Calidad y seguridad alimentaria en productos frutihortícolas frescos de exportación: Implicaciones en los procesos laborales de la agroindustria de cítricos dulces de Entre Ríos

A comienzos de 1990 el mercado mundial incrementa la demanda de productos frutihortícolas en estado fresco, destinada a satisfacer a consumidores que requieren productos estandarizados y envíos "just in time". Simultáneamente, aparecen numerosas normas de calidad y seguridad alimentaria, públicas y privadas, tendientes a la obtención de productos sanos e inocuos, a la vez que se interesan por la protección de los trabajadores, prohibición del trabajo infantil y cuidado del medio ambiente. Este artículo presenta resultados de un estudio de caso referido a la agroindustria de cítricos de la provincia de Entre Ríos, principal productora de cítricos dulces del país. Se indaga en los criterios de calidad y sanidad alimentaria en cítricos dulces de exportación a mercados de contraestación y su repercusión en los procesos de trabajo. Utilizamos información cualitativa obtenida en los años 2005 y 2006 (encuestas directas a empresas empacadoras exportadoras, entrevistas en profundidad a productores citrícolas, empresarios, trabajadores cosecheros y del empaque) complementada con información estadística.

Calidad y seguridad alimentaria en productos frutihortícolas frescos de exportación: Implicaciones en los procesos laborales de la agroindustria de cítricos dulces de Entre Ríos

A comienzos de 1990 el mercado mundial incrementa la demanda de productos frutihortícolas en estado fresco, destinada a satisfacer a consumidores que requieren productos estandarizados y envíos "just in time". Simultáneamente, aparecen numerosas normas de calidad y seguridad alimentaria, públicas y privadas, tendientes a la obtención de productos sanos e inocuos, a la vez que se interesan por la protección de los trabajadores, prohibición del trabajo infantil y cuidado del medio ambiente. Este artículo presenta resultados de un estudio de caso referido a la agroindustria de cítricos de la provincia de Entre Ríos, principal productora de cítricos dulces del país. Se indaga en los criterios de calidad y sanidad alimentaria en cítricos dulces de exportación a mercados de contraestación y su repercusión en los procesos de trabajo. Utilizamos información cualitativa obtenida en los años 2005 y 2006 (encuestas directas a empresas empacadoras exportadoras, entrevistas en profundidad a productores citrícolas, empresarios, trabajadores cosecheros y del empaque) complementada con información estadística.

Calidad y seguridad alimentaria en productos frutihortícolas frescos de exportación: Implicaciones en los procesos laborales de la agroindustria de cítricos dulces de Entre Ríos

A comienzos de 1990 el mercado mundial incrementa la demanda de productos frutihortícolas en estado fresco, destinada a satisfacer a consumidores que requieren productos estandarizados y envíos "just in time". Simultáneamente, aparecen numerosas normas de calidad y seguridad alimentaria, públicas y privadas, tendientes a la obtención de productos sanos e inocuos, a la vez que se interesan por la protección de los trabajadores, prohibición del trabajo infantil y cuidado del medio ambiente. Este artículo presenta resultados de un estudio de caso referido a la agroindustria de cítricos de la provincia de Entre Ríos, principal productora de cítricos dulces del país. Se indaga en los criterios de calidad y sanidad alimentaria en cítricos dulces de exportación a mercados de contraestación y su repercusión en los procesos de trabajo. Utilizamos información cualitativa obtenida en los años 2005 y 2006 (encuestas directas a empresas empacadoras exportadoras, entrevistas en profundidad a productores citrícolas, empresarios, trabajadores cosecheros y del empaque) complementada con información estadística.

Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in sweet orange fruit and seeds and its transmission to seedlings

Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium, causes several economically important diseases in North, Central, and South America. These diseases are transmitted by sharpshooter insects, contaminated budwood, and natural root-grafts. X. fastidiosa extensively colonizes the xylem vessels of susceptible plants. Citrus fruit have a well-developed vascular system, which is continuous with the vascular system of the plant. Citrus seeds develop very prominent vascular bundles, which are attached through ovular and seed bundles to the xylem system of the fruit. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit of cvs. Pera, Natal, and Valencia with characteristic symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis disease were collected for analysis. X. fastidiosa was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all main fruit vascular bundles, as well as in the seed and in dissected seed parts. No visual abnormalities were observed in seeds infected with the bacterium. However, the embryos of the infected seeds weighed 25% less than those of healthy seeds, and their germination rate was lower than uninfected seeds. There were about 2,500 cells of X. fastidiosa per infected seed of sweet orange, as quantified using real-time PCR techniques. The identification of X. fastidiosa in the infected seeds was confirmed by cloning and sequencing the specific amplification product, obtained by standard PCR with specific primers. X. fastidiosa was also detected in and recovered from seedlings by isolation in vitro. Our results show that X. fastidiosa can infect and colonize fruit tissues including the seed. We also have shown that X. fastidiosa can be transmitted from seeds to seedlings of sweet orange. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of X. fastidiosa in seeds and its transmission to seedlings.

Low cost freshwater fish pickle using cheap citrus fruit (C. reticulata)

The juice extracted from a locally abundant cheap variety of citrus fruit namely, Citrus reticulata was utilized for pickling. The paper highlights the trials made to select the optimum concentrations of acetic acid and sodium chloride to be used along with the juice of C. reticulata so as to obtain the best, product. The product can be stored well at room temperature for six months.

The regulation of sweet cherry fruit abscission by polar auxin transport

Inconsistency of cropping is an important problem for UK sweet cherry production. Premature fruit abscission in Prunus can reduce yields severely, however, the environmental cues and hormonal signals that trigger abscission have not been identified. Auxin (IAA) is known to delay abscission by reducing the sensitivity of cells in the abscission zone to ethylene, a promoter of abscission. Therefore, the capacity for polar auxin transport (PAT) through sweet cherry pedicels was examined in relation to fruit abscission. Cherry ‘spurs’ (short shoots) with similar leaf areas and different fruit numbers were phloem-girdled to restrict assimilate movement. Abscission from spurs with many fruit (eight or more) occurred within 14 days of girdling, whereas abscission from spurs with few (two) fruit was minimal. The pedicels’ capacity for PAT in spurs with different fruit numbers was determined 1, 3 and 9 days after girdling (DAG). Fruit were analysed for endogenous IAA concentration 3, 5, 7 and 9 DAG. PAT inhibitors 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid or 1-N-naphthylphtalamic acid were applied to pedicels of fruit not expected to abscise, i.e. on spurs with few fruit. The effect of these inhibitors on fruit abscission was determined 14 DAG. The proportion of the transported [3H]-IAA was lower from the outset in pedicels from spurs with many fruit. By 9 DAG, symptoms of fruit abscission were apparent and 40% less [3H] -IAA was transported through pedicels on spurs with many fruit. Fruit endogenous IAA concentrations were similar in the two groups of spurs. Application of PAT inhibitors shortly after girdling increased fruit abscission by 30%. The results suggest that although a decline in PAT is not the only cause of fruit abscission, the maintenance of PAT contributes to fruit retention.

The use of the carbon-13 in the partitioning of photosynthate in vegetative and reproductive twigs of 'Sweet' passion fruit

This study's objective is to evaluate the photosynthates partitioning and source-sink relationships, in vegetative and reproductive twigs of sweet passion fruit, using the carbon-13, stable isotope of carbon. The leaves of vegetative and reproductive twigs were placed in a sealed chamber and 13CO 2 were injected for 30 minutes. After six hours, the different organs of the twig were collected and immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). All plant samples were oven-dried, powdered and combusted in an elemental analyzer. The results showed that the methodology was efficient to evaluate the partitioning of photosynthates. In the vegetative twigs, the new open leaves, the closed leaves and growth meristem were the principal sink for the source leaves enriched with 13CO 2. In the reproductive twigs with only flowers buds, the source-sink relationship was changed and the flowers buds turn to be the principal sink and the growing leaves were secondary sinks. The presence of young fruits changed again the source-sink relationship of the twig, and they were the principal sinks. The apical leaves, with 60% of final leaf area were also a sink for photosynthates.

The importance of plant diversity in maintaining the pollinator bee, Eulaema nigrita (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in sweet passion fruit fields

The euglossine bee Eulaema nigrita plays an important role for the pollination of native and economically important plants, such as the sweet passion-fruit Passiflora alata. E. nigrita uniquely collects the nectar from the flowers of P alata, nevertheless, it needs to visit other plants to collect pollen, nectar and other resources for its survival. There are two methods to identify the species of plants used by bees in their diet: by direct observation of the bees in the flowers, and through identification of pollen grains present in brood cells, feces, or in the bees' body. In order to identify the other plants that E. nigrita visits, we analyzed samples of pollen grains removed from the bee's body in the course of the flowering period of P alata. Among our results, the flora visited by E. nigrita comprised 40 species from 32 genera and 19 families, some of them used as a pollen source or just nectar. In spite of being a polyletic species, E. nigrita exhibited preference for some plant species with poricidal anthers. P alata which has high sugar concentration nectar was the main source of nectar for this bee in the studied area. Nonetheless, the pollinic analysis indicated that others nectariferous plant species are necessary to keep the populations of E. nigrita. Studies such as this one are important since they indicate supplementary pollen-nectar sources which must be used for the conservation of the populations of E. nigrita in crops neighbouring areas. In the absence of pollinators, growers are forced to pay for hand pollination, which increases production costs; keeping pollinators in cultivated areas is still more feasible to ensure sweet passion fruit production. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (4): 1553-1565. Epub 2012 December 01.