995 resultados para TEORIA DA DISPERSÃO
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We show that the Kronecker sum of d >= 2 copies of a random one-dimensional sparse model displays a spectral transition of the type predicted by Anderson, from absolutely continuous around the center of the band to pure point around the boundaries. Possible applications to physics and open problems are discussed briefly.
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A equação de difusão-advecção é muito utilizada no campo de estudos da poluição atmosférica na determinação da concentração de poluentes. Uma maneira de solucionar o problema de fechamento desta equação está baseada na hipótese de transporte por gradiente que, em analogia com a difusão molecular, assume que o fluxo turbulento de concentração é proporcional à magnitude do gradiente de concentração média. Neste trabalho, diferentemente do modo tradicional, utiliza-se uma equação genérica para a difusão turbulenta considerando-se que o fluxo mais a sua derivada são proporcionais ao gradiente médio. Desta forma, obtém-se uma equação que leva em conta a assimetria no processo de dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos. Portanto, a proposta do presente trabalho é a obtenção da solução analítica desta nova equação utilizando-se a técnica da Transformada de Laplace, considerando-se a Camada Limite Planetária (CLP) como um sistema multicamadas. Os parâmetros que encerram a turbulência sâo derivados da teoria de difusão estatística de Taylor combinada com a teoria de similaridade convectiva válidos para grandes tempos de difusão. Finalmente, na avaliação da performance deste modelo que considera a assimetria no processo de dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos, utilizam-se os dados experimentais de Copenhagen e Prairie Grass.
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This paper analyzes the evolution of the protection to the minority stockholders of the stock market, through their right to withdrawal when the society is reorganized. Thus, a triple study was done: In the first place, it analyzes the evolution of legal protection for the minority stockholders with relation to possible abuses that can be committed by the majority stockholders of public traded corporations when there is a Public Offering for Stocks Acquisition (POSAs). In the second place, it studies opinions about this legal protection of portfolio managers and lawyers who deal with corporate law. Finally, it verified the POSAs which occurred in recent periods, comparing the values used by the majority stockholders to reimburse the stocks from minority shareholders in those POSAs. Comparing the results of these three above studies, we conclude that: A) The current legislation does not protect adequately the minority stockholders; B) There is a great dispersion of opinions among the two categories of professionals, concerning their approval or not of important details of the current legislation, and also of the old legislation; C) A great dispersion also exists about the suggestions concerning what should be modified in the legislation to improve it; D) The Brazilian Securities Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários ¿ CVM) did not prevent the distortions observed in the POSAs studied; E) The legislation is not always well known by these professionals, and this suggests that the knowledge of small investors must be precarious. This insecurity and ignorance of the legal protection become obstacles for nonspecialized persons to invest in stocks, resulting in an important limitation for the development and popularization of the Brazilian stock market.
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Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma solução analítica para a dispersão vertical turbulenta em uma Camada Limite Convectiva e em uma Camada Limite Estável. A equação analisada considera a difusão com velocidades finitas, o que representa o transporte turbulento fisicamente correto. Considerando o caráter não-local, adicionam-se na equação que representa uma fonte área instantânea, termos como: o tempo de relaxação, a assimetria, a escala de tempo Lagrangeana e a velocidade turbulenta vertical. A solução é obtida utilizando-se a técnica da Transformada de Laplace. Os parâmetros que encerram a turbulência são derivados da teoria de difusão estatística de Taylor combinada com a teoria de similaridade. Foram utilizados coeficientes de difusão especáficos para cada uma das camadas. A transformada inversa é obtida através do esquema numérico de quadratura Gaussiana. São apresentadas várias simulações para diferentes alturas de fonte área e obtém-se o valor da concentração para alturas próximas ao solo e próximas ao topo da Camada Limite Planetária. A inserção do termo de contra-gradiente na equação resultou em uma pequena influência na concentração de poluentes, observada de forma mais expressiva na Camada Limite Convectiva.
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Neste trabalho é apresentada uma solução analítica de um problema bidimensional e transiente de dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos. O modelamento utilizado é conhecido na literatura como modelo Kzz para dispersão de poluentes atmosféricos e é representado por uma equação difusivo-advectiva com coeficientes de difusão e advecção variáveis. São utilizados três diferentes coeficientes de difusão nas simulações, bem como as componentes horizontal e vertical do vento são tomadas como variáveis. A solução analítica é gerada através da aplicação da técnica GITT (Generalized Integral Transform Technique) dupla com problema transformado resolvido por Transformada de Laplace e diagonalização de matrizes. Filtros matemáticos são usados para homogenizar as condições de contorno viabilizando o uso da técnica citada. Além disso, o tipo de filtro matemático utilizado permite a sensível diminuição do custo computacional. Resultados numéricos são obtidos e comparados com dados experimentais e outras soluções da literatura.
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The standard kinetic theory for a nonrelativistic diluted gas is generalized in the spirit of the nonextensive statistic distribution introduced by Tsallis. The new formalism depends on an arbitrary q parameter measuring the degree of nonextensivity. In the limit q = 1, the extensive Maxwell-Boltzmann theory is recovered. Starting from a purely kinetic deduction of the velocity q-distribution function, the Boltzmann H-teorem is generalized for including the possibility of nonextensive out of equilibrium effects. Based on this investigation, it is proved that Tsallis' distribution is the necessary and sufficient condition defining a thermodynamic equilibrium state in the nonextensive context. This result follows naturally from the generalized transport equation and also from the extended H-theorem. Two physical applications of the nonextensive effects have been considered. Closed analytic expressions were obtained for the Doppler broadening of spectral lines from an excited gas, as well as, for the dispersion relations describing the eletrostatic oscillations in a diluted electronic plasma. In the later case, a comparison with the experimental results strongly suggests a Tsallis distribution with the q parameter smaller than unity. A complementary study is related to the thermodynamic behavior of a relativistic imperfect simple fluid. Using nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we show how the basic primary variables, namely: the energy momentum tensor, the particle and entropy fluxes depend on the several dissipative processes present in the fluid. The temperature variation law for this moving imperfect fluid is also obtained, and the Eckart and Landau-Lifshitz formulations are recovered as particular cases
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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In this work, the author looks forward to develop a new method capable of incorporate the concepts of the Reliability Theory and Ruin Probability in Deep Foundations, in order to do a better quantification of the uncertainties, which is intrinsic in all geotechnical projects, meanly because we don't know all the properties of the materials that we work with. Using the methodologies of Decourt Quaresma and David Cabral, resistance surfaces have been developed utilizing the data achieved from the Standard Penetration Tests performed in the field of study, in conjecture with the loads defined in the executive project of the piles. The construction of resistance surfaces shows to be a very useful tool for decision making, no matter in which phase it is current on, projecting or execution. The surfaces were developed by Kriging (using the software Surfer® 12), making it easier to visualize the geotechnical profile of the field of study. Comparing the results, the conclusion was that a high safety factor doesn't mean higher security. It is fundamental to consider the loads and resistance of the piles in the whole field, carefully choosing the project methodology responsible to define the diameter and length of the piles
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In this work, the author looks forward to develop a new method capable of incorporate the concepts of the Reliability Theory and Ruin Probability in Deep Foundations, in order to do a better quantification of the uncertainties, which is intrinsic in all geotechnical projects, meanly because we don't know all the properties of the materials that we work with. Using the methodologies of Decourt Quaresma and David Cabral, resistance surfaces have been developed utilizing the data achieved from the Standard Penetration Tests performed in the field of study, in conjecture with the loads defined in the executive project of the piles. The construction of resistance surfaces shows to be a very useful tool for decision making, no matter in which phase it is current on, projecting or execution. The surfaces were developed by Kriging (using the software Surfer® 12), making it easier to visualize the geotechnical profile of the field of study. Comparing the results, the conclusion was that a high safety factor doesn't mean higher security. It is fundamental to consider the loads and resistance of the piles in the whole field, carefully choosing the project methodology responsible to define the diameter and length of the piles
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Este trabalho aborda os textos sobre a reforma do Código Florestal nos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Estado de S.Paulo entre maio de 2011 e junho de 2012 com o objetivo de descrever as características da cobertura dos dois jornais sobre o tema. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, documental e bibliográfica, na qual teorias da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa e o conceito de ética discursiva da teoria da ação comunicativa de Habermas serviram como subsídio à análise. O corpus se compõe de 80 textos, de um universo de 450 pesquisados. Constatou-se que os dois veículos endossaram o discurso de defesa da reforma, que foi o mesmo dos representantes do agronegócio. Mas suas redações atuaram de formas distintas. A da Folha foi influenciada pela linha editorial da empresa. A do Estadão se revelou mais independente e deu mais espaço para as vozes dos cientistas e ambientalistas, contrários à reforma. Com isso, atendeu aos pressupostos de uma ética discursiva.
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Dark matter is a fundamental ingredient of the modern Cosmology. It is necessary in order to explain the process of structures formation in the Universe, rotation curves of galaxies and the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. However, although many efforts, in both aspects, theoretical and experimental, have been made, the nature of dark matter is still unknown and the only convincing evidence for its existence is gravitational. This rises doubts about its existence and, in turn, opens the possibility that the Einstein’s gravity needs to be modified at some scale. We study, in this work, the possibility that the Eddington-Born-Infeld (EBI) modified gravity provides en alternative explanation for the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. For this purpose we derive the modified Einstein field equations and find their solutions to a spherical system of identical and collisionless point particles. Then, we took into account the collisionless relativistic Boltzmann equation and using some approximations and assumptions for weak gravitational field, we derived the generalized virial theorem in the framework of EBI gravity. In order to compare the predictions of EBI gravity with astrophysical observations we estimated the order of magnitude of the geometric mass, showing that it is compatible with present observations. Finally, considering a power law for the density of galaxies in the cluster, we derived expressions for the radial velocity dispersion of the galaxies, which can be used for testing some features of the EBI gravity.
Resumo:
Dark matter is a fundamental ingredient of the modern Cosmology. It is necessary in order to explain the process of structures formation in the Universe, rotation curves of galaxies and the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. However, although many efforts, in both aspects, theoretical and experimental, have been made, the nature of dark matter is still unknown and the only convincing evidence for its existence is gravitational. This rises doubts about its existence and, in turn, opens the possibility that the Einstein’s gravity needs to be modified at some scale. We study, in this work, the possibility that the Eddington-Born-Infeld (EBI) modified gravity provides en alternative explanation for the mass discrepancy in clusters of galaxies. For this purpose we derive the modified Einstein field equations and find their solutions to a spherical system of identical and collisionless point particles. Then, we took into account the collisionless relativistic Boltzmann equation and using some approximations and assumptions for weak gravitational field, we derived the generalized virial theorem in the framework of EBI gravity. In order to compare the predictions of EBI gravity with astrophysical observations we estimated the order of magnitude of the geometric mass, showing that it is compatible with present observations. Finally, considering a power law for the density of galaxies in the cluster, we derived expressions for the radial velocity dispersion of the galaxies, which can be used for testing some features of the EBI gravity.
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Tutkimuksen kohteena on (uus)kreationistinen älykkään suunnittelun (Intelligent Design) teoria. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan teoreettinen ja lukeutuu kognitiivisen uskonnontutkimuksen alaan. Näkökulmana on tarkastella älykkään suunnittelun teorian mukaista ajattelua ihmisen intuitiivisena taipumuksena ymmärtää luontoa ja luonnossa esiintyviä mekanismeja. Esimerkkinä intuitiivisesta päättelystä tarkastellaan erityisesti kansanomaisen psykologian (folk psychology) ja kansanomaisen biologian (folk biology) mukaista ajattelua. Tutkimuksessa kysytään: ilmeneekö älykkään suunnittelun teoriassa mahdollisesti kansanomaisen psykologian ja biologian mukaista ajattelua? Ensimmäiseksi käsitteellistetään älykkään suunnittelun teoria ja esitellään tutkimuksen aineisto. Esille tulevat yhteydet Yhdysvaltojen uskonnolliseen ilmapiiriin, kristillisten kreationististen suuntausten jatkumoon sekä evoluutioteoriaan. Aineisto koostuu älykkään suunnittelun teoriaa kehitelleen Michael J. Behen todistajanlausunnosta Doverin oikeudenkäynnissä, jossa arvioitavana oli älykkään suunnittelun teorian mahdollinen tieteellisyys ja uskonnollisuus. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä määritellään tarkemmin, minkälaisiin ajattelutapoihin kansanomaisella, tieteellisellä ja uskonnollisella ajattelulla tutkimuksessa viitataan. Tämän jälkeen esitellään teoreettiset työvälineet - kansanomaisen psykologia ja biologia. Teoriaosuudessa tarkennetaan myös kansanomaisen, tieteellisen ja uskonnollisen ajattelun suhdetta intuitiiviseen ja intuitionvastaiseen ajatteluun, sekä määritellään kolmas termi epäintuitiivisuus. Teoriaosuus perustuu pääasiassa kognitiivisen uskonnontutkimuksen alaan lukeutuvien tutkijoiden, kuten Scott Atranin, Pascal Boyerin, Robert N. McCauleyn ja Ilkka Pyysiäisen julkaisuihin. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös evoluutioteorian ymmärtämistä tutkineen E. Margaret Evansin tutkimuksia. Analyysissä teoreettisia huomioita havainnollistetaan aineistosta löydettyjen esimerkkien kautta. Teoriaohjaavan sisällönanalyysin kautta Behen todistajanlausunnosta nostetaan esille erityisesti kansanomaisen psykologian ja biologian mukaiset ajattelun tavat. Analyysissä tarkastellaan, mitä tutkimuslöydösten avulla voidaan selittää älykkään suunnittelun teorian edustamasta kreationistisesta ajattelusta. Tutkimustuloksena esitetään, että älykkään suunnittelun teoria mukailee monilta osin sekä kansanomaista psykologiaa että kansanomaista biologiaa. Älykkään suunnittelun teoriassa muodostetaan intuitiivinen ideakokonaisuus maailmasta/ eliökunnasta ja sen aiheuttaneesta intuitionvastaisesta toimijasta. Mahdolliset epäintuitiiviset elementit, kuten luonnonvalinta ja kristillinen teologia, ovat teoriassa olemattomat. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että kreationistista ajattelua voidaan perustellusti tarkastella ihmiselle intuitiivisena taipumuksena ymmärtää luontoa.