Dificuldades no diagnóstico de fibrose quística : dois casos clínicos

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Fibrose quística : fenótipo e genótipo : descrição de caso clínico

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Impacto da colonização por Pseudomonas aeruginosa na fibrose quística

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Déterminer le lien entre l’hyperglycémie et/ou l’hypoinsulinémie et la dégradation clinique observée avant le diagnostic du Diabète Associé à la Fibrose Kystique

La Fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique qui se traduit par une destruction progressive des poumons et éventuellement, à la mort. La principale complication secondaire est le diabète associé à la FK (DAFK). Une dégradation clinique (perte de poids et de la fonction pulmonaire) accélérée est observée avant le diagnostic. L’objectif principal de mon projet de doctorat est de déterminer, par l’intermédiaire du test d’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO), s’il existe un lien entre l’hyperglycémie et/ou l’hypoinsulinémie et la dégradation clinique observée avant le diagnostic du DAFK. Nous allons ainsi évaluer l’importance des temps intermédiaires de l’HGPO afin de simplifier le diagnostic d’une dysglycémie ainsi que d’établir des nouveaux marqueurs indicateurs de patients à risque d’une détérioration clinique. L’HGPO est la méthode standard utilisée dans la FK pour le diagnostic du DAFK. Nous avons démontré que les valeurs de glycémie obtenues au temps 90-min de l’HGPO seraient suffisantes pour prédire la tolérance au glucose des patients adultes avec la FK, autrement établie à l’aide des valeurs à 2-h de l’HGPO. Nous proposons des glycémies à 90-min de l’HGPO supérieure à 9.3 mmol/L et supérieure à 11.5 mmol/L pour détecter l’intolérance au glucose et le DAFK, respectivement. Une cause importante du DAFK est un défaut de la sécrétion d’insuline. Les femmes atteintes de la FK ont un risque plus élevé de développer le DAFK que les hommes, nous avons donc exploré si leur sécrétion était altérée. Contrairement à notre hypothèse, nous avons observé que les femmes avec la FK avaient une sécrétion d’insuline totale plus élevée que les hommes avec la FK, mais à des niveaux comparables aux femmes en santé. Le groupe de tolérance au glucose récemment proposé et nommé indéterminé (INDET : 60-min HGPO > 11.0 mais 2h-HGPO <7.8mmol/L) est à risque élevé de développer le DAFK. Par contre, les caractéristiques cliniques de ce groupe chez les patients adultes avec la FK n’ont pas été établies. Nous avons observé que le groupe INDET a une fonction pulmonaire réduite et similaire au groupe DAFK de novo et aucun des paramètres glucidiques et insulinémiques expliqueraient cette observation. Dans une population pédiatrique de patients avec la FK, une association a été rapportée entre une glycémie élevée à 60-min de l’HGPO et une fonction pulmonaire diminuée. Dans notre groupe de patients adultes avec la FK, il existe une association négative entre la glycémie à 60-min de l’HGPO et la fonction pulmonaire et une corrélation positive entre l’insulinémie à 60-min de l’HGPO et l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC). De plus, les patients avec une glycémie à 60-min HGPO > 11.0 mmol/L ont une fonction pulmonaire diminuée et une sensibilité à l’insuline basse alors que ceux avec une insulinémie à 60-min HGPO < 43.4 μU/mL ont un IMC ainsi qu’une fonction pulmonaire diminués. En conclusion, nous sommes le premier groupe à démontrer que 1) le test d’HGPO peut être raccourci de 30 min sans compromettre la catégorisation de la tolérance au glucose, 2) les femmes avec la FK démontrent une préservation de leur sécrétion de l’insuline, 3) le groupe INDET présente des anomalies précoces de la fonction pulmonaire comparable au groupe DAFK de novo et 4) la glycémie et l’insuline à la première heure de l’HGPO sont associées aux deux éléments clefs de la dégradation clinique. Il est crucial d’élucider les mécanismes pathophysiologiques importants afin de mieux prévoir la survenue de la dégradation clinique précédant le DAFK.

Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphism predicts hospital admissions for COPD infections

Infection frequently causes exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a pattern-recognition receptor that assists in clearing microorganisms. Polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene reduce serum MBL levels and are associated with risk of infection. We studied whether the MBL2 codon 54 B allele affected serum MBL levels, admissions for infective exacerbation in COPD and disease susceptibility. Polymorphism frequency was determined by PCR-RFLP in 200 COPD patients and 104 smokers with normal lung function. Serum MBL was measured as mannan-binding activity in a subgroup of 82 stable COPD patients. Frequency of COPD admissions for infective exacerbation was ascertained for a 2-year period. The MBL2 codon 54 B allele reduced serum MBL in COPD patients. In keeping, patients carrying the low MBL-producing B allele had increased risk of admission for infective exacerbation (OR 4.9, P-corrected = 0.011). No association of MBL2 genotype with susceptibility to COPD was detected. In COPD, serum MBL is regulated by polymorphism at codon 54 in its encoding gene. Low MBL-producing genotypes were associated with more frequent admissions to hospital with respiratory infection, suggesting that the MBL2 gene is disease-modifying in COPD. MBL2 genotype should be explored prospectively as a prognostic marker for infection risk in COPD.

Effects of purinergic stimulation, CFTR and osmotic stress on amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in epithelia and Xenopus oocytes

Both stimulation of purinergic receptors by ATP and activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibit amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport and activate Cl-secretion. These changes in ion transport may well affect cell volume. We therefore examined whether cell shrinkage or cell swelling do affect amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport in epithelial tissues or Xenopus oocytes and whether osmotic stress interferes with regulation of Na+ transport by ATP or CFTR. Stimulation of purinergic receptors by ATP/UTP or activation of CFTR by IBMX and forskolin inhibited amiloride-sensitive transport in mouse trachea and colon, respectively, by a mechanism that was Cl- dependent. When exposed to a hypertonic but not hypotonic bath solution, amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport was inhibited in mouse trachea and colon, independent of the extracellular Cl- concentration. Both inhibition of Na+ transport by hypertonic bath solution and ATP were additive. When coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, activation of CFTR by IBMX and forskolin inhibited the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in a Cl(-)dependent fashion. However, both hypertonic and hypotonic bath solutions showed only minor effects on amiloride-sensitive conductance, independent of the bath Cl- concentration. Moreover, CFTR-induced inhibition of ENaC could be detected in chocytes even after exposure to hypertonic or bypotonic bath solutions. We conclude that amiloride-sensitive Na+ absorption in mouse airways and colon is inhibited by cell shrinkage by a mechanism that does not interfere with purinergic and CFTR-mediated inhibition of ENaC.

Effects of LDL-immunoapheresis on plasma concentrations of vitamin E and carotenoids in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

Recently very potent extracorporeal cholesterol-lowering treatment options have become available for patients with hypercholesterolemia. LDL immunoapheresis treatment selectively removes LDL and lipoprotein(a) from the circulation. Since LDL is the major carrier of lipophilic antioxidants in plasma, the purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a single LDL apheresis treatment on plasma concentrations of tocopherols (alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lycopene, and retinol). Plasma antioxidant concentrations were determined by HPLC in 7 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia before and after LDL immunoapheresis treatment. Plasma concentrations of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and the different carotenoids were significantly reduced by LDL apheresis. However, when standardized for cholesterol to adjust for cholesterol removal, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, retinol, and the more polar carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin increased in response to apheresis treatment, while the more unpolar carotenoids such as beta-carotene and lycopene did not change. These data demonstrate that a single LDL immunoapheresis treatment affects tocopherols and individual carotenoids differently. This may be explained by differences in chemical structure and preferential association with different lipoproteins. These results further imply that tocopherols, lutein, zeaxanthin, and retinol, are associated in part with lipoproteins and other carriers such as retinol-binding protein that are not removed during apheresis treatment. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Hospital-based case-control study of bronchiectasis in indigenous children in central Australia

Background: Childhood pneumonia has been reported to be associated with the development of bronchiectasis but there are no case-control studies that have examined this. This study examined the relationship between hospital admission for episode(s) of pneumonia and the risk of radiologically proven bronchiectasis. Methods: A medical record-based case-control study of bronchiectasis in Indigenous children was conducted in Central Australia. Controls (183), matched to cases (61) by gender, age and year of diagnosis, were Indigenous children hospitalized with other conditions. Results: There was a strong association between a history of hospitalized pneumonia and bronchiectasis [odds ratio (OR), 15.2; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.4-52.7]. This was particularly evident in recurrent hospitalized pneumonia (P for trend < 0.01), severe pneumonia episodes with longer hospital stay (P for trend < 0.01), presence of atelectasis (OR 11.9; 95% CI 3.1-45.9) and requirement for oxygen (P for trend < 0.01). The overall number of pneumonia episodes, rather than its site, was associated with bronchiectasis. Although the total number of pneumonia episodes in the first year of life did not increase the risk of bronchiectasis, more severe episodes early in life did. Malnutrition, premature birth and being small for gestational age were more common findings among cases. Breast-feeding appeared to be a protective factor (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Conclusions: Although we cannot fully answer the question of why bronchiectasis is much more common in Indigenous children, we have provided strong evidence of an association between bronchiectasis and severe and recurrent pneumonia episodes in infancy and childhood.

Continuous infusion of ticarcillin-clavulanate for home treatment of serious infections: clinical efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Continuous infusion (CI) ticarcillin-clavulanate is a potential therapeutic improvement over conventional intermittent dosing because the major pharmacodynamic (PD) predictor of efficacy of beta-lactams is the time that free drug levels exceed the MIC. This study incorporated a 6-year retrospective arm evaluating efficacy and safety of CI ticarcillin-clavulanate in the home treatment of serious infections and a prospective arm additionally evaluating pharmacokinetics (PK) and PD. In the prospective arm, steady-state serum ticarcillin and clavulanate levels and MIC testing of significant pathogens were performed. One hundred and twelve patients (median age, 56 years) were treated with a CI dose of 9.3-12.4 g/day and mean CI duration of 18.0 days. Infections treated included osteomyelitis (50 patients), septic arthritis (6), cellulitis (17), pulmonary infections (12), febrile neutropenia (7), vascular infections (7), intra-abdominal infections (2), and Gram-negative endocarditis (2); 91/112 (81%) of patients were cured, 14 (13%) had partial response and 7 (6%) failed therapy. Nine patients had PICC line complications and five patients had drug adverse events. Eighteen patients had prospective PK/PD assessment although only four patients had sufficient data for a full PK/PD evaluation (both serum steady-state drug levels and ticarcillin and clavulanate MICs from a bacteriological isolate), as this was difficult to obtain in home-based patients, particularly as serum clavulanate levels were found to deteriorate rapidly on storage. Three of four patients with matched PK/PD assessment had free drug levels exceeding the MIC of the pathogen. Home Cl of ticarcillin-clavulanate is a safe, effective, convenient and practical therapy and is a therapeutic advance over traditional intermittent dosing when used in the home setting. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Control of ion transport in mammalian airways by protease activated receptors type 2 (PAR-2)

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely distributed in human airways. They couple to G-proteins and are activated after proteolytic cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor. Evidence is growing that PAR subtype 2 plays a pivotal role in inflammatory airway diseases, such as allergic asthma or bronchitis. However, nothing is known about the effects of PAR-2 on electrolyte transport in the native airways. PAR-2 is expressed in airway epithelial cells, where they are activated by mast cell tryptase, neutrophil proteinase 3, or trypsin. Recent studies produced conflicting results about the functional consequence of PAR-2 stimulation. Here we report that stimulation of PAR-2 receptors in mouse and human airways leads to a change in electrolyte transport and a shift from absorption to secretion. Although PAR-2 appears to be expressed on both sides of the epithelium, only basolateral stimulation results in inhibition of amiloride sensitive Na+ conductance and stimulation of both luminal Cl- channels and basolateral K+ channels. The present data indicate that these changes occur through activation of phospholipase C and increase in intracellular Ca2+, which activates basolateral SK4 K+ channels and luminal Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels. In addition, the present data suggest a PAR-2 mediated release of prostaglandin E2, which may contribute to the secretory response. In conclusion, these results provide further evidence for a role of PAR-2 in inflammatory airway disease: stimulation of these receptors may cause accumulation of airway surface liquid, which, however, may help to flush noxious stimuli away from the affected airways. ©2005 FASEB

Misleading high tobramycin plasma concentrations can be caused by skin contamination of fingerprick blood following inhalation of nebulized tobramycin (TOBI (R)) - A short report

We observed unexpected high plasma concentrations of tobrarriycin (48.5 and 28.1 mg/L) in fingerprick blood samples after the nebulization of tobramycin solution for inhalation (tobramycin 300 mg/5 mL, TOBI(R)) by 2 young children aged 3 years. To investigate whether dermal contamination could be the source of error, 3 adult volunteers were present during another nebulization by a third child (age 2 years). The volunteers had exposure to tobramycin by handling the nebulizer or the nebule and also by inhalation from holding the child and being in close proximity while TOBI(R) was being administered. Five blood samples by fingerprick and 2 by venipuncture were collected and assayed for tobramycin concentration. On each occasion the site was swabbed with alcohol wipes to mimic standard patient sampling methods. One site was resampled after cleaning of hands with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and water. Tobramycin concentrations from venipuncture 1-2 hours after nebulization were all < 0.2 mg/L except for 1 result of 1.2 mg/L. The tobramycin concentrations from fingerpricks before hand washing varied between 6.8 and 172 mg/L, and after hand washing between 0.3 and 17.6 mg/L. Contamination of fingers with tobramycin is likely to have caused the error in the 2 initial cases and did cause misleadingly elevated levels in the adult volunteers. We caution that therapeutic drug monitoring of nebulized tobramycin should not be done by fingerprick sampling, and care should be taken to avoid contamination of the venipuncture site.