Étude de la mécanotransduction dans la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescence (SIA)

À ce jour, la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA) est la déformation rachidienne la plus commune parmi les enfants. Il est bien connu dans le domaine de recherche sur la SIA que les forces mécaniques, en particulier les forces biomécaniques internes dans le système musculosquelettique, pourraient jouer un rôle majeur dans l’initiation et le développement de la maladie. Cependant, les connaissances sur la transformation des forces et des stimulations mécaniques en activité biochimique sont peu abondantes. Cet axe de recherche est très prometteur et peut nous fournir de nouvelles idées dans le dépistage et le traitement de la SIA. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous visons à caractériser la mécanotransduction chez les patients atteints de la SIA en employant des techniques novatrices aux niveaux in vivo et in vitro. Antérieurement dans notre laboratoire, nous avons démontré que les niveaux d’Ostéopontine (OPN) plasmatique chez l’humain corrèlent avec la progression et la sévérité de la maladie, et que ces changements sont observables avant le début de la scoliose. En plus, selon la littérature, l’OPN est une molécule sensible à la force mécanique, dont l’expression augmente en réponse dans de nombreux types de cellules chez plusieurs espèces. Toutefois, il n’existe aucune preuve que ce résultat soit valide in vivo chez l’humain. L’hétérogénéité physique et biochimique de la SIA pose un gros défi aux chercheurs. Souvent, il est très difficile de trouver des résultats ayant une grande applicabilité. Les études portant sur les facteurs biomécaniques ne font pas exception à cette tendance. En dépit de tout cela, nous croyons qu’une approche basée sur l’observation des contraintes de cisaillement présentes dans le système musculosquelettique pourrait aider à surmonter ces difficultés. Les contraintes de cisaillement physiologique sont générées par des courants de fluide en mouvement à l’intérieur des os. Aussi, elles sont omniprésentes et universelles chez l’humain, peu importe l’âge, le sexe, la condition physique, etc., ce qui veut dire que l’étudier pourrait fort bien avancer nos connaissances en formant une base fondamentale avec laquelle on pourra mieux comprendre les différences quant à la mécanotransduction chez les patients atteints de la SIA par rapport aux sujets sains. Pour ce projet, donc, nous proposons l’hypothèse que les sujets atteints de la SIA se différencient par leurs réponses respectives à la force mécanique au niveau cellulaire (en termes de l’expression génique) ainsi qu’au niveau in vivo (en termes du marqueur OPN et son récepteur, sCD44). Afin de vérifier la partie de notre hypothèse de recherche concernant l’aspect in vivo, nous avons recruté une cohorte de patients âgés de 9-17 ans, y compris i) des cas pré-chirurgicaux (angle de Cobb > 45°), ii) des cas modérément atteints (angle de Cobb 10-44°), iii) des témoins, et iv) des enfants asymptomatiques à risque de développer la scoliose (selon nos dépistages biochimiques et fonctionnels) d’âge et sexe appariés. Une pression pulsatile et dynamique avec une amplitude variant de 0-4 psi à 0.006 Hz a été appliquée à un des bras de chacun de nos sujets pour une durée de 90 minutes. Au tout début et à chaque intervalle de 30 minutes après l’initiation de la pression, un échantillon de sang a été prélevé, pour pouvoir surveiller les niveaux d’OPN et de sCD44 circulants chez les sujets. Nous avons découvert que le changement des niveaux d’OPN plasmatique, mais pas des niveaux de sCD44, corrélaient avec la sévérité de la difformité rachidienne chez les sujets, ceux ayant une courbe plus prononcée démontrant une ampleur de réponse moins élevée. Pour vérifier la partie de notre hypothèse de recherche concernant la réponse mécanotransductive cellulaire, des ostéoblastes prélevées à 12 sujets ont été mis en culture pour utilisation avec notre appareil (le soi-disant « parallel plate flow chamber »), qui sert à fournir aux ostéoblastes le niveau de contraintes de cisaillement désiré, de manière contrôlée et prévisible. Les sujets étaient tous femelles, âgées de 11-17 ans ; les patients ayant déjà une scoliose possédaient une courbe diagnostiquée comme « double courbe majeure ». Une contrainte fluidique de cisaillement à 2 Pa, 0.5 Hz a été appliquée à chaque échantillon ostéoblastique pour une durée de 90 minutes. Les changements apportés à l’expression génique ont été mesurés et quantifiés par micropuce et qRT-PCR. En réponse à notre stimulation, nous avons trouvé qu’il n’y avait que quelques gènes étant soit différentiellement exprimés, soit inchangés statistiquement dans tous les groupes expérimentaux atteints, en exhibant simultanément la condition contraire chez les témoins. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la grande diversité de la réponse mécanotransductive chez les patients comparés aux contrôles, ainsi qu’entre les sous-groupes fonctionnels de la SIA. Globalement, cette œuvre pourrait contribuer au développement d’outils diagnostiques innovateurs pour identifier les enfants asymptomatiques à risque de développer une scoliose, et évaluer le risque de progression des patients en ayant une déjà. Aussi, dans les années à venir, les profils mécanotransductifs des patients pourraient s’avérer un facteur crucial à considérer cliniquement, particulièrement en concevant ou personnalisant des plans de traitements pour des personnes atteintes.

Functional and physical associations of beta1 integrins in the activation of human T lymphocytes

Adhesion involves interactions between cells or cells with extracellular matrix components and is a fundamental process for all multicellular organisms as well as many pathogenic microbes. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that function as adhesion molecules and transduce signals between the extracellular environment and the intracellular cytoskeletal machinery. β1 integrin subfamily is highly expressed on T lymphocytes and mediates cell spreading, adhesion and coactivation. T lymphocytes have an important role in the regulation and homeostasis of the immune system therefore, the goals of this study were to first to investigate β1 integrin interaction with fibronectin binding protein A (FnbpA), a surface protein expressed on gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Second, characterize the association and function of a non-integrin surface protein, CD98, with β1 integrins on T lymphocytes. ^ FnbpA binds to fibronectin (FN), also a ligand for α5β1 and α4β1 integrins on T lymphocytes. Since both bacterial proteins FnbpA and T cell integrins utilize FN, it was of interest to determine the effects FnbpA on T cell activation. Results demonstrated that recombinant FnbpA (rFnbpA) coimmobilized with OKT3 mediated T cell coactivation in a soluble FN-dependent manner. Integrin α5β1 was identified as the main integrin utilized by Staphylococcus aureus FnbpA from studies using soluble antibodies to inhibit T cell proliferation and parallel plate flow chamber assays. The mechanism of rFnbpA-mediated coactivation was one that used soluble FN as a bridge between rFnbpA and integrin α5β1 on the T lymphocyte. ^ Since integrins are utilized by T lymphocytes and bacterial proteins, it was of interest to identify proteins involved in integrin regulation. Anti-CD98 mAb 80A10 was identified and characterized from a screen to identify surface proteins involved in integrin signaling and functions. CD98 is a non-integrin protein that was sensitive to integrin inhibition in human T lymphocyte aggregation and activation, thus suggested that CD98 shared a common signaling pathway with integrins. These results led to the question of whether CD98 physically associates with β1 integrins. Fluorescence microscopy and biochemical analysis determined that CD98 is specifically associated with β1 integrin on human T lymphocytes and may be part of a larger multimolecular signaling complex. ^

Inverse convection problem of simultaneous estimation of two boundary heat fluxes in parallel plate channels

This paper deals with the use of the conjugate gradient method of function estimation for the simultaneous identification of two unknown boundary heat fluxes in parallel plate channels. The fluid flow is assumed to be laminar and hydrodynamically developed. Temperature measurements taken inside the channel are used in the inverse analysis. The accuracy of the present solution approach is examined by using simulated measurements containing random errors, for strict cases involving functional forms with discontinuities and sharp-corners for the unknown functions. Three different types of inverse problems are addressed in the paper, involving the estimation of: (i) Spatially dependent heat fluxes; (ii) Time-dependent heat fluxes; and (iii) Time and spatially dependent heat fluxes.

Laminar counterflow parallel-plate heat exchangers: Exact and approximate solutions

Multilayered, counterflow, parallel-plate heat exchangers are analyzed numerically and theoretically. The analysis, carried out for constant property fluids, considers a hydrodynamically developed laminar flow and neglects longitudinal conduction both in the fluid and in the plates. The solution for the temperature field involves eigenfunction expansions that can be solved in terms of Whittaker functions using standard symbolic algebra packages, leading to analytical expressions that provide the eigenvalues numerically. It is seen that the approximate solution obtained by retaining the first two modes in the eigenfunction expansion provides an accurate representation for the temperature away from the entrance regions, specially for long heat exchangers, thereby enabling simplified expressions for the wall and bulk temperatures, local heat-transfer rate, overall heat-transfer coefficient, and outlet bulk temperatures. The agreement between the numerical and theoretical results suggests the possibility of using the analytical solutions presented herein as benchmark problems for computational heat-transfer codes.

Effect of blood flow patterns on localized platelet adhesion under physiologic flow conditions using two-dimensional and three-dimensional stent models: An experimental and computational approach

This dissertation presents dynamic flow experiments with fluorescently labeled platelets to allow for spatial observation of wall attachment in inter-strut spacings, to investigate their relationship to flow patterns. Human blood with fluorescently labeled platelets was circulated through an in vitro system that produced physiologic pulsatile flow in (1) a parallel plate blow chamber that contained two-dimensional (2D) stents that feature completely recirculating flow, partially recirculating flow, and completely reattached flow, and (2) a three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical tube that contained stents of various geometric designs. ^ Flow detachment and reattachment points exhibited very low platelet deposition. Platelet deposition was very low in the recirculation regions in the 3D stents unlike the 2D stents. Deposition distal to a strut was always high in 2D and 3D stents. Spirally recirculating regions were found in 3D unlike in 2D stents, where the deposition was higher than at well-separated regions of recirculation. ^

Analysis of a circular patch antenna radiating in a parallel-plate radial guide

A field matching method is described to analyze a recessed circular cavity radiating into a radial waveguide. Using the wall impedance approach, the analysis is divided into two separate problems of the cavity and its external environment. Based on this analysis, a computer algorithm is developed for determining wall admittances as seen at the edge of the patch in the cavity, the radial admittance matrix for the two-probe feed arrangement, and the input impedance as observed from the coaxial line feeding the cavity. This algorithm is tested against the general-purpose Hewlett-Packard finite-element High Frequency Structure Simulator as well as against measured results. Good agreement in all considered cases is noted.

Amplitude ratios and the approach to bulk criticality in parallel plate geometries

We present analytical and numerical results for the specific heat and susceptibility amplitude ratios in parallel plate geometries. The results are derived using field-theoretic techniques suitable to describe the system in the bulk limit, i.e., (L/ξ±)≫ 1, where L is the distance between the plates and ξ± is the correlation length above (+) and below (-) the bulk critical temperature. Advantages and drawbacks of our method are discussed in the light of other approaches previously reported in the literature.

Characterization of an extrapolation chamber for low-energy X-rays: Experimental and Monte Carlo preliminary results

The extrapolation chamber is a parallel-plate ionization chamber that allows variation of its air-cavity volume. In this work, an experimental study and MCNP-4C Monte Carlo code simulations of an ionization chamber designed and constructed at the Calibration Laboratory at IFEN to be used as a secondary dosimetry standard for low-energy X-rays are reported. The results obtained were within the international recommendations, and the simulations showed that the components of the extrapolation chamber may influence its response up to 11.0%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Drying of rye (Lolium miltiflorum l.) in fixed bed with parallel air flow.

This work aimed to study the drying of ryegrass seeds (Lolium multiflorum L.) in fixed bed dryer with parallel air flow.

Doses monitoring in radiology: calibration of air kerma-area product (PKA) meters

Objective The authors have sought to study the calibration of a clinical PKA meter (Diamentor E2) and a calibrator for clinical meters (PDC) in the Laboratory of Ionizing Radiation Metrology at Instituto de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade de São Paulo. Materials and Methods Different qualities of both incident and transmitted beams were utilized in conditions similar to a clinical setting, analyzing the influence from the reference dosimeter, from the distance between meters, from the filtration and from the average beam energy. Calibrations were performed directly against a standard 30 cm3 cylindrical chamber or a parallel-plate monitor chamber, and indirectly against the PDC meter. Results The lowest energy dependence was observed for transmitted beams. The cross calibration between the Diamentor E2 and the PDC meters, and the PDC presented the greatest propagation of uncertainties. Conclusion The calibration coefficient of the PDC meter showed to be more stable with voltage, while the Diamentor E2 calibration coefficient was more variable. On the other hand, the PDC meter presented greater uncertainty in readings (5.0%) than with the use of the monitor chamber (3.5%) as a reference.

EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC CLOAKING AT MICROWAVES

An invisibility cloak is a device that can hide the target by enclosing it from the incident radiation. This intriguing device has attracted a lot of attention since it was first implemented at a microwave frequency in 2006. However, the problems of existing cloak designs prevent them from being widely applied in practice. In this dissertation, we try to remove or alleviate the three constraints for practical applications imposed by loosy cloaking media, high implementation complexity, and small size of hidden objects compared to the incident wavelength. To facilitate cloaking design and experimental characterization, several devices and relevant techniques for measuring the complex permittivity of dielectric materials at microwave frequencies are developed. In particular, a unique parallel plate waveguide chamber has been set up to automatically map the electromagnetic (EM) field distribution for wave propagation through the resonator arrays and cloaking structures. The total scattering cross section of the cloaking structures was derived based on the measured scattering field by using this apparatus. To overcome the adverse effects of lossy cloaking media, microwave cloaks composed of identical dielectric resonators made of low loss ceramic materials are designed and implemented. The effective permeability dispersion was provided by tailoring dielectric resonator filling fractions. The cloak performances had been verified by full-wave simulation of true multi-resonator structures and experimental measurements of the fabricated prototypes. With the aim to reduce the implementation complexity caused by metamaterials employment for cloaking, we proposed to design 2-D cylindrical cloaks and 3-D spherical cloaks by using multi-layer ordinary dielectric material (εr>1) coating. Genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the dielectric profiles of the cloaking shells to provide the minimum scattering cross sections of the cloaked targets. The designed cloaks can be easily scaled to various operating frequencies. The simulation results show that the multi-layer cylindrical cloak essentially outperforms the similarly sized metamaterials-based cloak designed by using the transformation optics-based reduced parameters. For the designed spherical cloak, the simulated scattering pattern shows that the total scattering cross section is greatly reduced. In addition, the scattering in specific directions could be significantly reduced. It is shown that the cloaking efficiency for larger targets could be improved by employing lossy materials in the shell. At last, we propose to hide a target inside a waveguide structure filled with only epsilon near zero materials, which are easy to implement in practice. The cloaking efficiency of this method, which was found to increase for large targets, has been confirmed both theoretically and by simulations.

NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP OF PINEAPPLE JUICE IN A PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

The study of non-Newtonian flow in plate heat exchangers (PHEs) is of great importance for the food industry. The objective of this work was to study the pressure drop of pineapple juice in a PHE with 50 degrees chevron plates. Density and flow properties of pineapple juice were determined and correlated with temperature (17.4 <= T <= 85.8 degrees C) and soluble solids content (11.0 <= X(s) <= 52.4 degrees Brix). The Ostwald-de Waele (power law) model described well the rheological behavior. The friction factor for non-isothermal flow of pineapple juice in the PHE was obtained for diagonal and parallel/side flow. Experimental results were well correlated with the generalized Reynolds number (20 <= Re(g) <= 1230) and were compared with predictions from equations from the literature. The mean absolute error for pressure drop prediction was 4% for the diagonal plate and 10% for the parallel plate.

Non-newtonian flow and pressure drop of pineapple juice in a plate heat exchanger

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A novel X-ray rheometer for in situ studies of polymer melts and solutions during shear flow

A novel X-ray rheometer based on a parallel plate geometry is described. This system allows time-resolved X-ray scattering intensity data to be obtained from polymeric samples subjected to shear flow. The range of quantitative structural parameters, such as molecular orientation and inter chain correlations, which can be obtained from the data is highlighted. Examples of the utility of X-ray scattering in examining optically opaque samples and the extraction of 〈P2〉 and 〈P4〉 orientation parameters are given using anisotropic hydroxypropylcellulose solutions as the sample.