Design of RFID-system for industrial after-sale service

RFID-tekniikka on radiotaajuudella toimivaa etätunnistusta, jossa hyödynnetään RFID-tunnisteiksi kutsuttuja tageja, sekä RFID-lukijoita. RFID-tekniikan käyttökohteet ovat erittäin laajat. Tässä kandidaatintyössä tutkitaan RFID-tekniikan hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia teollisuuden huoltopalvelusuhteessa. Työ keskittyy huollettavien laitteiden etätunnistamiseen mobiileja RFID-lukijoita hyödyntäen. Laitteiden tiedot noudetaan olemassa olevasta tietokannasta web-käyttöliittymän kautta. Koska laitteet koostuvat pääosin metallista, joudutaan tunnistetyyppien valintaa pohtimaan tarkasti. Metallipinnat sekä nesteet vaikuttavat erittäin negatiivisesti useiden tunnisteiden lukuetäisyyteen. Työssä keskitytään vaadittavan järjestelmän suunnittelemiseen aikaisempia tutkimuksia hyödyntäen, mutta itse järjestelmän toteutus ei kuulu tähän kandidaatintyöhön. Lopussa järjestelmän alustava suunnitelma esitellään.

Exploring value-added benefits to enhance wider adoption of chipless RFID system

Radio-frequency identification technology (RFID) is a popular modern technology proven to deliver a range of value-added benefits to achieve system and operational efficiency, as well as cost-effectiveness. The operational characteristics of RFID outperform barcodes in many aspects. Despite its well-perceived benefits, a definite rationale for larger scale adoption is still not so promising. One of the key reasons is high implementation cost, especially the cost of tags for applications involving item-level tagging. This has resulted in the development of chipless RFID tags which cost much less than conventional chip-based tags. Despite the much lower tag cost, the uptake of chipless RFID system in the market is still not as widespread as predicted by RFID experts. This chapter explores the value-added applications of chipless RFID system to promote wider adoption. The chipless technology's technical and operational characteristics, benefits, limitations and current uses will also be examined. The merit of this chapter is to contribute fresh propositions to the promising applications of chipless RFID to increase its adoption in the industries that are currently not (or less popular in) utilising it, such as retail, logistics, manufacturing, healthcare, and service sectors. © 2013, IGI Global.

Kustannukset ja kannattavuus RFID- ja toiminnanohjausjärjestelmien integrointiprojektissa

Maailmantalouden jyrkkä lasku vuonna 2008 ajoi yritykset säästökuurille. Säästöjä pyritään saamaan esimerkiksi automatisoimalla toimintoja. Yksi tapa luoda kustannussäästöjä on käyttää RFIDteknologiaa varastoinnin toimien tehostukseen. Tämän tutkimuksen pääasiallisena tavoitteena on ollut rakentaa yksinkertainen laskentamalli RFID- ja toiminnanohjausjärjestelmien integrointiprojektin kustannusten ja kannattavuuden laskemiseen. Toisena tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat investoinnin kannattavuuteen. Tutkimus rajattiin tarkastelemaan varaston saapuvan tavaran vastaanoton prosessia ja sen toimintojen automatisointia RFID-järjestelmän avulla. Laskentamalli muodostuu kolmesta osasta: investoinnin kokonaiskustannusten arvioinnista, investoinnista saatavien kustannussäästöjen arvioinnista ja kannattavuuslaskelmista. Investointien kokonaiskustannusten arviointia varten rakennettiin luettelo yleisimmistä kustannuslajeista. Investoinnista saatavien kustannussäästöjen arviointi tehtiin analysoimalla nykyprosesseja ja etsimällä niistä toimintoja, jotka tehostuvat RFID-järjestelmän avulla. Varsinaisina kannattavuuslaskentamenetelminä käytettiin investoinnin takaisinmaksuajan menetelmää sekä pääoman tuottoasteen menetelmää. Tutkimuksen tuloksena todettiin rakennetun laskentamallin soveltuvan hyvin investoinnin kustannusten ja kannattavuuden arviointiin. Samalla havaittiin yrityksen toimialan, saapuvien lähetysten määrän ja lähetysten rivimäärän vaikuttavan merkittävästi RFID- jatoiminnanohjausjärjestelmän integrointiprojektin kannattavuuteen.

RFID tekniikan käyttömahdollisuudet betonituoteteollisuuden varastonhallinnassa

Lujabetoni Oy:n kappaletavaran varastonhallinnassa on todettu paljon kehitettävää. Kappaletavaran varasto-otot eivät perustu todellisiin määriin, varastonkierto on hidasta, varastointi sitoo paljon pääomaa ja inventointi on työlästä. Tähän ongelmaan haetaan ratkaisua RFID –teknologiasta. Työn teoriaosassa on käsitelty RFID –teknologian teoriaa ja nykytilaa, sekä varastoinnin peruskäsitteitä ja varastonohjausmenetelmiä. Empiirisessä osassa on laadittu RFID –järjestelmän toteutussuunnitelma. Työn tuloksena on RFID –järjestelmän kuvaus sekä toteutussuunnitelma, joilla saavutetaan tavoitellut hyödyt. Työssä löydettiin menetelmät joilla komponentit voidaan luotettavasti tunnistaa, sekä suunniteltiin todellisiin tapahtumiin perustuva, automaattiset vastaanotto- ja varasto-otto –kirjaukset mahdollistava RFID –järjestelmä. Näiden ansiosta varastotyö ja varastoihin sitoutuva pääoma vähenevät, jolloin saavutetaan säästöjä varastointikustannuksissa.

Design and Development of Compact Chipless RFID Tags with High Data Encoding Capacity

The main objective of this thesis is to develop a compact chipless RFID tag with high data encoding capacity. The design and development of chipless RFID tag based on multiresonator and multiscatterer methods are presented first. An RFID tag using using SIR capable of 79bits is proposed. The thesis also deals with some of the properties of SIR like harmonic separation, independent control on resonant modes and the capability to change the electrical length. A chipless RFID reader working in a frequency band of 2.36GHz to 2.54GHz has been designed to show the feasibility of the RFID system. For a practical system, a new approach based on UWB Impulse Radar (UWB IR) technology is employed and the decoding methods from noisy backscattered signal are successfully demonstrated. The thesis also proposes a simple calibration procedure, which is able to decode the backscattered signal up to a distance of 80cm with 1mW output power.

Implementação e análise de desempenho dos protocolos de criptografia neural e Diffie-Hellman em sistemas RFID utilizando uma plataforma embarcada

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) identifies object by using the radio frequency which is a non-contact automatic identification technique. This technology has shown its powerful practical value and potential in the field of manufacturing, retailing, logistics and hospital automation. Unfortunately, the key problem that impacts the application of RFID system is the security of the information. Recently, researchers have demonstrated solutions to security threats in RFID technology. Among these solutions are several key management protocols. This master dissertations presents a performance evaluation of Neural Cryptography and Diffie-Hellman protocols in RFID systems. For this, we measure the processing time inherent in these protocols. The tests was developed on FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) platform with Nios IIr embedded processor. The research methodology is based on the aggregation of knowledge to development of new RFID systems through a comparative analysis between these two protocols. The main contributions of this work are: performance evaluation of protocols (Diffie-Hellman encryption and Neural) on embedded platform and a survey on RFID security threats. According to the results the Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocol is more suitable for RFID systems

„RFID - Systematische Versuche für den zuverlässigen Einsatz in der Logistik“

Mit zunehmender Komplexität und Vielfalt der Logistikprozesse steigt der Stellenwert der eingesetzten Informationstechnologien. Die den Warenfluss begleitenden bzw. vorhereilenden Informationen sind erforderlich, um Waren identifizieren und Unternehmensressourcen optimal einsetzen zu können. Als Beispiel ist der klassische Wareneingang zu nennen. Durch die Avisierung von Menge und Art eingehender Waren können der Einsatz des Personals zur Entladung und Vereinnahmung sowie die erforderlichen Ressourcen (Ladehilfsmittel, Flurförderzeuge, usw.) im Vorfeld geplant und bereitgestellt werden. Der Informationsfluss ist demnach als Qualitätsmerkmal und als Wirtschaftlichkeitsfaktor zu verstehen. Die Schnittstelle zwischen dem physischen Warenfluss und dem Informationsfluss auf EDV-Basis bildet die Identifikationstechnologien. In der Industrie verbreitete Identifikationstechnologien bestehen in der Regel aus einem Datenträger und einem Erfassungsgerät. Der Datenträger ist am physischen Objekt fixiert. Das Erfassungsgerät liest die auf dem Datenträger befindlichen Objektinformationen und wandelt sie in einen Binär-Code um, der durch nachgelagerte EDV weiterverarbeitet wird. Die momentan in der Industrie und im Handel am häufigsten verwendete Identifikationstechnologie ist der Barcode. In den letzten Jahren tritt die RFID-Technologie in den Fokus der Industrie und des Handels im Bereich Materialfluss und Logistik. Unter „Radio Frequency IDentification“ wird die Kommunikation per Funkwellen zwischen Datenträger (Transponder) und Lesegerät verstanden. Mittels der RFID-Technologie ist der Anwender, im Gegensatz zum Barcode, in der Lage, Informationen auf dem Transponder ohne Sichtkontakt zu erfassen. Eine Ausrichtung der einzelnen Artikel ist nicht erforderlich. Zudem können auf bestimmten Transpondertypen weitaus größere Datenmengen als auf einem Barcode hinterlegt werden. Transponder mit hoher Speicherkapazität eignen sich in der Regel, um die auf ihnen hinterlegten Daten bei Bedarf aktualisieren zu k��nnen. Eine dezentrale Datenorganisation ist realisierbar. Ein weiterer Vorteil der RFID-Technologie ist die Möglichkeit, mehrere Datenträger im Bruchteil einer Sekunde zu erfassen. In diesem Fall spricht man von einer Pulkerfassung. Diese Eigenschaft ist besonders im Bereich Warenein- und -ausgang von Interesse. Durch RFID ist es möglich, Ladeeinheiten, z. B. Paletten mit Waren, durch einen Antennenbereich zu fördern, und die mit Transpondern versehenen Artikel zu identifizieren und in die EDV zu übertragen. Neben der Funktionalität einer solchen Technologie steht in der Industrie vor allem die Wirtschaftlichkeit im Vordergrund. Transponder sind heute teuerer als Barcodes. Zudem müssen Investitionen in die für den Betrieb von RFID erforderliche Hard- und Software einkalkuliert werden. Daher muss der Einsatz der RFID-Technologie Einsparungen durch die Reorganisation der Unternehmensprozesse nach sich ziehen. Ein Schwachpunkt der RFID-Technologie ist momentan je nach Anwendung die mangelnde Zuverlässigkeit und Wiederholgenauigkeit bei Pulklesungen. Die Industrie und der Handel brauchen Identifikationstechnologien, deren Erfassungsrate im Bereich nahe 100 % liegt. Die Gefahr besteht darin, dass durch ein unzuverlässiges RFID-System unvollständige bzw. fehlerhafte Datensätze erzeugt werden können. Die Korrektur der Daten kann teurer sein als die durch die Reorganisation der Prozesse mittels RFID erzielten Einsparungen. Die Erfassungsrate der Transponder bei Pulkerfassungen wird durch mehrere Faktoren beeinflusst, die im Folgenden detailliert dargestellt werden. Das Institut für Fördertechnik und Logistik (IFT) in Stuttgart untersucht m��gliche Einflussgrößen auf die Erkennungsraten bei Pulkerfassungen. Mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen sollen mögliche Schwachstellen bei der Erkennung mehrerer Transponder im Vorfeld einer Implementierung in die Logistikprozesse eines Unternehmens eliminiert werden. With increasing complexity and variety of the logistics processes the significance of the used information technologies increases. The information accompanying the material flow is necessary in order to be able to identify goods and to be able to use corporate resources optimally. The classical goods entrance is to be mentioned as an example. The notification of amount and kind of incoming goods can be used for previously planning and providing of the personnel and necessary resources. The flow of information is to be understood accordingly as a high-quality feature and as an economic efficiency factor. With increasing complexity and variety of the logistics processes the significance of the used information technologies increases. The information accompanying the material flow is necessary in order to be able to identify goods and to be able to use corporate resources optimally. The classical goods entrance is to be mentioned as an example. The notification of amount and kind of incoming goods can be used for previously planning and providing of the personnel and necessary resources. The flow of information is to be understood accordingly as a high-quality feature and as an economic efficiency factor.

Kennzahlenbasierte Bewertung von RFID-Systemen

Der Beitrag beschreibt ein optimiertes Kennzahlensystem zur Bewertung von RFID-Systemen beim Einsatz in logistischen Prozessen. Das Verfahren bildet die Verhaltensmerkmale eines RFID-Systems in unterschiedlichen Kennzahlen ab. Die neu definierte Kommunikationsbelastbarkeit ermöglicht erstmals eine anwendungsbezogene Bewertung verschiedener RFID-Systeme auf Basis einer Kennzahl. Am Beispiel der Identifikation eines Regallagerplatzes wird die Aussagekraft des Kennzahlensystems dargestellt.

Particle filtering for indoor RFID tag tracking

In this paper, we propose a particle filtering (PF) method for indoor tracking using radio frequency identification (RFID) based on aggregated binary measurements. We use an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID system that is composed of a standard RFID reader, a large set of standard passive tags whose locations are known, and a newly designed, special semi-passive tag attached to an object that is tracked. This semi-passive tag has the dual ability to sense the backscatter communication between the reader and other passive tags which are in its proximity and to communicate this sensed information to the reader using backscatter modulation. We refer to this tag as a sense-a-tag (ST). Thus, the ST can provide the reader with information that can be used to determine the kinematic parameters of the object on which the ST is attached. We demonstrate the performance of the method with data obtained in a laboratory environment.

A Radio Frequency Identification System for accurate indoor localization

In this paper we present a novel Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for accurate indoor localization. The system is composed of a standard Ultra High Frequency (UHF), ISO-18006C compliant RFID reader, a large set of standard passive RFID tags whose locations are known, and a newly developed tag-like RFID component that is attached to the items that need to be localized. The new semi-passive component, referred to as sensatag (sense-a-tag), has a dual functionality wherein it can sense the communication between the reader and standard tags which are in its proximity, and also communicate with the reader like standard tags using backscatter modulation. Based on the information conveyed by the sensatags to the reader, localization algorithms based on binary sensor principles can be developed. We present results from real measurements that show the accuracy of the proposed system.

Análise e melhoria de processo de pintura e vulcanização na Continental

A indústria automóvel é um dos setores mais exigentes do mercado global, por este motivo empresas como a Continental Mabor S.A, líderes de mercado, necessitam estar na linha da frente no que toca a programas de melhoria contínua e de uma gestão orientada para um crescimento rentável e sustentado. Nesta perspetiva, este estudo de dissertação tem como objetivo encontrar uma solução para a gestão de stock e FiFo (First in First out) de pneus em verde na supracitada empresa, situada em Lousado, Vila Nova de Famalicão. Este projeto de dissertação iniciou-se com uma análise e diagnóstico do processo produtivo do pneu, entre a Construção e a Vulcanização. Nesta análise, foi possível identificar vários problemas, sendo o mais crítico associado à logística interna de transporte do pneu “em curso”, de fabrico entre as fases do mesmo, Construção e Vulcanização. Devido a condicionantes estruturais e de organização, a logística interna de transporte entre estes dois sectores enfrenta estrangulamentos nos fluxos, a falta de espaço para acomodar o material em curso, problemas organizacionais de controlo e monitorização do processo produtivo, dificuldades de regulação do fluxo e localização dos carros de transporte dos pneus em verde. Face aos problemas detetados ao longo do estudo, foram analisadas várias soluções para a resolução ou minimização dos mesmos. Entre as soluções propostas salientam-se: o alargamento do sistema de transporte por tapetes rolantes GTC (Green Tire Conveying) a todos os módulos de construção. Esta solução diminui o fluxo de carros para a área da construção, descongestionando a zona próxima do sistema de carregamento automático GTAL (Green Tire Automatic Loading) na vulcanização. A implementação dum sistema Wi-Fi RFID, que permite identificar e localizar artigos em curso utilizando etiquetas inteligentes numa rede wireless, conseguindo melhorar a programação de produção e o respetivo sequenciamento. Sabendo também que a Continental se encontra numa fase de expansão, designada Projeto Route 17/20, as soluções propostas tomaram em consideração essa nova realidade futura. Assim, foram estudados e propostos novos layouts para esse atual processo. Nestes novos layouts, procurou-se uma reorganização dos processos de fabrico, bem como um redimensionamento dos espaços de parqueamento de carros de pneus verdes adequado aos volumes produtivos. De igual forma, adequou-se os espaços físicos à possível implementação de um sistema de FiFo de pneus em verde na planta fabril, quando concluída a expansão. Este trabalho de dissertação apresenta como vantagens diretas da sua implementação: gerar a menor perturbação no atual método de trabalho seguido na empresa; previsivelmente aumentar a eficiência do processo produtivo; potenciar o crescimento tecnológico programado pela empresa; e oferecer uma boa relação custo/benefício no investimento necessário. Como apreciação final, pode-se concluir que este estudo foi finalizado com sucesso, visto que as soluções propostas foram apreciadas positivamente pela Administração da Continental Mabor S.A. e estão correntemente a ser avaliadas pelo grupo.

Autonomous Measurements of Bridge Pier and Abutment Scour using Motion-Sensing Radio Transmitters, TR-595, 2010

Two portable Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems (made by Texas Instruments and HiTAG) were developed and tested for bridge scour monitoring by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa (UI). Both systems consist of three similar components: 1) a passive cylindrical transponder of 2.2 cm in length (derived from transmitter/responder); 2) a low frequency reader (~134.2 kHz frequency); and 3) an antenna (of rectangular or hexagonal loop). The Texas Instruments system can only read one smart particle per time, while the HiTAG system was successfully modified here at UI by adding the anti-collision feature. The HiTAG system was equipped with four antennas and could simultaneously detect 1,000s of smart particles located in a close proximity. A computer code was written in C++ at the UI for the HiTAG system to allow simultaneous, multiple readouts of smart particles under different flow conditions. The code is written for the Windows XP operational system which has a user-friendly windows interface that provides detailed information regarding the smart particle that includes: identification number, location (orientation in x,y,z), and the instance the particle was detected.. These systems were examined within the context of this innovative research in order to identify the best suited RFID system for performing autonomous bridge scour monitoring. A comprehensive laboratory study that included 142 experimental runs and limited field testing was performed to test the code and determine the performance of each system in terms of transponder orientation, transponder housing material, maximum antenna-transponder detection distance, minimum inter-particle distance and antenna sweep angle. The two RFID systems capabilities to predict scour depth were also examined using pier models. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1) The first system (Texas Instruments) read one smart particle per time, and its effective read range was about 3ft (~1m). The second system (HiTAG) had similar detection ranges but permitted the addition of an anti-collision system to facilitate the simultaneous identification of multiple smart particles (transponders placed into marbles). Therefore, it was sought that the HiTAG system, with the anti-collision feature (or a system with similar features), would be preferable when compared to a single-read-out system for bridge scour monitoring, as the former could provide repetitive readings at multiple locations, which could help in predicting the scour-hole bathymetry along with maximum scour depth. 2) The HiTAG system provided reliable measures of the scour depth (z-direction) and the locations of the smart particles on the x-y plane within a distance of about 3ft (~1m) from the 4 antennas. A Multiplexer HTM4-I allowed the simultaneous use of four antennas for the HiTAG system. The four Hexagonal Loop antennas permitted the complete identification of the smart particles in an x, y, z orthogonal system as function of time. The HiTAG system can be also used to measure the rate of sediment movement (in kg/s or tones/hr). 3) The maximum detection distance of the antenna did not change significantly for the buried particles compared to the particles tested in the air. Thus, the low frequency RFID systems (~134.2 kHz) are appropriate for monitoring bridge scour because their waves can penetrate water and sand bodies without significant loss of their signal strength. 4) The pier model experiments in a flume with first RFID system showed that the system was able to successfully predict the maximum scour depth when the system was used with a single particle in the vicinity of pier model where scour-hole was expected. The pier model experiments with the second RFID system, performed in a sandbox, showed that system was able to successfully predict the maximum scour depth when two scour balls were used in the vicinity of the pier model where scour-hole was developed. 5) The preliminary field experiments with the second RFID system, at the Raccoon River, IA near the Railroad Bridge (located upstream of 360th street Bridge, near Booneville), showed that the RFID technology is transferable to the field. A practical method would be developed for facilitating the placement of the smart particles within the river bed. This method needs to be straightforward for the Department of Transportation (DOT) and county road working crews so it can be easily implemented at different locations. 6) Since the inception of this project, further research showed that there is significant progress in RFID technology. This includes the availability of waterproof RFID systems with passive or active transponders of detection ranges up to 60 ft (~20 m) within the water–sediment column. These systems do have anti-collision and can facilitate up to 8 powerful antennas which can significantly increase the detection range. Such systems need to be further considered and modified for performing automatic bridge scour monitoring. The knowledge gained from the two systems, including the software, needs to be adapted to the new systems.

Container logistic innovations in forest-energy sector: Markets, future service concepts and technical improvements

The report presents the results of the commercialization project called the Container logistic services for forest bioenergy. The project promotes new business that is emerging around overall container logistic services in the bioenergy sector. The results assess the European markets of the container logistics for biomass, enablers for new business creation and required service bundles for the concept. We also demonstrate the customer value of the container logistic services for different market segments. The concept analysis is based on concept mapping, quality function deployment process (QFD) and business network analysis. The business network analysis assesses key shareholders and their mutual connections. The performance of the roadside chipping chain is analysed by the logistic cost simulation, RFID system demonstration and freezing tests. The EU has set the renewable energy target to 20 % in 2020 of which Biomass could account for two-thirds. In the Europe, the production of wood fuels was 132.9 million solid-m3 in 2012 and production of wood chips and particles was 69.0 million solidm3. The wood-based chips and particle flows are suitable for container transportation providing market of 180.6 million loose- m3 which mean 4.5 million container loads per year. The intermodal logistics of trucks and trains are promising for the composite containers because the biomass does not freeze onto the inner surfaces in the unloading situations. The overall service concept includes several packages: container rental, container maintenance, terminal services, RFID-tracking service, and simulation and ERP-integration service. The container rental and maintenance would provide transportation entrepreneurs a way to increase the capacity without high investment costs. The RFID-concept would lead to better work planning improving profitability throughout the logistic chain and simulation supports fuel supply optimization.

Context-aware wireless networks

This thesis investigates context-aware wireless networks, capable to adapt their behavior to the context and the application, thanks to the ability of combining communication, sensing and localization. Problems of signals demodulation, parameters estimation and localization are addressed exploiting analytical methods, simulations and experimentation, for the derivation of the fundamental limits, the performance characterization of the proposed schemes and the experimental validation. Ultrawide-bandwidth (UWB) signals are in certain cases considered and non-coherent receivers, allowing the exploitation of the multipath channel diversity without adopting complex architectures, investigated. Closed-form expressions for the achievable bit error probability of novel proposed architectures are derived. The problem of time delay estimation (TDE), enabling network localization thanks to ranging measurement, is addressed from a theoretical point of view. New fundamental bounds on TDE are derived in the case the received signal is partially known or unknown at receiver side, as often occurs due to propagation or due to the adoption of low-complexity estimators. Practical estimators, such as energy-based estimators, are revised and their performance compared with the new bounds. The localization issue is addressed with experimentation for the characterization of cooperative networks. Practical algorithms able to improve the accuracy in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel conditions are evaluated on measured data. With the purpose of enhancing the localization coverage in NLOS conditions, non-regenerative relaying techniques for localization are introduced and ad hoc position estimators are devised. An example of context-aware network is given with the study of the UWB-RFID system for detecting and locating semi-passive tags. In particular a deep investigation involving low-complexity receivers capable to deal with problems of multi-tag interference, synchronization mismatches and clock drift is presented. Finally, theoretical bounds on the localization accuracy of this and others passive localization networks (e.g., radar) are derived, also accounting for different configurations such as in monostatic and multistatic networks.

Effects of variation in nest curtain design on pre-laying behaviour of domestic hens

Laying hens in loose-housing systems select a nest daily in which to lay their eggs among many identical looking nests, they often prefer corner nests. We investigated whether heterogeneity in nest curtain appearance – via colours and symbols – would influence nest selection and result in an even distribution of eggs among nests. We studied pre-laying behaviour in groups of 30 LSL hens across two consecutive trials with eight groups per trial. Half of the groups had access to six identical rollaway group-nests, while the others had access to six nests of the same type differing in outer appearance. Three colours (red, green, yellow) and three black symbols (cross, circle, rectangle) were used to create three different nest curtain designs per pen. Nest position and the side of entrance to the pens were changed at 28 and 30 weeks of age, respectively, whereby the order of changes was counterbalanced across trials. Nest positions were numbered 1–6, with nest position 1 representing the nest closest to the pen entrance. Eggs were counted per nest daily from week of age 18 to 33. Nest visits were recorded individually with an RFID system for the first 5 h of light throughout weeks 24–33. Hens with access to nests differing in curtain appearance entered fewer nests daily than hens with identical nests throughout the study but both groups entered more nests with increasing age. We found no other evidence that curtain appearance affected nest choice and hens were inconsistent in their daily nest selection. A high proportion of eggs were laid in corner nests especially during the first three weeks of lay. The number of visits per egg depended upon nest position and age: it increased with age and was higher after the nest position change than before in nest position 1, whereas it stayed stable over time in nest position 6. At 24 weeks of age, gregarious nest visits (hens visiting an occupied nest when there was at least one unoccupied nest) and solitary nest visits (hens visiting an unoccupied nest when there was at least one occupied nest) accounted for a similar amount of nest visits, however, after the door switch, gregarious nest visits made up more than half of all nest visits, while the number of solitary nest visits had decreased. The visual cues were too subtle or inadequate for hens to develop individual preferences while nest position, entrance side, age and nest occupancy affected the quantity and type of nest visits.