Avaliação do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE/PCDEN) em municípios situados na Bacia do Rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Foi feita uma avaliação do programa de controle da esquistossomose (PCE/PCDEN) na região da Bacia do Rio São Francisco em Minas Gerais. A área em estudo compreende seis municípios, com 130.000 habitantes e 916 localidades em uma área de 10.722km². As atividades tiveram início em quatro municípios entre 1983 e 1985 e em dois outros em 1987. As principais medidas de controle adotadas foram tratamentos sucessivos com oxamniquine e aplicações de niclosamida em coleções hídricas. A prevalência da infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni nos primeiros quatro municípios, que inicialmente estava entre 18 e 32%, diminuiu abruplamente após a primeira intervenção (1984/85) e permaneceu em níveis inferiores aos iniciais até a última avaliação realizada (1990/94); tendência semelhante foi observada para a proporção de caramujos infectados. Nestes municípios, a proporção de localidades sem a infecção ou com prevalências inferiores a 5% aumentou em detrimento daquelas com níveis mais altos de prevalência. Nos dois outros municípios, com prevalências iniciais inferiores a 5 %, nãoforam observadas mudanças substanciais nos indicadores endêmicos; a relação custo benefício do programa nos últimos municípios deve ser avaliada e as prioridades redirecionadas para erradicar as áreas focais e prevenir a expansão para áreas indenes. Os autores chamam a atenção para as dificuldades a longo prazo de um programa de controle fundamentado em tratamentos sucessivos. Informações sobre os fatores determinantes da infecção pelo S. mansoni em cada localidade, ou em conjunto de localidades semelhantes, permitiriam a elaboração de medidas complementares ao tratamento mais duradouras e menos dependentes da contínua utilização deste.

Correlation Studies BPR Type Roughometer vs. PCE Type Road Meter, MLR-68-2, 1968

The BPR type Roughometer has been used by the Iowa State Highway Commission since 1955 for the evaluation of the relative roughness of the various Iowa road surfaces. Since the commencement of this program, standardized information about the roughness of the various Iowa roads with respect to their type, construction, location and usage has been obtained. The Roughometer has also served to improve the economics and quality of road construction by making the roughness results of various practices available to all who are interested. In 1965, the Portland Cement Association developed a device known as the PCA Road Meter for measuring road roughness. Mounted in a regular passenger car, the Road Meter is a simple electromechanical device of durable construction which can perform consistently with extremely low maintenance. In 1967, the Iowa State Highway Commission's Laboratory constructed a P.C.A. type Road Meter in order to provide an efficient and reliable method for measuring the Present Serviceability Index for the state's highways. Another possibility was that after considerable testing the Road Meter might eventually replace the Roughometer. Some advantages of the Road Meter over the Roughometer are: (1) Road Meter tests are made by the automobile driver and one assistant without the need of traffic protection. The Roughometer has a crew of four men; two operating the roughometer and two driving safety vehicles. (2) The Road Meter is able to do more miles of testing because of its faster testing speed and the fa.ct that it is the only vehicle involved in the testing. (3) Because of the faster testing speed, the Road Meter gives a better indication of how the road actually rides to the average highway traveler. (4) The cost of operating a Road Meter is less than that of a Roughometer because of the fewer number of vehicles and men needed in testing.

Enseñar a enseñar Economía: la cuestión de la formación docente y la formación disciplinar en el Profesorado de Ciencias Económicas (PCE). 16H274

Con esta investigación se propuso indagar y reflexionar acerca de la tensión existente entre la formación disciplinar específica que se pretende alcanzar en el graduado del Profesorado en Ciencias Económicas y su capacidad para generar la construcción de conocimientos significativos en su práctica profesional. El proyecto se ejecutó en dos etapas: la primera abarcó el año 2009 y una segunda, el año 2010. La primera etapa estuvo centrada en la realización de actividades de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva de materiales curriculares tanto para la enseñanza media y la formación del profesorado en Ciencias Económicas, como también se cotejaron directrices de la formación docente en otras universidades del país; se analizaron materiales bibliográficos a fin de efectuar un acercamiento al estado de la cuestión. Los resultados de las actividades, las reflexiones y análisis, condujeron a la producción de documentos de base, trabajos e informes finales. En la segunda etapa, el trabajo se abocó a la toma de decisiones respecto de: los marcos teóricos metodológicos que orientó el trabajo de campo, y la determinación de las muestras. Seguidamente se procedió a la revisión y el testeo de los instrumentos de recolección de la información, elaborados en la primera etapa, para luego realizar el trabajo de campo. Luego de la sistematización de los datos obtenidos se realzaron talleres de reflexión y análisis al interior del equipo a fin de elaborar un documento final que en el que se integraron las informaciones obtenidas del análisis curricular, las entrevistas y las encuestas, logrando delimitar los puntos críticos en el marco de la problemática estudiada.

Enseñar a enseñar Economía: la cuestión de la formación docente y la formación disciplinar en el Profesorado de Ciencias Económicas (PCE). 16H274

Actividades desarrolladas durante el período: Revisión y selección de contenidos significativos de la Economía en Ciencias Sociales (en general y en particular en el PCE): Recopilación y estudio bibliográfico sobre la enseñanza de la economía en Ciencias Sociales; discusión con los referentes de cada carrera que tienen a la economía como Asignatura de formación general para relevar expectativas, dificultades y logros; análisis del dispositivo curricular provincial en Economía utilizados en el Nivel Medio y su articulación con los seleccionados en cada Institución educativa; revisión de los programas de estudio de otras universidades donde se forman Profesores en Ciencias Económicas; producción de documentos de base para la discusión de los contenidos; reflexión y discusión.

PCE, Santiago Carrillo: enero de 1977 o el giro sacrificial de la Transición

La Transición española a la democracia ha sido objeto de uno de los más sólidos relatos construidos por el periodismo y refrendado por la sociedad civil. En su corazón tiene lugar un momento de violencia que se concentra en la llamada semana negra de enero de 1977, cuyo clímax está representado por la matanza de Atocha. El presente artículo analiza las distintas etapas de cristalización de ese relato: un capítulo de La Transición (Elías Andrés, Victoria Prego, 1995), Siete días de enero (J.A. Bardem, 1978), un reportaje de Interviú (febrero de 1977) y las crónicas periodísticas de El País, Diario16 y Mundo Obrero. Especial atención se presta a la figura de Santiago Carrillo, identificado con la estrategia del PCE, cuya consideración cambió radicalmente durante esa semana.

El PCE y el movimiento comunista internacional (1969-1977)

El artículo se centra en la actividad internacional del Partido Comunista de España (PCE) desde las secuelas de la represión de la Primavera de Praga hasta 1977. Fue un período caracterizado por el principio del declive definitivo del movimiento comunista internacional. El análisis abarca múltiples cuestiones. Examina las crecientes críticas del PCE hacia el modelo soviético, y sus repercusiones en las relaciones entre el partido liderado por Santiago Carrillo y el movimiento comunista. Además, el artículo explora el intento del PCE de promover un nuevo tipo de internacionalismo en Europa occidental, auspiciando una renovada colaboración entre comunistas y socialistas y aprovechando las condiciones brindadas por la distensión. En este contexto tuvo lugar el surgimiento del eurocomunismo, que el ensayo analiza ilustrando los factores internos y externos que determinaron su crisis en la segunda mitad de los setenta.

Membrane Lipid Profile Monitored By Mass Spectrometry Detected Differences Between Fresh And Vitrified In Vitro-produced Bovine Embryos.

Summary This study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitrification on membrane lipid profile obtained by mass spectrometry (MS) of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has been used to obtain individual embryo membrane lipid profiles. Due to conditions of analysis, mainly membrane lipids, most favorably phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs) have been detected. The following ions described by their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and respective attribution presented increased relative abundance (1.2-20×) in the vitrified group: 703.5 [SM (16:0) + H]+; 722.5 [PC (40:3) + Na]+; 758.5 [PC (34:2) + H]+; 762.5 [PC (34:0) + H]+; 790.5 [PC (36:0) + H]+ and 810.5 [PC (38:4) + H]+ and/or [PC (36:1) + Na]+. The ion with a m/z 744.5 [PCp (34:1) and/or PCe (34:2)] was 3.4-fold more abundant in the fresh group. Interestingly, ions with m/z 722.5 or 744.5 indicate the presence of lipid species, which are more resistant to enzymatic degradation as they contain fatty acyl residues linked through ether type bonds (alkyl ether or plasmalogens, indicated by the lowercase 'e' and 'p', respectively) to the glycerol structure. The results indicate that cryopreservation impacts the membrane lipid profile, and that these alterations can be properly monitored by MALDI-MS. Membrane lipids can therefore be evaluated by MALDI-MS to monitor the effect of cryopreservation on membrane lipids, and to investigate changes in lipid profile that may reflect the metabolic response to the cryopreservation stress or changes in the environmental conditions.

Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cordia ecalyculata Veil. and Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl) Micheli are extensively used in Brazil as therapeutic preparations for indigenous groups and the general population. These plants have been used in the folk medicine as: tonic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, appetite suppressants, for the treatment of snake bites, and weight loss. Aim of the study: In this study, it was verified the possible cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the crude extracts of. Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus, as well as their effectiveness in treating obesity. Materials and methods: The Micronucleus Test was used for the evaluation of possible clastogenic and aneugenic effects, and the Comet Assay was used for the evaluation of single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks. The cytotoxic effects of the crude extracts were verified by PCE/NCE ratio. Swiss mice (Mus musculus) were used as the experimental model. Results: It was observed a significant (P < 0.05) increase, dose-independent, in the average frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood in mice treated with either the Cordia ecalyculata or Echinodorus grandiflorus extracts, in comparison with the negative control. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes for both extract treatment. We observed that treatment with the Cordia ecalyculata extract at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw resulted in a PCE/NCE ratio that was larger (P < 0.05) than the negative control. After 15 days of daily treatment. a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw of either phytotherapeutic did not reduce body mass gain or the amount of food consumed by Swiss mice when compared with the negative control (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study allowed us to infer that the crude extracts of Cordia ecalyculata and Echinodorus grandiflorus do not display cytotoxic or genotoxic activities. However, they do possess weak clastogenic activity (without significance) on peripheral blood cells. Contrary to commonly held beliefs it was also found in this study that the extracts are not effective for obesity treatments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of experience and training in a group of novice observers: a jackknife alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis

Purpose - The study evaluates the pre- and post-training lesion localisation ability of a group of novice observers. Parallels are drawn with the performance of inexperienced radiographers taking part in preliminary clinical evaluation (PCE) and ‘red-dot’ systems, operating within radiography practice. Materials and methods - Thirty-four novice observers searched 92 images for simulated lesions. Pre-training and post-training evaluations were completed following the free-response the receiver operating characteristic (FROC) method. Training consisted of observer performance methodology, the characteristics of the simulated lesions and information on lesion frequency. Jackknife alternative FROC (JAFROC) and highest rating inferred ROC analyses were performed to evaluate performance difference on lesion-based and case-based decisions. The significance level of the test was set at 0.05 to control the probability of Type I error. Results - JAFROC analysis (F(3,33) = 26.34, p < 0.0001) and highest-rating inferred ROC analysis (F(3,33) = 10.65, p = 0.0026) revealed a statistically significant difference in lesion detection performance. The JAFROC figure-of-merit was 0.563 (95% CI 0.512,0.614) pre-training and 0.677 (95% CI 0.639,0.715) post-training. Highest rating inferred ROC figure-of-merit was 0.728 (95% CI 0.701,0.755) pre-training and 0.772 (95% CI 0.750,0.793) post-training. Conclusions - This study has demonstrated that novice observer performance can improve significantly. This study design may have relevance in the assessment of inexperienced radiographers taking part in PCE or commenting scheme for trauma.

Estimation of pollutant partition in sandy soils with different water contents

The objectives of this work were: (1) to identify an isotherm model to relate the contaminant contents in the gas phase with those in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases; (2) to develop a methodology for the estimation of the contaminant distribution in the different phases of the soil; and (3) to evaluate the influence of soil water content on the contaminant distribution in soil. For sandy soils with negligible contents of clay and natural organic matter, contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, trichloroethylene (TCE), and perchloroethylene (PCE), it was concluded that: (1) Freundlich’s model showed to be adequate to relate the contaminant contents in the gas phase with those in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases; (2) the distribution of the contaminants in the different phases present in the soil could be estimated with differences lower than 10% for 83% of the cases; and (3) an increase of the soil water content led to a decrease of the amount of contaminant in the solid and non-aqueous liquid phases, increasing the amount in the other phases.

Reciclagem de placas de circuitos electrónicos

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Materiais

Reciclagem mecânica de placas de circuitos electrónicos

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Materiais