985 resultados para lenguas esquimo-aleutianas
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[EN] The goal of this contribution is twofold: on the one hand, to review two relatively recent contributions in the field of Eskimo-Aleut historical linguistics in which it is proposed that Eskimo-Aleut languages are related genealogically to Wakashan (Holst 2004) and?/or Nostratic (Krougly-Enke 2008). These contributions can be characterized by saying that their authors have taken little care to be diligent and responsible in the application of the comparative method, and that their familiarity with the languages involved is insufficient. Eskimo-Aleut languages belong to a very exclusive group of language families that have been (and still are) used, sometimes compulsively, in the business of so-called “long-range comparisons”. Those carrying out such studies are very often unaware of the most basic facts regarding the philological and linguistic traditions of those languages, as a result of what mountains of very low quality works with almost no-relevancy for the specialist grow every year to the desperation of the scientific community, whose attitude toward them ranges from the most profound indifference to the toughest (and most explicit) critical tone. Since Basque also belongs to this group of “compare-with-everything-you-come- across” languages, it is my intention to provide the Basque readership with a sort of “pedagogical case” to show that little known languages, far from underrepresented in the field, already have a very long tradition in historical and comparative linguistics, i.e. nobody can approach them without previous acquaintance with the materials. Studies dealing with the methodological inappropriateness of the Moscow School’s Nostratic hypothesis or the incorrectness of many of the proposed new taxonomic Amerindian subfamilies (several of them involving the aforementioned Wakashan languages), that is to say, the frameworks on which Krougly-Enke and Holst work, respectively, are plenty (i.a. Campbell 1997: 260-329, Campbell & Poser 2008: 234-96), therefore there is no reason to insist once more on the very same point. This is the reason why I will not discuss per se Eskimo-Aleut–Wakashan or Eskimo-Aleut–Nostratic. On the contrary, I will focus attention upon very concrete aspects of Krougly-Enke and Holst´s proposals, i.e. when they work on “less ambitious” problems, for example, dealing with the minutiae of internal facts or analyzing certain words from the sole perspective of Eskimo-Aleut materials (in other words, those cases in which even they do not invoke the ad hoc help of Nostratic stuff). I will try to explain why some of their proposals are wrong, demonstrate where the problem lies, and fix it if possible. In doing so, I will propose new etymologies in an attempt at showing how we may proceed. The main difference between this and handbook examples lies in the reality of what we are doing: this is a pure etymological exercise from beginning to end. I will try to throw a bit of light on a couple of problematic questions regarding Aleut historical phonology, demonstrating how much work should be done at the lowest level of the Eskimo-Aleut pyramid; it is technically impossible to reach the peak of the pyramid without having completed the base. As far as Aleut is regarded, I will mainly profit not only from the use of the traditional philological analysis of Aleut (and, eventually, of Eskimo) materials, but also of diachronic typology, bringing into discussion what in my opinion seems useful, and in some cases I think decisive, parallels. It is worth noting that this paper makes up yet another part of a series of exploratory works dealing with etymological aspects of the reconstruction of Proto-Eskimo-Aleut, with special emphasis on Aleut (vid. i.a. Alonso de la Fuente 2006/2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010a), whose main goal is to become the solid basis for an etymological dictionary of the Aleut language, currently in progress.
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The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages, which is not circumscribed to the «State languages». The existence of multilingualism is one of Europe’s defining characteristics and it should remain so in the constantly evolving model of Europe’s political structure. Nonetheless, until now, the official use of languages has been limited to the «State languages» and has been based on a concept of state monolingualism that has led to a first level of hierarchization among the languages of Europe. This has affected the very concept of European language diversity. The draft of the treaty establishing a European Constitution contains various language-related references that can be grouped in two major categories: on the one hand, those references having to do the constitutional status of languages, and on the other, those regarding the recognition of European language diversity. Both issues are dealt with in this article. In analyzing the legal regime governing languages set forth in the draft of the constitutional treaty, we note that the draft is not based on the concept of the official status of languages. The language regulation contained in the draft of the constitutional treaty is limited in character. The constitutional language regime is based on the concept of Constitutional languages but the official status of languages is not governed by this rule. The European Constitution merely enunciates rights governing language use for European citizens vis-à-vis the languages of the Constitution and refers the regulation of the official status of languages to the Council, which is empowered to set and modify that status by unanimous decision. Because of its broad scope, this constitutes a regulatory reservation. In the final phase of the negotiation process a second level of constitutional recognition of languages would be introduced, linked to those that are official languages in the member states (Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc.). These languages, however, would be excluded from the right to petition; they would constitute a tertium genus, an intermediate category between the lan guages benefiting from the language rights recognized under the Constitution and those other languages for which no status is recognized in the European institutional context. The legal functionality of this second, intermediate category will depend on the development of standards, i.e., it will depend on the entrée provided such languages in future reforms of the institutional language regime. In a later section, the article reflects on European Union language policy with regard to regional or minority languages, concluding that the Union has not acted in accordance with defined language policy guidelines when it has been confronted, in the exercise of its powers, with regional or minority languages (or domestic legislation having to do with language demands). The Court of Justice has endeavoured to resolve on a case by case basis the conflicts raised between community freedoms and the normative measures that protect languages. Thus, using case law, the Court has set certain language boundaries for community freedoms. The article concludes by reflecting on the legal scope of the recognition of European language diversity referred to in Article II-82 of the European Constitution and the possible measures to implement the precept that might constitute the definition of a true European language policy on regional or minority languages. Such a policy has yet to be defined.
Materiales vascos del legado de Wilhelm von Humboldt: la relevancia de Astarloa y el Plan de Lenguas
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Este artículo es traducción del original alemán «Zum Stellenwert Astarloas und des Plan de Lenguas», publicado en B. Hurch (ed.), Die baskischen Materialien aus dem Nachlaß Wilhelm von Humboldts. Astarloa, Charpentier, Fréret, Aizpitarte und anderes. Paderborn: Schöningh, pp. 21-42. La traducción al español es obra de Oroitz Jauregi y ha sido revisada por Ricardo Gómez y Bernhard Hurch.
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Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)
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El presente artículo nace de una experiencia didáctica realizada, por primera vez, en el primer cuatrimestre del curso académico 2000-2001, en el marco de la asignatura "Alemán Empresarial: Lengua Extranjera para Marketing y Relaciones Internacionales. Los alumnos necesitan aprender alemán para desenvolverse en un ámbito muy concreto, el mundo empresarial, entonces se cuestionan cómo trasladar el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras a este contexto.
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[SPA] El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado es realizar una investigación sobre cómo afecta la ansiedad en el proceso de aprendizaje de segundas lenguas y posteriormente ofrecer técnicas o estrategias para combatir dicha ansiedad. CASTELLANO
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[spa] Se ha propuesto una guía didáctica para realizar en sesiones de euskera que profundice en el conocimiento mutuo entre los alumnos para que se fomente así la creación de vinculos interpersonales basados en el diálogo, la negociación y la comprensión. Todo ello supone la generación de un ambiente de aula cálido en el que todos los alumnos (gitanos y no gitanos) se sientan respetados, reconocidos y valorados, lo que garantiza el desarrollo óptimo y el acercamiento de los alumnos a la segunda lengua
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Comprender los procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje de lenguas en contextos multilingües constituye uno de los retos mas importantes de las ciencias del lenguaje. Los trabajos integrados en este volumen abordan algunos de estos aspectos a partir del marco del interaccionismo socio-discursivo que sirve para dar coherencia al conjunto. Desde un punto de vista sociolingüístico, el estudio de la diversidad de situaciones de contacto entre las lenguas, el estatuto de las lenguas, su mayor o menor grado de minorización, nos permitirá distinguir los factores que condicionan la enseñanza de las lenguas. Se incluyen también estudios psicolingüísticos y didácticos que aportan información sobre los aprendizajes de los alumnos, pero también tienen especial importancia los estudios relativos a la formación del profesorado bi-plurilingüe. La presentación contrastada de investigaciones realizadas en diferentes contextos permite precisar las condiciones que facilitan el desarrollo del bilingüismo. En este volumen cobran especial relieve los estudios referidos a diferentes experiencias realizadas en el País Vasco que aportan una visión de las posibilidades y de los obstáculos de la enseñanza plurilingüe que toma en consideración una lengua minorizada.
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El Banco de Datos de Lenguas Paleohispánicas Hesperia tiene como finalidad la catalogación y la difusión de los textos escritos en las antiguas lenguas locales de la Península Ibérica, con exclusión del fenicio, el griego y el latín. El presente volumen es la versión impresa –a fecha de 2015– de una de las bases de datos que integra dicho banco: la correspondiente a la epigrafía monetal. Recoge las leyendas monetales redactadas en una lengua paleohispánica (fundamentalmente ibérico y celtibérico) tanto de la Península Ibérica cuanto del sureste de las Galias, incluidas las redactadas en latín y griego en las emisiones bilingües. Dada la controvertida lectura y adscripción lingüística de los rótulos “libiofenicios”, estos no son tomados en consideración. Las fichas están ordenadas alfabéticamente y agrupan todos los rótulos monetales correspondientes a una misma ceca, designada convencionalmente mediante una o varias de las leyendas toponímicas más frecuente, independientemente de su morfología (p. ej.: untikesken, salduie, kalakorikos o turiazu). Cada ficha presenta cuatro apartados: “Generalidades”, “Leyendas”, “Lengua y escritura” y “Bibliografía”.
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Homenaje a Ignacio Barandiarán Maestu / coord. por Javier Fernández Eraso, Juan Santos Yanguas.
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El hecho bilingüe en las personas sordas siempre ha sido una capacidad manifiesta que permitía que el habla -con el grado de perfección que fuera-, la lectura labial y la lectoescritura, sirvieran de instrumentos para que las personas sordas se relacionaran con sus semejantes oyentes y formaran parte de la sociedad. Para los dominios más íntimos y personales, la mayoría de las personas sordas han utilizado, y lo siguen haciendo, las lenguas de signos.
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O estudio do romanceiro de Galicia vén merecendo unha atención especial tanto dentro como fóra do país [pénsese nas análises de A. Valenciano (1998) ou A. Requeixo (1996), entre outras].