385 resultados para direkt patientarbete


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Distriktssköterskors fördelning av arbetstid är lite utvärderad. Tidigare studier visar dock att en stor del av sjuksköterskors och distriktssköterskors arbete inom slutenvården och öppenvården används till arbete som ligger utanför den patientnära omvårdnaden. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie har varit att kartlägga hur distriktssköterskor fördelar sin arbetstid mellan direkt och indirekt patientarbete och övrig tid, om distriktssköterskors fördelning av arbetstid skiljer sig mellan olika stora vårdcentraler och vilka erfarenheter distriktssköterskor har av förhållandet mellan direkt och indirekt patientarbete och övrig tid. Metod: Studien är genomförd som en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats med självskattningsformulär och intervjuer. Resultat: Resultatet visade att av distriktssköterskornas totala arbetstid utgjordes 51 % av direkt patientarbete, 30 % av indirekt patientarbete och 19 % av övrig tid. Ingen signifikant skillnad i fördelning av arbetstid i förhållandet mellan direkt och indirekt patientarbete och övrig tid kunde påvisas för distriktssköterskor som arbetade vid olika stora vårdcentraler. Gemensamt för distriktssköterskornas erfarenhet i arbetet var förmågan att hantera en komplex yrkesroll. Förhållandet mellan direkt och indirekt patientarbete och övrig tid var komplex och de olika arbetsmomenten som distriktssköterskorna utförde integrerades i varandra. Slutsats: Studien har visat distriktssköterskornas reella och upplevda fördelning av arbetstiden samt hur arbetssituationen upplevdes. Av distriktssköterskornas arbetstid utgjordes 51 % av direkt patientarbete. Distriktssköterskeyrket upplevdes som komplext där förmågan till samordning av olika vårdgivares insatser var viktig. Resultatet skulle kunna användas som underlag vid förändrings- och förbättringsarbeten inom vård och omsorg, speciellt med tanke på distriktssköterskors arbetssituation.

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Uppsatsen undersöker hur de olika panoreringsteknikerna, direkt/ambient och direkt-överallt, för 5.1 surround uppfattas utav lyssnare. Enligt direkt/ambient ska alla direkta källor panoreras till frontkanalerna (L, C, R) och endast ambiens finnas i surroundkanalerna (Ls, Rs). Enligt direkt-överallt kan direkta källor panoreras till alla kanaler. Ljudstimuli i tre genrer har utav undertecknad framställts, rock/hårdrock, jazz/fusion och hip hop. Ett exempel enligt direkt/ambient och ett enligt direkt-överallt framställdes i varje genre. Vidare har två lyssningsundersökningar ägt rum, en med ”vana” lyssnare i ett kontrollrum samt en med ”vanliga” lyssnare i hemmiljö. Undersökningarna visade att de flesta föredrog direkt-överallt-produktionerna och dessa uppfattades även som mest omslutande vilket har visat sig vara en viktig egenskap för en musikproduktion i surround.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Universitat Greifswald.

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The thesis studies the translation process for the laws of Finland as they are translated from Finnish into Swedish. The focus is on revision practices, norms and workplace procedures. The translation process studied covers three institutions and four revisions. In three separate studies the translation process is analyzed from the perspective of the translations, the institutions and the actors. The general theoretical framework is Descriptive Translation Studies. For the analysis of revisions made in versions of the Swedish translation of Finnish laws, a model is developed covering five grammatical categories (textual revisions, syntactic revisions, lexical revisions, morphological revisions and content revisions) and four norms (legal adequacy, correct translation, correct language and readability). A separate questionnaire-based study was carried out with translators and revisers at the three institutions. The results show that the number of revisions does not decrease during the translation process, and no division of labour can be seen at the different stages. This is somewhat surprising if the revision process is regarded as one of quality control. Instead, all revisers make revisions on every level of the text. Further, the revisions do not necessarily imply errors in the translations but are often the result of revisers following different norms for legal translation. The informal structure of the institutions and its impact on communication, visibility and workplace practices was studied from the perspective of organization theory. The results show weaknesses in the communicative situation, which affect the co-operation both between institutions and individuals. Individual attitudes towards norms and their relative authority also vary, in the sense that revisers largely prioritize legal adequacy whereas translators give linguistic norms a higher value. Further, multi-professional teamwork in the institutions studied shows a kind of teamwork based on individuals and institutions doing specific tasks with only little contact with others. This shows that the established definitions of teamwork, with people co-working in close contact with each other, cannot directly be applied to the workplace procedures in the translation process studied. Three new concepts are introduced: flerstegsrevidering (multi-stage revision), revideringskedja (revision chain) and normsyn (norm attitude). The study seeks to make a contribution to our knowledge of legal translation, translation processes, institutional translation, revision practices and translation norms for legal translation. Keywords: legal translation, translation of laws, institutional translation, revision, revision practices, norms, teamwork, organizational informal structure, translation process, translation sociology, multilingual.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and show implications for N and P fertiliser management. Environmental concerns relating to agricultural production have been and still are focused on arguments about policies that affect agriculture. These policies constrain production while demand for agricultural products such as food, fibre and energy continuously increase. Therefore the importance of increasing productivity is a great challenge to agriculture. Over the last decades producers have experienced several large changes in the production environment such as the policy reform when Finland joined the EU 1995. Other and market changes occurred with the further EU enlargement with neighbouring countries in 2005 and with the decoupling of supports over the 2006-2007 period. Decreasing prices a decreased number of farmers and decreased profitability in agricultural production have resulted from these changes and constraints and of technological development. It is known that the accession to the EU 1995 would herald changes in agriculture. Especially of interest was how the sudden changes in prices of commodities on especially those of cereals, decreased by 60%, would influence agricultural production. The knowledge of properties of the production function increased in importance as a consequence of price changes. A research on the economic instruments to regulate productions was carried out and combined with earlier studies in paper V. In paper I the objective was to compare two different technologies, the conventional farming and the organic farming, determine differences in productivity and technical efficiency. In addition input specific or environmental efficiencies were analysed. The heterogeneity of agricultural soils and its implications were analysed in article II. In study III the determinants of technical inefficiency were analysed. The aspects and possible effects of the instability in policies due to a partial decoupling of production factors and products were studied in paper IV. Consequently connection between technical efficiency based on the turnover and the sales return was analysed in this study. Simple economic instruments such as fertiliser taxes have a direct effect on fertiliser consumption and indirectly increase the value of organic fertilisers. However, fertiliser taxes, do not fully address the N and P management problems adequately and are therefore not suitable for nutrient management improvements in general. Productivity of organic farms is lower on average than conventional farms and the difference increases when looking at selling returns only. The organic sector needs more research and development on productivity. Livestock density in organic farming increases productivity, however, there is an upper limit to livestock densities on organic farms and therefore nutrient on organic farms are also limited. Soil factors affects phosphorous and nitrogen efficiency. Soils like sand and silt have lower input specific overall efficiency for nutrients N and P. Special attention is needed for the management on these soils. Clay soils and soils with moderate clay content have higher efficiency. Soil heterogeneity is cause for an unavoidable inefficiency in agriculture.

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This masters thesis explores some of the most recent developments in noncommutative quantum field theory. This old theme, first suggested by Heisenberg in the late 1940s, has had a renaissance during the last decade due to the firmly held belief that space-time becomes noncommutative at small distances and also due to the discovery that string theory in a background field gives rise to noncommutative field theory as an effective low energy limit. This has led to interesting attempts to create a noncommutative standard model, a noncommutative minimal supersymmetric standard model, noncommutative gravity theories etc. This thesis reviews themes and problems like those of UV/IR mixing, charge quantization, how to deal with the non-commutative symmetries, how to solve the Seiberg-Witten map, its connection to fluid mechanics and the problem of constructing general coordinate transformations to obtain a theory of noncommutative gravity. An emphasis has been put on presenting both the group theoretical results and the string theoretical ones, so that a comparison of the two can be made.

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The continuous production of blood cells, a process termed hematopoiesis, is sustained throughout the lifetime of an individual by a relatively small population of cells known as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs are unique cells characterized by their ability to self-renew and give rise to all types of mature blood cells. Given their high proliferative potential, HSCs need to be tightly regulated on the cellular and molecular levels or could otherwise turn malignant. On the other hand, the tight regulatory control of HSC function also translates into difficulties in culturing and expanding HSCs in vitro. In fact, it is currently not possible to maintain or expand HSCs ex vivo without rapid loss of self-renewal. Increased knowledge of the unique features of important HSC niches and of key transcriptional regulatory programs that govern HSC behavior is thus needed. Additional insight in the mechanisms of stem cell formation could enable us to recapitulate the processes of HSC formation and self-renewal/expansion ex vivo with the ultimate goal of creating an unlimited supply of HSCs from e.g. human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) to be used in therapy. We thus asked: How are hematopoietic stem cells formed and in what cellular niches does this happen (Papers I, II)? What are the molecular mechanisms that govern hematopoietic stem cell development and differentiation (Papers III, IV)? Importantly, we could show that placenta is a major fetal hematopoietic niche that harbors a large number of HSCs during midgestation (Paper I)(Gekas et al., 2005). In order to address whether the HSCs found in placenta were formed there we utilized the Runx1-LacZ knock-in and Ncx1 knockout mouse models (Paper II). Importantly, we could show that HSCs emerge de novo in the placental vasculature in the absence of circulation (Rhodes et al., 2008). Furthermore, we could identify defined microenvironmental niches within the placenta with distinct roles in hematopoiesis: the large vessels of the chorioallantoic mesenchyme serve as sites of HSC generation whereas the placental labyrinth is a niche supporting HSC expansion (Rhodes et al., 2008). Overall, these studies illustrate the importance of distinct milieus in the emergence and subsequent maturation of HSCs. To ensure proper function of HSCs several regulatory mechanisms are in place. The microenvironment in which HSCs reside provides soluble factors and cell-cell interactions. In the cell-nucleus, these cell-extrinsic cues are interpreted in the context of cell-intrinsic developmental programs which are governed by transcription factors. An essential transcription factor for initiation of hematopoiesis is Scl/Tal1 (stem cell leukemia gene/T-cell acute leukemia gene 1). Loss of Scl results in early embryonic death and total lack of all blood cells, yet deactivation of Scl in the adult does not affect HSC function (Mikkola et al., 2003b. In order to define the temporal window of Scl requirement during fetal hematopoietic development, we deactivated Scl in all hematopoietic lineages shortly after hematopoietic specification in the embryo . Interestingly, maturation, expansion and function of fetal HSCs was unaffected, and, as in the adult, red blood cell and platelet differentiation was impaired (Paper III)(Schlaeger et al., 2005). These findings highlight that, once specified, the hematopoietic fate is stable even in the absence of Scl and is maintained through mechanisms that are distinct from those required for the initial fate choice. As the critical downstream targets of Scl remain unknown, we sought to identify and characterize target genes of Scl (Paper IV). We could identify transcription factor Mef2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2 C) as a novel direct target gene of Scl specifically in the megakaryocyte lineage which largely explains the megakaryocyte defect observed in Scl deficient mice. In addition, we observed an Scl-independent requirement of Mef2C in the B-cell compartment, as loss of Mef2C leads to accelerated B-cell aging (Gekas et al. Submitted). Taken together, these studies identify key extracellular microenvironments and intracellular transcriptional regulators that dictate different stages of HSC development, from emergence to lineage choice to aging.

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It is widely accepted that the global climate is heating up due to human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels. Therefore we find ourselves forced to make decisions on what measures, if any, need to be taken to decrease our warming effect on the planet before any irrevocable damage occurs. Research is being conducted in a variety of fields to better understand all relevant processes governing Earth s climate, and to assess the relative roles of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions into the atmosphere. One of the least well quantified problems is the impact of small aerosol particles (both of anthropogenic and biogenic origin) on climate, through reflecting solar radiation and their ability to act as condensation nuclei for cloud droplets. In this thesis, the compounds driving the biogenic formation of new particles in the atmosphere have been examined through detailed measurements. As directly measuring the composition of these newly formed particles is extremely difficult, the approach was to indirectly study their different characteristics by measuring the hygroscopicity (water uptake) and volatility (evaporation) of particles between 10 and 50 nm. To study the first steps of the formation process in the sub-3 nm range, the nucleation of gaseous precursors to small clusters, the chemical composition of ambient naturally charged ions were measured. The ion measurements were performed with a newly developed mass spectrometer, which was first characterized in the laboratory before being deployed at a boreal forest measurement site. It was also successfully compared to similar, low-resolution instruments. The ambient measurements showed that sulfuric acid clusters dominate the negative ion spectrum during new particle formation events. Sulfuric acid/ammonia clusters were detected in ambient air for the first time in this work. Even though sulfuric acid is believed to be the most important gas phase precursor driving the initial cluster formation, measurements of the hygroscopicity and volatility of growing 10-50 nm particles in Hyytiälä showed an increasing role of organic vapors of a variety of oxidation levels. This work has provided additional insights into the compounds participating both in the initial formation and subsequent growth of atmospheric new aerosol particles. It will hopefully prove an important step in understanding atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion, which, by influencing cloud properties, can have important climate impacts. All available knowledge needs to be constantly updated, summarized, and brought to the attention of our decision-makers. Only by increasing our understanding of all the relevant processes can we build reliable models to predict the long-term effects of decisions made today.

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Kundklubbar och lojalitetsprogram, marknadsföringsåtgärder som snabbt anammats inom de flesta branscher, utgör strategiska och taktiska åtaganden som direkt stöder en relationsmarknadsföringsansats i företag. Turistbranschen är inget undantag och idag ser vi hur även researrangörer utvecklat egna kundklubbar. Den frekvens med vilken finländska turister köper paketresor till "södern" per år ligger långt från den frekvens med vilken affärsresenärerna utnyttjar flygbolagens lojalitetsprogram. Trots det finns det ingen diskussion som belyser frågan hur väl relationsmarknadsföringsteorier utvecklade för marknader med hög köpfrekvens (flygbolagens lojalitetsprogram) är användbara på marknader där köpfrekvensen är lägre (t.ex. researrangörsbranschen). I denna artikel sammankopplas relationsmarknadsföringsteorier med teorier om lojalitetsprogram och kundklubbar. Artikeln syftar till att fördjupa förståelsen för lojalitetsprogrammens och kundklubbarnas relevans i en relationsmarknadsföringsansats. Ur diskussionen härleds forskningsfrågor som kan användas för att identifiera nya centrala forskningsområden. Artikeln fokuserar på den forskning som finner sin empiriska förankring i turistbranschen.

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Sedan sekelskiftet har dagstidningar gått igenom stora förändringar och står nu inför fler utmaningar än någonsin förr. Webbmedierna ökar i omsättning i samma takt som dagstidningarna tappar prenumeranter och annonsintäkter. Det nuvarande medieklimatet ställer nya krav på dagstidningarna och tvingar till förändringar. Syftet med den här pro gradu-avhandlingen är att granska förändringar i framställningen av Hufvudstadsbladets (Hbl) huvudnyheten med fem års intervaller under perioden 1995–2010. Från varje undersökt år granskas en månad. Hur har huvudnyheten strukturerats och presenterats under den här tidsperioden? Vilka faktorer har bidragit till förändringen och hur syns förändringarna i tidningen? Studien baserar sig på kvantitativ innehållsanalys av materialet samt intervjuer med Hbl:s chefredaktör Hannu Olkinuora och layoutchef Marita Granroth. I studien granskas antalet ingångar i huvudnyheten och hur väl huvudrubriken och huvudbilden korrelerar. Intervjuerna ger djup för den kvantitativa analysen och belyser hur man på Hbl resonerat kring de förändringar som skett under perioden 1995–2010. Resultatet visar att antalet ingångar har ökat med 21 procent från år 1995 till år 2010. Bland annat upplyfta citat, grafik och faktarutor har ökat avsevärt. Samtidigt har korrelationen mellan bilden och rubriken blivit sämre, endast 39 procent av bilderna år 2010 stod i direkt korrelation till rubriken, då samma siffra år 1995 var 50 procent. På basis av förändringarna i presentationsformerna kan man dra slutsatser om att dagstidningen har fått en ny roll i dagens medievärld. I stället för direkt hårda nyheter ska dagstidningarna erbjuda fördjupningar och bakgrunder till de nyheter som de flesta redan läst på webben. Dagstidningarna är tvungna att komma på nya lösningar och vara redo att gå ett steg vidare för att hänga med i mediekonkurrensen. I stället för att direkt rapportera nyheter blir dagstidningens roll mer kompletterande i förhållande till de övriga medierna. Forskningen inom det här området är liten och den här studien baserar sig i huvudsak på Hannu Pulkkinens och Pekka Mervolas forskning om de finländska dagstidningarna. Pulkkinen har forskat om tidningens arkitektur och uppbyggnad och Mervola har gjort en historisk översikt på den finländska pressen.

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Molecular machinery on the micro-scale, believed to be the fundamental building blocks of life, involve forces of 1-100 pN and movements of nanometers to micrometers. Micromechanical single-molecule experiments seek to understand the physics of nucleic acids, molecular motors, and other biological systems through direct measurement of forces and displacements. Optical tweezers are a popular choice among several complementary techniques for sensitive force-spectroscopy in the field of single molecule biology. The main objective of this thesis was to design and construct an optical tweezers instrument capable of investigating the physics of molecular motors and mechanisms of protein/nucleic-acid interactions on the single-molecule level. A double-trap optical tweezers instrument incorporating acousto-optic trap-steering, two independent detection channels, and a real-time digital controller was built. A numerical simulation and a theoretical study was performed to assess the signal-to-noise ratio in a constant-force molecular motor stepping experiment. Real-time feedback control of optical tweezers was explored in three studies. Position-clamping was implemented and compared to theoretical models using both proportional and predictive control. A force-clamp was implemented and tested with a DNA-tether in presence of the enzyme lambda exonuclease. The results of the study indicate that the presented models describing signal-to-noise ratio in constant-force experiments and feedback control experiments in optical tweezers agree well with experimental data. The effective trap stiffness can be increased by an order of magnitude using the presented position-clamping method. The force-clamp can be used for constant-force experiments, and the results from a proof-of-principle experiment, in which the enzyme lambda exonuclease converts double-stranded DNA to single-stranded DNA, agree with previous research. The main objective of the thesis was thus achieved. The developed instrument and presented results on feedback control serve as a stepping stone for future contributions to the growing field of single molecule biology.

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Streptococcus agalactiae –juverinflammation var tidigare ett stort problem i många länder, inklusive Finland. I och med förbättrad mjölkningshygien och antibiotikabehandlingar har bakterien så gott som eradikerats från mjölkbesättningarna. Nu verkar bakterien i viss mån ha kommit tillbaka till våra stora mjölkgårdar. Avhandlingens experimentella del utfördes på en mjölkgård, med ca 180 mjölkande och tre mjölkningsrobotar, som haft problem med Str. agalactiae. Man hoppades utreda hur stort problemet på gården var samt möjliga smittovägar. Man undersökte också möjligheten att använda mjölkningsrobotens automatiska provtagningsutrustning för provtagning av bakteriella prov. PCRmetoden jämfördes med konventionell odling vid diagnostik av juverinflammationer orsakade av Str. agalactiae. På gården gick man igenom anteckningar samt hälso- och seminkort för att få en bild över situationen. Man gjorde en uppföljning av mjölkningen för tolv kor vid den ena mjölkningsroboten. Man tog 47 stycken kospecifika mjölkprov samt ett prov från mjölktanken. Mjölkprov i tre serier både mjölkade för hand och direkt från mjölkuppsamlaren på mjölkningsroboten togs. Man tog sammanlagt 23 renlighetsprov från mjölkningsroboten, tre från den automatiska provtagningsutrustningen samt två från djurskötarnas händer. Från den automatiska provtagningsutrustningen togs även ett genomsköljningsprov. Av mjölkprov som tidigare tagits på gården hade man hittat Str. agalactiae i ca 17%. I denna studie hittades Str. agalactiae i tre kospecifika mjölkprov, vilket motsvarar en prevalens på ca 2%. Vid uppföljningen av mjölkningarna upptäcktes inget alarmerande, men spenarnas hälsa samt tommjölkningar är något som bör följas upp. Av renlighetsproven hittades Str. agalactiae i ett prov taget från borsthållaren. Svaren från mjölkproven tagna i serier tyder på att den automatiska provtagningsutrustningen inte går att använda till bakteriella prov, eftersom mjölken från en Str. agalactiae –infekterad ko verkar påverka resultatet också hos följande kor. Resultatet är väntat, eftersom mjölkprov alltid skall tas aseptiskt och det går inte med den automatiska provtagningsutrustningen så som den i dagsläget är utvecklad. Från sju av nio mjölkprov, där man hittat Str. agalactiae med PCR-metoden, hittades bakterien också med konventionell odling. Från tankmjölksprovet kunde man inte hitta Str. agalactiae med konventionell odling. PCR-metoden verkar enligt den här studien vara mer känslig att upptäcka Str. agalactiae jämfört med konventionell odling.