Bourdieu`s reflexive sociology and `spaces of points of view`: whose reflexivity, which perspective?

This paper considers Bourdieu's concepts of perspectivism and reflexivity, looking particularly at how he develops arguments about these in his recent work, The Weight of the World (1999) and Pascalian Meditations (2000b). We explicate Bourdieu's distinctive purposes and deployment of these terms and approaches, and discuss how this compares with related methodological and theoretical approaches currently found in social and feminist theory. We begin by considering three main ways in which 'reflexivity' is deployed in current sociological writing, distinguishing between reflexive sociology and a sociology of reflexivity. This is followed by a discussion of the main aspects of Bourdieu's approach to 'reflexive sociology' and its relation to his concepts of social field, perspectivism and spaces of point of view. He argues that we need to interrogate the idea of a single 'perspective' and account especially for the particularity and influence of the 'scholastic' point of view. He characterizes this latter point of view as unaware of its own historicity and as largely concerned with contemplation and with treating ideas primarily as abstractions (Bourdieu, 2000b). Bourdieu's intervention is to argue, as he has throughout his work, for a more reflexive account of one's location and habitus, and for sustained engagement with ideas and social issues as practical problems. Bourdieu exhorts researchers to work with 'multiple perspectives' (Bourdieu et al., 1999, p. 3), the various competing 'spaces of points of view', without collapsing into subjectivism or relativism. We then consider recent feminist engagements with and critiques of Bourdieu's notion of reflexivity and chart some of the main points of contention regarding its relevance and conceptual potential for theorizing gender identities and transformations in current times. We conclude with a brief outline of how we are working with a reflexive sociological approach in a cross-generational study of young women in difficult circumstances, 'on the margins' of education and work.

O where are you going? O do you imagine? Reproduction and response : a reflexive sociology of scholarship of teaching and learning in practical legal training

My doctoral research studies Australian PLT practitioners’ engagement with scholarship of teaching and learning. I argue that many PLT practitioners are motivated to engage with scholarship of teaching and learning in their work. There are, however, individual and extra-individual impediments.
PLT practitioners are lawyers that teach in institutional practical legal training (“PLT”). Satisfactory completion of mandatory PLT is an eligibility requirement for admission to the Australian legal profession. The PLT requirement is additional to academic legal qualifications. PLT is undertaken at a post-graduate level with, or after, the academic law degree.
My study investigates PLT practitioners’ motivations and capabilities to engage with scholarship of teaching and learning (“SoTL”). I study organisational symbolic support for SoTL in PLT, and organisational allocation of resources to SoTL in PLT.
The study involves individual and extra-individual domains of PLT practitioners’ work. It considers how social structures (e.g. “the juridical”) are inscribed into individuals’ practices (“teaching”) and, conversely, whether practices influence social structures.
My research adopts qualitative methodologies. These involve inter-disciplinary exchanges between law, legal education, practice research, sociology of law, cultural theory, and theory and practice of teaching and learning. My theoretical framework draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s “reflexive sociology”, and Michel de Certeau’s “heterological science”.
I sourced data from documents, and semi-structured interviews with 36 Australian PLT practitioners. Documentary sources include statutory instruments, speeches, reports, practice directions, histories, and scholarly publications.
To analyse the data I adopted Kelle’s characterisation of “theoretical sensitivity”, drawing on “explicit” and “emergent” analysis strategies derived from “grounded theory”. The explicit strategies were based on my theoretical framework. The emergent strategy involved sensitivity to non-explicit concepts and theories that emerged from the data. Computer-aided qualitative data analysis software expedited these methods.
My findings to date question dominant legal structures’ readiness for change, the implications of this for teaching and learning in PLT, and in particular for PLT practitioners’ engagement with SoTL in PLT.
The espoused rationale for mandatory PLT (in statutes) is improvement for the protection of clients, the administration of justice, and to assure quality legal services. The tacit rationale is improved quality of legal education, and experiences, for lawyers-to-be. My thesis argues dominant structures in legal education impede the espoused and tacit objectives, and impede PLT practitioners’ engagement with scholarship of teaching and learning.

Betwixt And between – Practical legal training practitioners – Scholarship of (which) practice?

I am interested in how Australian lawyers who teach lawyers’ skills at the post-graduate pre-admission stage (“PLT practitioners) engage in scholarly activities regarding their teaching practice. This presentation will relate Bourdieu’s ‘reflexive sociology of law’ to my doctoral research in which I focus on how PLT practitioners engage in scholarly activities around their teaching work. Drawing on Kemmis’s ‘practice table’, Bourdieu and Passeron’s theory of ‘reproduction’ in education and culture, and de Certeau’s theory of ‘practice in everyday life’, I will describe how PLT practitioners’ professional identity, as lawyers, constrains scholarship around teaching and mentoring practice.

Re-Imagining Practical Legal Training Practitioners – Soldiers for ‘Vocationalism’, or Double Agents?

I adopt a constructivist approach in order to study Australian PLT practitioners’ engagement with scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) in institutional practical legal training (PLT). Drawing on Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology and Certeau’s heterological science, I argue PLT is enclosed by discursive operations that constrain PLT practitioners’ engagement with SoTL. I contend SoTL could address a knowledge gap in practice research in law and legal education. I propose to re-imagine PLT teaching work by conceptualising it as an emergent professional trajectory, engaged in practice research, teaching and learning. By considering ways in which structures are inscribed into legal education practice, and conversely, whether practice can modify such structures, I re-imagine PLT practitioners as double agents or resistance fighters, enriching legal education through SoTL as practice research.

Australian PLT practitioners’ engagements with scholarship of teaching and learning

 Drawing on Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology and Certeau’s heterological science to investigate individual and extra-individual dimensions of Australian PLT practitioners’ engagements with scholarship of teaching and learning, this thesis identified obstacles and opportunities for recognition of professional legal education and training as emergent professional practice in law and education.

Implicancias metodológicas de una perspectiva relacional e histórica

Este artículo sugiere que frente al abandono de líneas de investigación que aborden los fenómenos sociales en sus múltiples relaciones engarzando armónicamente trabajo de campo y producción teórica, resulta imperante revisar los planteos sobre la lógica de la investigación buscando referencias sobre el uso de sus principios en la implementación de diseños de investigación. Sostiene firmemente que los enfoques tradicionales, tanto de la metodología cuantitativa como cualitativa, presentan serias limitaciones si se pretende que la complejidad de los supuestos teóricos no sea drásticamente simplificada durante el trabajo de campo. Por último, propone una revalorización de la dialéctica en tanto lógica de la investigación y, tomando partido por una sociología reflexiva, intenta rescatar aquellos aspectos presentes en diversas propuestas que permiten cierta coherencia teórica y metodológica oponiéndose tanto al teoricismo (actitud intelectual que opone resistencia a lo empírico) como al empiricismo acrítico (tendencia que lleva a cultivar el método por sí mismo, y a separar la reflexión sobre el método de su utilización concreta en el trabajo científico).

Hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva : Una lectura sobre los aportes de Max Horkheimer y Pierre Bourdie

Este trabajo busca estudiar el posible diálogo entre la teoría crítica de Max Horkheimer y la sociología reflexiva elaborada por Pierre Bourdieu, en pos de encontrar allí materiales teóricos con los que construir una perspectiva crítica de nuestro presente. Así, la indagación en la "historia" de la teoría sociológica será el camino por el cual avanzar en la dirección "sistemática" que este escrito sigue. Si bien es dable hallar marcadas diferencias entre las perspectivas, éstas tienen lugar sobre la base de un cierto piso en común, lo cual permitirá señalar sus semejanzas pero, sobre todo, los puntos de conflicto entre ellas. Esto último constituye el objetivo central de la presente investigación: a partir de las cercanías de estas dos miradas críticas, tensionar a cada una de ellas a través de las categorías de la otra, y viceversa. Por eso este trabajo se enfoca sobre la noción de crítica que cada uno construye, o más específicamente, en los "fundamentos metódico-conceptuales" sobre los que se asientan sus perspectivas. Indagando las potencialidades que ellos le generan, pero también las limitacio nes que acarrean para la crítica. Limitaciones que, según aquí se sostiene, pueden dejarse atrás si se avanza por el camino del tenso entrelazamiento de las perspectivas de estos autores. Es decir: si se avanza hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva

Hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva : Una lectura sobre los aportes de Max Horkheimer y Pierre Bourdie

Este trabajo busca estudiar el posible diálogo entre la teoría crítica de Max Horkheimer y la sociología reflexiva elaborada por Pierre Bourdieu, en pos de encontrar allí materiales teóricos con los que construir una perspectiva crítica de nuestro presente. Así, la indagación en la "historia" de la teoría sociológica será el camino por el cual avanzar en la dirección "sistemática" que este escrito sigue. Si bien es dable hallar marcadas diferencias entre las perspectivas, éstas tienen lugar sobre la base de un cierto piso en común, lo cual permitirá señalar sus semejanzas pero, sobre todo, los puntos de conflicto entre ellas. Esto último constituye el objetivo central de la presente investigación: a partir de las cercanías de estas dos miradas críticas, tensionar a cada una de ellas a través de las categorías de la otra, y viceversa. Por eso este trabajo se enfoca sobre la noción de crítica que cada uno construye, o más específicamente, en los "fundamentos metódico-conceptuales" sobre los que se asientan sus perspectivas. Indagando las potencialidades que ellos le generan, pero también las limitacio nes que acarrean para la crítica. Limitaciones que, según aquí se sostiene, pueden dejarse atrás si se avanza por el camino del tenso entrelazamiento de las perspectivas de estos autores. Es decir: si se avanza hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva

Hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva : Una lectura sobre los aportes de Max Horkheimer y Pierre Bourdie

Este trabajo busca estudiar el posible diálogo entre la teoría crítica de Max Horkheimer y la sociología reflexiva elaborada por Pierre Bourdieu, en pos de encontrar allí materiales teóricos con los que construir una perspectiva crítica de nuestro presente. Así, la indagación en la "historia" de la teoría sociológica será el camino por el cual avanzar en la dirección "sistemática" que este escrito sigue. Si bien es dable hallar marcadas diferencias entre las perspectivas, éstas tienen lugar sobre la base de un cierto piso en común, lo cual permitirá señalar sus semejanzas pero, sobre todo, los puntos de conflicto entre ellas. Esto último constituye el objetivo central de la presente investigación: a partir de las cercanías de estas dos miradas críticas, tensionar a cada una de ellas a través de las categorías de la otra, y viceversa. Por eso este trabajo se enfoca sobre la noción de crítica que cada uno construye, o más específicamente, en los "fundamentos metódico-conceptuales" sobre los que se asientan sus perspectivas. Indagando las potencialidades que ellos le generan, pero también las limitacio nes que acarrean para la crítica. Limitaciones que, según aquí se sostiene, pueden dejarse atrás si se avanza por el camino del tenso entrelazamiento de las perspectivas de estos autores. Es decir: si se avanza hacia una teoría crítica reflexiva

Mobilities, Entanglements, Transformations. Outline of a Research Project on Pottery Practices in Neolithic Wetland Sites of the Swiss Plateau

A large number of later Neolithic sites (3900–3500BC) in Switzerland, Southern Germany and Eastern France offer outstandingly well preserved archaeological materials from cultural layers. Due to the wide use of dendrochronology, settlement remains and artefact assemblages can now be placed into a precise and fixed chronological framework, thus presenting a unique case within prehistoric archaeology. In earlier research, chronological and regional units were constructed on the basis of pottery. These spacial and temporal units of typical pottery sets were understood as Neolithic cultures, as culturally more or less homogenous entities connected with (ethnic) identities. Today, with a larger data corpus of excavated settlements at hand, we can begin to understand that this period of the past was in fact characterised by a multitude of cultural entanglements and transformations. This is indicated by the occurrence of local and non-local pottery styles in one and the same settlement: for example typically local Cortaillod pottery is found together with NMB-styled pottery in settlements at Lake Neuchâtel or Michelsberg pottery is regularly occurring in settlements at Lake Constance where Pfyn pottery style is the typical local one. These and many more examples show that there must have been complex entanglements of social ties expanding between Eastern France, Southern Germany and the Swiss Plateau. Given these circumstances the former notions of Neolithic culture should be critically revised. Therefore, in late 2014, the Prehistoric Archaeology Department at the Archaeological Institute of University of Berne started a four-year research project funded by Swiss National Science Foundation in late 2014: ‘Mobilities, Entanglements and Transformations in Neolithic Societies of the Swiss Plateau (3900-3500 BC)’. It’s objective is to address the topic sketched above by adopting a mixed methods research (MMR)-design combining qualitative and quantitative approaches from archaeology and archaeometry. The approach is theoretically based on Pierre Bourdieu’s reflexive sociology and his concept of habitus but includes further concepts of practice theories. By shifting the focus to the movement of people, ideas and things – to pottery production practices in contexts of mobility – a deeper understanding of the transformative capacities of encounters can be achieved. This opens the path for new insights of Neolithic societies including social, cultural and economic dynamics that were underestimated in former research.

La Representación del Museo: Reflexionando sobre la Museología Reflexiva

En este artículo se analizan las definiciones aceptadas para el campo científico de la museología concebidas por los teóricos del ICOFOM que primero cuestionaron al “museo” como paradigma. Pretende señalar algunas de las inconsistencias en la museología filosófica strankiana con el fin de reformular el concepto de su objeto de estudio. Este debate requerirá una revisión de dicha perspectiva filosófica a través del punto de vista sociológico, a la luz de la teoría del actor-difusor de la red propuesta por Bruno Latour. Finalmente, el artículo sostiene que la relación hombre-realidad forjada en Occidente como una actuación del museo hegemónico no debería definir el objeto de estudio de la museología. Por el contrario, debería tener en cuenta todo tipo de posibles asociaciones entre las diferentes funciones que se realizan, evolucionando desde un corpus de reflexiones sobre el museo hacia una disciplina museológica reflexiva.

Is scholarship of teaching and learning in practical legal training a professional responsibility?

In Australia, applicants for admission to the legal profession must hold appropriate academic qualifications, and competently complete practical legal training (PLT). The author's research investigates institutional PLT practitioners' engagement with scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). The theoretical framework for the research draws on Bourdieu and Passeron's reflexive sociology of education and culture. This article focuses on responses to a paramount obligation proposition put to 34 PLT practitioners during semi-structured interviews: Might lawyers' paramount obligations to the court intersect with PLT practitioners' teaching and assessment practices? The proposition elicited responses and insights about field forces within the individual and organisational dimensions of teaching and learning in PLT. These include top-down/bottom-up pressures that impinge on PLT practitioners' engagement with SoTL.