Éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire auprès d’une clientèle à risque.

Résumé L'association entre la relation mère-enfant, la relation enseignant-élève et l'adaptation scolaire (compétences cognitives et sociaux) a reçu ultérieurement une attention considérable dans la littérature scientifique. En dépit de la quantité de recherches effectuées, il subsiste un besoin afin de mieux connaître les processus sous-jacent qui jouent un rôle dans cette relation. L’objectif de la recherche actuelle consiste en l’éclaircissement de l’association entre la relation enseignant-élève, le partenariat mère-enfant, et l’adaptation scolaire. Les différentes hypothèses de recherche étaient : la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève servira de facteur de protection à l’adaptation scolaire (ou à une des composantes) chez les enfants nés de mères adolescentes dont le partenariat mère-enfant est de moindre qualité; la deuxième hypothèse était que le partenariat mère-enfant prédirait la qualité de la relation enseignant-élève, qui prédirait par la suite l’adaptation à la maternelle des enfants nés de mères adolescentes. Finalement, la troisième hypothèse de recherche est que les deux relations (partenariat mère-enfant et relation enseignant-élève) contribuent de façon unique à l’adaptation scolaire. Ainsi, trois modèles d’association possibles ont été testé (modération, médiation et contributions uniques et additives) auprès d’une population à risque, soit les enfants de 5 ans nés d’une mère adolescente. L’échantillon provient d’un projet longitudinal prospectif, la «Mère-Veille,» et est composé de 30 dyades mère-enfant (N=30). La qualité du partenariat mère-enfant, évalué en laboratoire lorsque les enfants avaient 4 ans, a été mesurée à l’aide des récits narratifs co-construits. La qualité de la relation enseignant-élève a été mesurée via l’adaptation française du student teacher relationship scale à 5 ans. Finalement, la mesure de l’adaptation scolaire (comme variable dépendante) comprenant les compétences en numération et les dimensions comportementales (comportements intériorisés, extériorisés et compétences sociales) ont été évalué respectivement par l’entremise de l’adaptation française du number knowledge test et du profil socioaffectif. Une série de régressions linéaires (avec et sans variables contrôles) ont été effectuées pour estimer les trois modèles. La réponse aux hypothèses varie en fonction des différentes composantes de l’adaptation scolaire. Sommes toutes, nos résultats ne suggèrent aucune relation significative ni processus intermédiaires.

Beeinflusst Stereotype Threat die Leseleistung von Jungen?

Ein durchgängiger Befund internationaler Schulleistungsvergleichsstudien bezieht sich auf die niedrigere Lesekompetenz von Jungen im Vergleich zu Mädchen (OECD, 2010). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war, zu prüfen, welchen Einfluss negative Stereotype – im Sinne der Stereotype Threat-Theorie (Steele & Aronson, 1995) – auf die Leseleistung von Jungen haben. Basierend auf Befunden aus der Lese- und Stereotype Threat-Forschung wurde ein Mediator-Moderator-Modell des Stereotype Threat-Effekts (vgl. Schmader, Johns & Forbes, 2008) auf die Leseleistung von Jungen abgeleitet und überprüft. Um diese Fragestellungen zu beantworten, wurden zwei quasiexperimentelle Untersuchungen mit Schülern achter und neunter Klassen durchgeführt. An der ersten Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 167 Schüler (n = 69 Jungen, n = 98 Mädchen) zweier Gymnasien in privater Trägerschaft teil. Um die Fragestellungen an einer weniger selektiven Stichprobe untersuchen zu können, erfolgte eine zweite Untersuchung mit Schülern (N = 441) öffentlicher Schulen und verschiedener Schulformen, wobei der Fokus ausschließlich auf den männlichen Schülern (n = 188 Jungen; n = 122 Gymnasiasten, n = 66 Realschüler plus) lag. Für beide Experimente kann zusammenfassend festgehalten werden, dass sich, entgegen der Erwartungen, kein leistungsmindernder Stereotype Threat-Effekt auf die Leseleistung von Jungen zeigte. Ferner konnten keine signifikante Mediatoren und Moderatoren eines leistungsmindernden Stereotype Threat-Effekts auf die Leseleistung von Jungen identifiziert werden. Ziel zukünftiger Forschung muss sein, den Einfluss negativer Stereotype auf die Leistungen männlicher Probanden im Sinne von Mitgliedern dominanter Gruppen zu untersuchen. Besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf die stereotypisierte Fähigkeitsdomäne gelegt werden. Weiterhin ist wichtig, der Frage nach zugrunde liegenden Prozessen und Voraussetzungen für das Erleben von Stereotype Threat nachzugehen. Studien weisen darauf hin, dass unterschiedlich stigmatisierte Gruppen unterschiedlich auf Stereotype Threat reagieren. Daher sollte der Fokus zukünftiger Forschung darauf liegen, die Prozesse und Voraussetzungen näher zu untersuchen, die für Mitglieder sonst positiv stereotypisierter Gruppen in solchen Situationen zum Tragen kommen.

Late adolescents in transition: The influence of support on post-transition adjustment

Points of transition, when major life roles undergo change, tend to be associated with an increased need for social support. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is ideal for the examination of the effect of normative stress on the development and functioning of social networks. A questionnaire was designed based on the convoy model to assess the influence of personal and situational characteristics on the utilization of support in the prediction of post-transition adjustment. Data were initially collected for a multi-ethnic sample of 741 sophomores and seniors in high school. Surveys were mailed to participants two years later, and one again the following year. The current study is based on data for 310 participants with complete data for all three time periods. A series of hierarchical regressions were conducted to compare three explanatory models of support: main effect, mediation, and moderation. A main effect model of support on post-transition adjustment was confirmed, a mediator model was not confirmed, and a moderator model was marginally confirmed. Family and friend support was related to significantly lower levels of loneliness, particularly for those with less adaptable temperaments. ^

A model of personality and health : coping styles as a moderator in the perfectionism-health connection

The purpose of this study was to examine a model of personality and health. Specifically, this thesis examined perfectionism as a predictor of health status and health behaviours, as moderated by coping styles. A community sample of 813 young adults completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Coping Strategy Indicator, and measures of health symptoms, health care utilization, and various health behaviours. Multiple regression analyses revealed a number of significant findings. First, perfectionism and coping styles contributed significant main effects in predicting health status and health behaviours, although coping styles were not shown to moderate the perfectionism-health relationship. The data showed that perfectionism did constitute a health risk, both in terms of health status and health behaviours. Finally, an unexpected finding was that perfectionism also included adaptive features related to health. Specifically, some dimensions of perfectionism were also associated with reports of better health status and involvement in some positive health behaviours.

An examination of moderator effects in the four-stage loyalty model

Oliver’s 1997 four-stage loyalty model proposes that loyalty consists of belief, affect, intention, and action. Although this loyalty model has recently been subject to empirical examination, the issue of moderator variables has been largely neglected. This article fills that void by analyzing the moderating effects of selected personal and situational characteristics, using a sample of 888 customers of a large do-it-yourself retailer. The results of multi-group causal analysis suggest that these moderators exert an influence on the development of the different stages of the loyalty sequence. Specifically, age, income, education and expertise, price orientation, critical incident recovery, and loyalty card membership are found to be important moderators of the links in the four-stage loyalty model. Limitations of the study are outlined, and implications for both research and managerial practice are discussed.

Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator of Emotional and Behavioral Reactions to Job Insecurity

We present a model linking perceptions of job insecurity to emotional reactions and negative coping behaviors. Our model is based on the idea that emotional variables explain, in part, discrepant findings reported in previous research. In particular, we propose that emotional intelligence moderates employees' emotional reactions to job insecurity and their ability to cope with associated stress. In this respect, low emotional intelligence employees are more likely than high emotional intelligence employees to experience negative emotional reactions to job insecurity and to adopt negative coping strategies.

An application of structural equation modeling of test dispositional optimism as mediator or moderator in quality of life in patients with chronic disease

The aim of the present study was to test a hypothetical model to examine if dispositional optimism exerts a moderating or a mediating effect between personality traits and quality of life, in Portuguese patients with chronic diseases. A sample of 540 patients was recruited from central hospitals in various districts of Portugal. All patients completed self-reported questionnaires assessing socio-demographic and clinical variables, personality, dispositional optimism, and quality of life. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the moderating and mediating effects. Results suggest that dispositional optimism exerts a mediator rather than a moderator role between personality traits and quality of life, suggesting that “the expectation that good things will happen” contributes to a better general well-being and better mental functioning.

The Impact of Personality and Culture on the Job Demands-Control Model of Job Stress

Among the various work stress models, one of the most popular has been the job demands-control (JDC) model developed by Karasek (1979), which postulates that work-related strain is highest under work conditions characterized by high demands and low autonomy. The absence of social support at work further increases negative outcomes. This model, however, does not apply equally to all individuals and to all cultures. This review demonstrates how various individual characteristics, especially some personality dimensions, influence the JDC model and could thus be considered buffering or moderator factors. Moreover, we review how the cultural context impacts this model as suggested by results obtained in European, American, and Asian contexts. Yet there are almost no data from Africa or South America. More crosscultural studies including populations from these continents would be valuable for a better understanding of the impact of the cultural context on the JDC model.

Why Women Rarely Rise to the Top: A Social Identity Model of Leader Prototypes.

Purpose We propose a social identity model of leader prototypes to address why the maleness of leader prototypes is more pronounced among men than among women (e.g., Schein, 2001). Specifically, we argue that individuals project their ingroup prototype (e.g., a male prototype) onto a valued other category (e.g., leaders) (e.g., Wenzel, Mummendey, Weber, & Waldzus, 2003) in order to maintain a positive ingroup (e.g., gender) identity. We hypothesized that both women and men engage in ingroup projection of their gender prototype on their leader prototype, and we expected this effect to be stronger for men than women. We also investigated intelligence as a moderator of ingroup projection. Methodology Participants (276 students, University of Lausanne) assessed to what extent attributes on a list of gender traits were characteristic of a successful leader. We computed relative ingroup similarity scores (e.g., Waldzus & Mummendey, 2004) representing the difference between how characteristic ingroup traits are for a successful leader, and how characteristic outgroup traits are for a successful leader. Results Results showed that men engaged in ingroup projection while women engaged in outgroup projection, and that men engaged in ingroup projection to a greater extent. We also found a small, but positive effect of intelligence on ingroup projection among men. Limitations The use of a student sample might limit the external validity of our findings. Implications Our findings contribute to research on the under-representation of women in managerial roles, and introduce intelligence as a predictor of ingroup projection. Value Our study allows for a more fine-grained understanding of the cognitive representations of leaders of men and women.

Test of Hockman and Oldham's job characteristics model in a post-secondary educational setting

One hundred and seventy-two subj ects participated in this quantitative, correlational survey which tested Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model in an educational setting. Subjects were Teaching Masters, Chairmen and Deans from an Ontario community college. The data were collected via mailed questionnaire, on all variables of the model. Several reliable, valid instruments were used to test the variables. Data analysis through Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that core job characteristics predicted certain critical psychological states and that these critical psychological states, in turn were able to predict various personal and work outcomes but not absenteeism. The context variable, Satisfaction with Co-workers, was the only consistent moderating variable between core characteristics and critical psychological states; however, individual employee differences did moderate the relationship between critical psychological states and all of the personal and work outcomes except Internal Work Motivation. Two other moderator variables, Satisfaction with Context and Growth Need Strength, demonstrated an ability to predict the outcome General Job Satisfaction. The research suggests that this model may be used for job design and redesign purposes within the community college setting.

Posttraumatic Growth: A Mediated-Moderation Model

The primary goal was to test a mediated-moderation model in which dispositional optimism was the moderator and its role was mediated by problem-focused coping. A secondary goal was to demonstrate that posttraumatic growth could be differentiated from maturation and normal development. Two groups of participants were recruited and completed questionnaires twice with a 60-day interval: One group (Trauma), described a traumatic experience and the second group (Non-trauma), described a significant experience. Contrary to the hypothesis, only problem-focused coping and deliberate rumination predicted posttraumatic growth, and these findings were only observed in concurrent analyses. Furthermore, the results indicated that there was no significant difference between groups on growth scores at either Time 1 or Time 2. The findings suggest that the term “posttraumatic growth” may refer to the context in which growth occurs rather than to some developmental process that uniquely follows trauma.

General mental ability as moderator of personality traits as predictors of early career success

In this paper, we examine the effects of general mental ability (GMA) and the personality traits defined in the big five model on extrinsic and intrinsic indicators of career success, in a sample of 130 graduates who were in the early stages of their careers. Results from hierarchical regression analyses indicated that GMA does not predict any of the success indicators. In contrast, the combination of GMA and three of the Big Five Personality traits, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness, is significantly associated with greater early career success and has incremental predictive validity.

Experience as a moderator of involvement and satisfaction on brand loyalty in a business-to-business setting 02-314R

This paper examines the relative influence of two key antecedents of brand loyalty-satisfaction and involvement and the moderating role of experience, using a sample of business buyers. The central argument of this paper is that the strength of the effect of these variables on attitudinal brand loyalty will vary with the level of customer experience with purchasing the service. Building on previous research which examined low-risk, customer product settings [Kim, J., Lim, J.S., & Bhargava, M. (1998). The role of affect in attitude formation: A classical conditioning approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 26 (2): pp. 143-152; Shiv, B., & Fedorikhin, A. (1999). Heart and mind in conflict: The interplay of affect and cognition in consumer decision-making. Journal of Consumer Research 26: 278], this study shows that for a high-risk setting, involvement with the service category will be more dominant in its influence on brand loyalty than satisfaction with the preferred brand. Furthermore, it was found that experience moderated the influence of involvement and satisfaction on attitudinal brand loyalty for a high-risk business-to-business service. This study provides new insights into the theory and practice of buyer behavior and business-to-business brands. Crown Copyright (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Switching barriers in the four-stage loyalty model

Oliver (1997) suggests a four-stage loyalty model proposing that loyalty consists of belief, affect, intentions, and action. Although this model has recently been subject to empirical examination, the issue of moderator variables has been largely neglected. This article fills that void by analyzing the moderating effects of switching barriers, using a sample of 589 customers of a large do-it-yourself (DIY) retailer. The results suggest that these moderators exert an influence on the development of the different stages of the loyalty sequence. Specifically, switching costs, social benefits, and attractiveness of alternatives are found to be important moderators of the links in the four-stage loyalty model.

A multi-level investigation of psychological contract breach and organizational identification through the lens of perceived organizational membership:testing a moderated-mediated model

Drawing on the perceived organizational membership theoretical framework and the social identity view of dissonance theory, I examined in this study the dynamics of the relationship between psychological contract breach and organizational identification. I included group-level transformational and transactional leadership as well as procedural justice in the hypothesized model as key antecedents for organizational membership processes. I further explored the mediating role of psychological contract breach in the relationship between leadership, procedural justice climate, and organizational identification and proposed separateness–connectedness self-schema as an important moderator of the above mediated relationship. Hierarchical linear modeling results from a sample of 864 employees from 162 work units in 10 Greek organizations indicated that employees' perception of psychological contract breach negatively affected their organizational identification. I also found psychological contract breach to mediate the impact of transformational and transactional leadership on organizational identification. Results further provided support for moderated mediation and showed that the indirect effects of transformational and transactional leadership on identification through psychological contract breach were stronger for employees with a low connectedness self-schema.