Torsion theories induced from commutative subalgebras

We begin a study of torsion theories for representations of finitely generated algebras U over a field containing a finitely generated commutative Harish-Chandra subalgebra Gamma. This is an important class of associative algebras, which includes all finite W-algebras of type A over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, in particular, the universal enveloping algebra of gl(n) (or sl(n)) for all n. We show that any Gamma-torsion theory defined by the coheight of the prime ideals of Gamma is liftable to U. Moreover, for any simple U-module M, all associated prime ideals of M in Spec Gamma have the same coheight. Hence, the coheight of these associated prime ideals is an invariant of a given simple U-module. This implies the stratification of the category of U-modules controlled by the coheight of the associated prime ideals of Gamma. Our approach can be viewed as a generalization of the classical paper by Block (1981) [4]; it allows, in particular, to study representations of gl(n) beyond the classical category of weight or generalized weight modules. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBALGEBRAS OF THE CAYLEY ALGEBRA OVER A FINITE FIELD

We classify all unital subalgebras of the Cayley algebra O(q) over the finite field F(q), q = p(n). We obtain the number of subalgebras of each type and prove that all isomorphic subalgebras are conjugate with respect to the automorphism group of O(q). We also determine the structure of the Moufang loops associated with each subalgebra of O(q).

Nonhomogeneous subalgebras of Lie and special Jordan superalgebras

We consider polynomial identities satisfied by nonhomogeneous subalgebras of Lie and special Jordan superalgebras: we ignore the grading and regard the superalgebra as an ordinary algebra. The Lie case has been studied by Volichenko and Baranov: they found identities in degrees 3, 4 and 5 which imply all the identities in degrees <= 6. We simplify their identities in degree 5, and show that there are no new identities in degree 7. The Jordan case has not previously been studied: we find identities in degrees 3, 4, 5 and 6 which imply all the identities in degrees <= 6, and demonstrate the existence of further new identities in degree 7. our proofs depend on computer algebra: we use the representation theory of the symmetric group, the Hermite normal form of an integer matrix, the LLL algorithm for lattice basis reduction, and the Chinese remainder theorem. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

On Clifford subalgebras, spacetime splittings and applications

Z(2)-gradings of Clifford algebras are reviewed and we shall be concerned with an alpha-grading based on the structure of inner automorphisms, which is closely related to the spacetime splitting, if we consider the standard conjugation map automorphism by an arbitrary, but fixed, splitting vector. After briefly sketching the orthogonal and parallel components of products of differential forms, where we introduce the parallel [orthogonal] part as the space [time] component, we provide a detailed exposition of the Dirac operator splitting and we show how the differential operator parallel and orthogonal components are related to the Lie derivative along the splitting vector and the angular momentum splitting bivector. We also introduce multivectorial-induced alpha-gradings and present the Dirac equation in terms of the spacetime splitting, where the Dirac spinor field is shown to be a direct sum of two quaternions. We point out some possible physical applications of the formalism developed.

Pervasive Algebras and Maximal Subalgebras.

A uniform algebra A on its Shilov boundary X is maximal if A is not C(X) and no uniform algebra is strictly contained between A and C(X) . It is essentially pervasive if A is dense in C(F) whenever F is a proper closed subset of the essential set of A. If A is maximal, then it is essentially pervasive and proper. We explore the gap between these two concepts. We show: (1) If A is pervasive and proper, and has a nonconstant unimodular element, then A contains an infinite descending chain of pervasive subalgebras on X . (2) It is possible to find a compact Hausdorff space X such that there is an isomorphic copy of the lattice of all subsets of N in the family of pervasive subalgebras of C(X). (3) In the other direction, if A is strongly logmodular, proper and pervasive, then it is maximal. (4) This fails if the word “strongly” is removed. We discuss examples involving Dirichlet algebras, A(U) algebras, Douglas algebras, and subalgebras of H∞(D), and develop new results that relate pervasiveness, maximality, and relative maximality to support sets of representing measures.

On the regularity of homomorphisms between Riesz subalgebras of L^r(X).

We investigate the automatic regularity of continuous algebra homomorphisms between Riesz algebras of regular operators on Banach lattices.

Topological Quantum Computation - An Analysis of an Anyon Model Based on Quantum Double Symmetries

There exists various suggestions for building a functional and a fault-tolerant large-scale quantum computer. Topological quantum computation is a more exotic suggestion, which makes use of the properties of quasiparticles manifest only in certain two-dimensional systems. These so called anyons exhibit topological degrees of freedom, which, in principle, can be used to execute quantum computation with intrinsic fault-tolerance. This feature is the main incentive to study topological quantum computation. The objective of this thesis is to provide an accessible introduction to the theory. In this thesis one has considered the theory of anyons arising in two-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, which are described by gauge theories based on so called quantum double symmetries. The quasiparticles are shown to exhibit interactions and carry quantum numbers, which are both of topological nature. Particularly, it is found that the addition of the quantum numbers is not unique, but that the fusion of the quasiparticles is described by a non-trivial fusion algebra. It is discussed how this property can be used to encode quantum information in a manner which is intrinsically protected from decoherence and how one could, in principle, perform quantum computation by braiding the quasiparticles. As an example of the presented general discussion, the particle spectrum and the fusion algebra of an anyon model based on the gauge group S_3 are explicitly derived. The fusion algebra is found to branch into multiple proper subalgebras and the simplest one of them is chosen as a model for an illustrative demonstration. The different steps of a topological quantum computation are outlined and the computational power of the model is assessed. It turns out that the chosen model is not universal for quantum computation. However, because the objective was a demonstration of the theory with explicit calculations, none of the other more complicated fusion subalgebras were considered. Studying their applicability for quantum computation could be a topic of further research.

Luonnollisten lukujen joukon määriteltävyys funktioalgebroissa

Let X be a topological space and K the real algebra of the reals, the complex numbers, the quaternions, or the octonions. The functions form X to K form an algebra T(X,K) with pointwise addition and multiplication. We study first-order definability of the constant function set N' corresponding to the set of the naturals in certain subalgebras of T(X,K). In the vocabulary the symbols Constant, +, *, 0', and 1' are used, where Constant denotes the predicate defining the constants, and 0' and 1' denote the constant functions with values 0 and 1 respectively. The most important result is the following. Let X be a topological space, K the real algebra of the reals, the compelex numbers, the quaternions, or the octonions, and R a subalgebra of the algebra of all functions from X to K containing all constants. Then N' is definable in , if at least one of the following conditions is true. (1) The algebra R is a subalgebra of the algebra of all continuous functions containing a piecewise open mapping from X to K. (2) The space X is sigma-compact, and R is a subalgebra of the algebra of all continuous functions containing a function whose range contains a nonempty open set of K. (3) The algebra K is the set of reals or the complex numbers, and R contains a piecewise open mapping from X to K and does not contain an everywhere unbounded function. (4) The algebra R contains a piecewise open mapping from X to the set of the reals and function whose range contains a nonempty open subset of K. Furthermore R does not contain an everywhere unbounded function.

Angles in C*-algebras

In this work we characterise the C*-algebras $\mathcal{A}$ generated by projections with the property that every pair of projections in $\mathcal{A}$ has positive angle, as certain extensions of abelian algebras by algebras of compact operators. We show that this property is equivalent to a lattice theoretic property of projections and also to the property that the set of finite dimensional *-subalgebras of $\mathcal{A}$ is directed.

Brisure de symétrie par la réduction des groupes de Lie simples à leurs sous-groupes de Lie réductifs maximaux

Dans ce travail, nous exploitons des propriétés déjà connues pour les systèmes de poids des représentations afin de les définir pour les orbites des groupes de Weyl des algèbres de Lie simples, traitées individuellement, et nous étendons certaines de ces propriétés aux orbites des groupes de Coxeter non cristallographiques. D'abord, nous considérons les points d'une orbite d'un groupe de Coxeter fini G comme les sommets d'un polytope (G-polytope) centré à l'origine d'un espace euclidien réel à n dimensions. Nous introduisons les produits et les puissances symétrisées de G-polytopes et nous en décrivons la décomposition en des sommes de G-polytopes. Plusieurs invariants des G-polytopes sont présentés. Ensuite, les orbites des groupes de Weyl des algèbres de Lie simples de tous types sont réduites en l'union d'orbites des groupes de Weyl des sous-algèbres réductives maximales de l'algèbre. Nous listons les matrices qui transforment les points des orbites de l'algèbre en des points des orbites des sous-algèbres pour tous les cas n<=8 ainsi que pour plusieurs séries infinies des paires d'algèbre-sous-algèbre. De nombreux exemples de règles de branchement sont présentés. Finalement, nous fournissons une nouvelle description, uniforme et complète, des centralisateurs des sous-groupes réguliers maximaux des groupes de Lie simples de tous types et de tous rangs. Nous présentons des formules explicites pour l'action de tels centralisateurs sur les représentations irréductibles des algèbres de Lie simples et montrons qu'elles peuvent être utilisées dans le calcul des règles de branchement impliquant ces sous-algèbres.

Analyse de groupe d’un modèle de la plasticité idéale planaire et sur les solutions en termes d’invariants de Riemann pour les systèmes quasilinéaires du premier ordre

Les objets d’étude de cette thèse sont les systèmes d’équations quasilinéaires du premier ordre. Dans une première partie, on fait une analyse du point de vue du groupe de Lie classique des symétries ponctuelles d’un modèle de la plasticité idéale. Les écoulements planaires dans les cas stationnaire et non-stationnaire sont étudiés. Deux nouveaux champs de vecteurs ont été obtenus, complétant ainsi l’algèbre de Lie du cas stationnaire dont les sous-algèbres sont classifiées en classes de conjugaison sous l’action du groupe. Dans le cas non-stationnaire, une classification des algèbres de Lie admissibles selon la force choisie est effectuée. Pour chaque type de force, les champs de vecteurs sont présentés. L’algèbre ayant la dimension la plus élevée possible a été obtenues en considérant les forces monogéniques et elle a été classifiée en classes de conjugaison. La méthode de réduction par symétrie est appliquée pour obtenir des solutions explicites et implicites de plusieurs types parmi lesquelles certaines s’expriment en termes d’une ou deux fonctions arbitraires d’une variable et d’autres en termes de fonctions elliptiques de Jacobi. Plusieurs solutions sont interprétées physiquement pour en déduire la forme de filières d’extrusion réalisables. Dans la seconde partie, on s’intéresse aux solutions s’exprimant en fonction d’invariants de Riemann pour les systèmes quasilinéaires du premier ordre. La méthode des caractéristiques généralisées ainsi qu’une méthode basée sur les symétries conditionnelles pour les invariants de Riemann sont étendues pour être applicables à des systèmes dans leurs régions elliptiques. Leur applicabilité est démontrée par des exemples de la plasticité idéale non-stationnaire pour un flot irrotationnel ainsi que les équations de la mécanique des fluides. Une nouvelle approche basée sur l’introduction de matrices de rotation satisfaisant certaines conditions algébriques est développée. Elle est applicable directement à des systèmes non-homogènes et non-autonomes sans avoir besoin de transformations préalables. Son efficacité est illustrée par des exemples comprenant un système qui régit l’interaction non-linéaire d’ondes et de particules. La solution générale est construite de façon explicite.