Is there space for senior civil servants hybrid management models across political- administrative systems?

Comunicação apresentada na 17.ª conferência anual da NISPACee, realizada de 14 a 16 de Maio de 2009.

How are top officials hybrid management models present across political-administrative systems?

Comunicação apresentada na 4th Annual ICPA - International Conference on Public Administration "Building bridges to the future: leadership and collaboration in public administration", na Universidade de Minnesota nos Estados Unidos, de 24 a 26 de setembro de 2008

Diretrizes curriculares nacionais para o ensino médio: avaliação de documento

This text offers some contributions to the debate on the changes proposed to the National Curricular Directives to reform secondary education in Brazil. In the first part, the political and economic scene is evaluated as the context which generated the last stage of reforms in the educational field in the 90s. It questions the option for a model of structural reform (in the Brazilian case more restricted to the Program for Reform of Professional Education - PROEP) and of the curriculum, whose themes find their justification in the contemporary economic, social cultural and political context. It discusses the use of a model that bases itself on experiences developed in other countries and takes the international orientation of the multilateral organizations as its theoretical methodological reference, leaving out the peculiarities and injunctions of the Brazilian political administrative system. Such a policy measure can increase the tension and distance normally existing between government programs and the possibility of their real implementation in the school network. In the second part, it discusses the Resolution of the National Education Council, the Congress on Basic Education, no.3, of 16.698 that instituted the National Curricular Directives for secondary education, as well as the Legal Bases - Part I - of the National Curricular Parameters for secondary education. The analysis of official discourse takes Bardin's (1977, p. 209) proposals as its methodological reference for the models of structural analysis, seeking to make the implicit values and the connotations of the legal texts explicit

Biological drugs for the treatment of psoriasis in a public health system

OBJECTIVE To analyze the access and utilization profile of biological medications for psoriasis provided by the judicial system in Brazil.METHODSThis is a cross-sectional study. We interviewed a total of 203 patients with psoriasis who were on biological medications obtained by the judicial system of the State of Sao Paulo, from 2004 to 2010. Sociodemographics, medical, and political-administrative characteristics were complemented with data obtained from dispensation orders that included biological medications to treat psoriasis and the legal actions involved. The data was analyzed using an electronic data base and shown as simple variable frequencies. The prescriptions contained in the lawsuits were analyzed according to legal provisions.RESULTS A total of 190 lawsuits requesting several biological drugs (adalimumab, efalizumab, etanercept, and infliximab) were analyzed. Patients obtained these medications as a result of injunctions (59.5%) or without having ever demanded biological medication from any health institution (86.2%), i.e., public or private health services. They used the prerogative of free legal aid (72.6%), even though they were represented by private lawyers (91.1%) and treated in private facilities (69.5%). Most of the patients used a biological medication for more than 13 months (66.0%), and some patients were undergoing treatment with this medication when interviewed (44.9%). Approximately one third of the patients discontinued treatment due to worsening of their illness (26.6%), adverse drug reactions (20.5%), lack of efficacy, or because the doctor discontinued this medication (13.8%). None of the analyzed medical prescriptions matched the legal prescribing requirements. Clinical monitoring results showed that 70.3% of the patients had not undergone laboratory examinations (blood work, liver and kidney function tests) for treatment control purposes.CONCLUSIONS The plaintiffs resorted to legal action to get access to biological medications because they were either unaware or had difficulty in accessing them through institutional public health system procedures. Access by means of legal action facilitated long-term use of this type of medication through irregular prescriptions and led to a high rate of adverse drug reactions as well as inappropriate clinical monitoring.

Reforma administrativa: o caso do Reino Unido

O artigo apresenta uma an??lise das principais caracter??sticas da reforma administrativa empreendida no Reino Unido a partir da do primeiro governo Thatcher em 1979. Inicialmente, s??o descritos dois aspectos peculiares que, segundo os autores, explicam a intensidade das reformas administrativas a?? empreendidas: seu sistema pol??tico, no qual sobressai sobremaneira a alta capacidade decis??ria do Executivo, e as debilidades de seu sistema administrativo, alvo de cr??ticas reiteradas desde o Relat??rio do Comit?? Fulton, publicado em 1968. A partir disso, os autores descrevem tr??s fases recentes na reforma administrativa inglesa p??s-Thatcher. Nesta descri????o, s??o enfocadas as principais caracter??sticas e experi??ncias inovadoras adotadas, enfatizando, entre outros: 1) os chamados ???escrut??neos de Rayner???; 2) os sistemas de informa????es gerenciais adotados (Management Information System for Ministers e o Management Accounting System); 3) o programa Citizen???s Charter; 4) o processo de privatiza????o ingl??s; 5) a experi??ncia de contrata????o externa de servi??os (com a ado????o de instrumentos como a ???licita????o competitiva???, que permite aos pr??prios servidores p??blicos apresentarem propostas para presta????o de servi??os em competi????o com as empresas privadas, al??m dos sistemas Market Testing e Competing for Quality) e, por fim; 6) a pol??tica de gest??o de recursos humanos, com destaque para o forte processo de demiss??es no servi??o p??blico, o sistema de avalia????o de desempenho dos funcion??rios e de remunera????o por performance adotados no Reino Unido.

Avan??os desiguais e inten????es indefinidas: a reforma do estado do M??xico e a estrat??gia de gerenciamento

Este paper defende duas id??ias. A primeira, ?? apresentar os diferentes processos da reforma do Estado mexicano, analisados sob as prioridades diversas no decorrer do tempo. As reformas econ??mica, pol??tica, social e administrativa tiveram prioridades e objetivos divergentes. A reforma econ??mica foi sistem??tica e congruente, a pol??tica foi defensiva e pouco abrangente, e a social foi problem??tica e confusa. A reforma administrativa foi, comparativamente, limitada. Uma proposta para desenvolver um sistema administrativo respons??vel pelo servi??o p??blico foi postergada nos ??ltimos 12 anos at?? que, em maio de 1997, finalmente a atual administra????o prop??s um programa de moderniza????o. A segunda id??ia ?? que, mesmo que a atual administra????o tenha a inten????o de desenvolver um novo sistema de accountability e um plano de carreira para o servi??o p??blico, parece plaus??vel que a tradicional pol??tica de controle, atrav??s da estrutura administrativa, possa ser prejudicada se essas propostas realmente reduzirem o poder discricion??rio dos altos cargos p??blicos e submeterem reservas p??blicas a um esquema de controle social mais aberto e formal. Logo, ?? poss??vel dizer que a alternativa escolhida pelos reformistas foi usar uma abordagem gerenciadora, onde a melhoria dos procedimentos e a implementa????o de algumas t??cnicas administrativas avan??adas substituem, pelo menos at?? agora, uma transforma????o mais profunda da estrutura administrativa. Uma estrat??gia de gerenciamento permite, pelo menos at?? o momento, a melhoria dos servi??os atrav??s do aumento da participa????o de servidores p??blicos, sem prejudicar a atual administra????o, como um instrumento para implementar diferentes agendas pol??ticas usando recursos p??blicos. Nosso argumento ?? que, como o programa de moderniza????o est?? sendo implantado, ?? importante estudar minuciosamente as possibilidades de se implementar a reforma do servi??o p??blico e melhorar a responsabilidade do sistema, dada a particular rela????o que existe entre a administra????o p??blica e o sistema pol??tico no M??xico.

Forma????o das elites pol??tico-administrativas no Brasil: as institui????es de pesquisa econ??mica aplicada

O presente estudo mostra o papel desempenhado pelas institui????es de pesquisa econ??mica, na forma????o das elites administrativas encarregadas da gest??o das pol??ticas macroecon??micas no Brasil, e como elas contribu??ram para a transforma????o de seus membros em importantes interlocutores pol??ticos. S??o, assim, analisados os mais significativos organismos governamentais e n??o-governamentais de pesquisa econ??mica aplicada, como o Ibre/FGV, o Ipea e a Fipe/USP. Alguns aspectos principais se destacam. Como think tanks, isto ??, ag??ncias independentes, mas produtoras de subs??dios para as pol??ticas governamentais, estes institutos s??o espa??os intermedi??rios entre o mundo acad??mico e o governo, a?? residindo sua particularidade. Indica-se ainda a import??ncia dos v??nculos estabelecidos entre estas institui????es de pesquisa, universidades americanas e organismos internacionais. Isso permitiu, relativamente, uma grande homogeneidade dos paradigmas te??ricos e pol??ticos orientadores das a????es dos gestores das pol??ticas econ??micas no pa??s, afinados com aqueles em vigor em ag??ncias como FMI, Banco Mundial, etc. Por fim, deve-se mencionar a quest??o da instabilidade institucional. Refletindo caracter??sticas mais amplas do sistema pol??tico brasileiro, as ag??ncias de pesquisa, especialmente as governamentais, t??m seu destino definido por vari??veis contingenciais, tais como o peso pol??tico de um patrono que as prestigie junto aos ??rg??os financiadores ou demandadores de encomendas p??blicas.

Interven????o estatal, centraliza????o pol??tica e reforma burocr??tica: o significado dos departamentos administrativos no Estado Novo

O objetivo deste artigo ?? expor e explicar um momento espec??fico da evolu????o pol??tico institucional brasileira. S??o explorados os conflitos que est??o na origem da escolha e a implementa????o de uma nova ordem pol??tico-administrativa no p??s-1930. S??o examinadas as origens, a concep????o e os objetivos que guiaram a inven????o de um aparelho burocr??tico que, juntamente com o interventor federal, n??o s?? controlou as elites pol??ticas regionais, mas tamb??m contribuiu para a organiza????o do poder do Estado em bases nacionais, cooperando para viabilizar a capacidade estatal: os Departamentos Administrativos. Analiso o contexto pol??tico, os antecedentes legais e as inova????es institucionais do decreto-lei n?? 1202/39, a fim de responder a duas quest??es bem espec??ficas: por que e com que objetivo essa lei sobre a administra????o dos estados e dos munic??pios foi criada durante o Estado Novo?

O futuro da liderança de topo na administração pública portuguesa. Forças motrizes e cenários possíveis.

Dissertação de mestrado em Administração Pública, orientada pelo Professor Doutor J. A. Oliveira Rocha apresentada na Escola de Economia e Gestão da Universidade do Minho, em 2006.

Església, poder i societat als comtats catalans d'origen carolingi (877-1010)

El projecte de recerca “Església, poder i societat als comtats catalans d'origen carolingi (877-1010)” contempla l'estudi de l'Església catalana del segle X en tots els seus vessants: com a estructura formada per diferents institucions (seus episcopals, cenobis, parròquies i esglésies-oratoris); com a conjunt de persones (clergues i laics que participen de diferent manera i amb diferent implicació dels afers eclesiàstics); en relació al poder polític-administratiu dels comtats catalans (comtes, vescomtes, senyors i altres delegats del poder i la justícia); com en relació amb els aspectes socioeconòmics i d'ordenació territorial (la gran massa de camperols, l'acaparament de terres per part dels grans propietaris, l'articulació d'un sistema de rendes, els vincles entre persones de diferents rangs, la compartimentació d'un espai creixent). Observem, doncs, que l'Església catalana altmedieval resta present en tots els àmbits de la vida i que el seu estudi permet, de retruc, un coneixement més profund i rigorós de la societat. Tot això, contextualitzat durant el segle X, a cavall entre dos períodes ben estudiats i que en ocasions l'han ennuvolat. El segle X és un període privilegiat per a l'estudi d'un bon nombre de dinàmiques polítiques, socials, econòmiques i culturals que demostren que aquesta centúria tenia una personalitat pròpia i que la posen en rellevància respecte als temps anteriors i posteriors. La historiografia tradicional altmedieval catalana tendeix a buscar l'origen dels canvis socials, institucionals i polítics, de la Catalunya medieval, en dos moments concrets: el món carolingi o els anys immediatament posteriors al canvi de mil•lenni. No obstant això, l'augment de fonts històriques, el millor coneixement dels conceptes i de les institucions i l'apropament a la història mitjançant nous enfocaments i paradigmes, permet visualitzar el segle X com a moment de continuació, però també de naixement de situacions prou importants com per a no ser negligides.

The slow transformation of Swiss federal administrative elites

This article sets out to study the profile of Swiss administrative elites at federal level by showing how their profile has evolved in the light of what has come to be known as the wave of New Public Management (NPM), which has benefited from a very fertile ground in Switzerland. These elites correspond to a specific institutional order, in relation to specific organizational structures and workings, and have specific characteristics in terms of career paths and academic background. However, the administrative reforms that have been rolled out since the 1980s have transformed the institutional order within which executives of the federal administration evolve. This article analyses the extent to which these transformations have had an impact on the characteristics of these elites, through indicators such as academic capital, social capital, and career path within and outside the administration. The results show a slow but significant transformation in the profiles of these elites towards an increasing managerialization, reflecting that of the context in which they evolve.Points for practitioners The relationship between politics and the administration is naturally shaped by individuals but is closely dependent on the profiles of the players. They are currently undergoing a transformation in the wake of administrative reforms, and also of the changing profiles of both the political and administrative players. Gaining an insight into the slow transformation of the profiles of administrative elites therefore sheds light on the political-administrative nexus. The gradual managerialization of the administrative elite highlighted in this article also allows for a better understanding of which professional experiences, qualifications and skills are valued today within the senior civil service in Switzerland.

Le processus d'adhésion à l'Union Européenne est-il en mesure de contribuer davantage que la Convention européenne à la protection des droits de l'homme en Turquie?

La Turquie va-t-elle adhérer à l'Union européenne? Sa candidature a toujours été sujette à critiques: droits de l'homme non respectés, restrictions des droits et libertés, notamment de la liberté d'expression, de religion et des droits politiques. Les dossiers sensibles comme le problème kurde et la question chypriote sont à l'origine des multiples plaintes contre l'État turc devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Dotée des caractéristiques essentielles d'un État moderne et laïque, le pays dispose de structures formellement démocratiques, mais sa démocratie se révèle fragile: ses politiques tant internes qu'externes sont décidées par un Conseil national de sécurité composé pour l'essentiel de militaires. En outre, l'armée qui a pris le pouvoir à maintes reprises a donné au régime une dimension autoritaire. Cela non seulement en vertu des principes fondateurs de la République (tradition centralisatrice de l'État turc), mais aussi de la priorité que l'institution militaire accorde à la sécurité, à l'unité et à l'identité nationales. En effet, les mesures d'exception (état d'urgence, cours de sûreté de l'État, loi anti-terroriste) ont contribué aux violations des droits de l'homme, d'où l'opposition entre le droit conventionnel et le droit national. De plus, le système judiciaire et administratif instauré par les militaires en 1982 n'est pas conçu dans l'intérêt des justiciables. Certes, l'accès à la modernité n'a pu se faire que sous la contrainte et le contrôle de l'armée, mais le régime en Turquie peut-il continuer à s'appuyer sur les«piliers de l'ordre» que sont l'armée, la police et la justice ? L’État semble cependant se réorganiser progressivement pour permettre au pouvoir politique d'assurer un contrôleur les forces de sécurité et pour donner une meilleure indépendance à la justice. Le processus mis en route et les critères imposés pour l'adhésion à l'UE devraient contribuer à mettre en œuvre les réformes institutionnelles capables d'harmoniser la démocratie à l'État de droit, à l'image des pays européens. En effet, les changements récents sont liés à l'agenda européen. Le gouvernement turc semble être déterminé et ambitieux dans sa vocation européenne. Les progrès réalisés pour intégrer l'UE lui sont un moteur de propulsion devant servir au pays et à sa population.

Barriers faced by the Brazilian business community to access the United States market system

Trade history between Brazil and the United States is long and complicated but it is only in recent years that the trade balance has become more equal in terms of both imports and exports. As Brazil continues to establish its position in the world economy and expand its export market it is only natural that it seeks to increase exports to its single largest trading partner, the United States, and maintain the market share already established. In order to achieve success in these regards Brazil must have a deep understanding of the American political economy system. Part of this entails understanding barriers that must be overcome by Brazilian businesses to access United States markets, particularly the access of certain products at the industry level.