999 resultados para Marqueurs mol


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Alcohols and acids can be switched to produce ethers or esters by varying the alcohol to catalyst mol ratio, in a new etherification and esterification method using NbCl5/Al2O3 catalyst under ""solvent free"" conditions and promoted by MW (microwave) irradiation. A ""two sites"" mechanism for the reaction is proposed, in an attempt to clarify the tendency of the catalyst to be dependent on the alcohol alone during the esterification process. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The influence that trace concentrations Of SiO2 have on improving grain-boundary conduction via precursor scavenging using additional heat treatment at 1200 degreesC for 40 h before sintering was investigated. At a SiO2-impurity level (SIL) less than or equal to 160 ppm by weight, the grain-boundary resistivity (p(gb)) decreased to 20% of its value, while no improvement in grain-boundary conduction was found at a SIL greater than or equal to 310 ppm. The correlation between the resistance per unit grain-boundary area, p(gb), and average grain size indicated that the inhomogeneous distribution of the siliceous phase in the sample with a SIL greater than or equal to 310 ppm. hampered the scavenging reaction.

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The grain-boundary conductivity (sigma (gb),) of 8-mol%-ytterbiastabilized zirconia increased markedly with heat treatment between 1000 degrees and 1300 degreesC with a slow heating rate (0.1 degreesC/min) before sintering. The extent of the sigma (gb) improvement was the same or larger than that via Al2O3 addition. The heat treatment did not affect the grain-interior conduction when sintered at 1600 degreesC, while Al2O3-derived scavenging significantly did, given the larger increment of total conductivity in the heat-treated sample. The formation of a silicon-containing phase in a discrete form was suggested as a possible route of scavenging the resistive phase from the correlation between average grain size and sigma (gb).

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The grain-boundary conduction of 8 mol % ytterbia-stabilized zirconia (8YbSZ) was improved markedly by precursor scavenging via the two-stage sintering process. The most significant increase in the grain-boundary conductivity was found when the sample, whose conductivity was higher than that via Al2O3-derived scavenging, was heat-treated at 1250degreesC for greater than or equal to 20 h. The formation of a stable Si-containing phase such as ZrSiO4 during the first-stage heat-treatment was suggested as one probable scavenging route from the optimal heat-treatment temperature (HTT), long duration time (>20 h) at HTT, and the stability of the formed phase up to sintering temperatures (1500degrees C). (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society.

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A Besalú (la Garrotxa) hi ha les restes d’un molí fariner de rodet horitzontal que va deixar de funcionar a meitat del segle XX. Durant l'any 2004,l’Ajuntament de Besalú va realitzat unes actuacions arqueològiques a la zona dels horts, pròxima al riu Fluvià, que han permès la redescoberta del Molí d’en Subirós, que està propulsat per la força de l’aigua del canal de rec, que va paral·lel al riu.Actualment s’estan duent a terme les obres de reconstrucció de l’edifici del molí amb laintenció que torni a funcionar com ho feia antigament i convertir aquest espai en unpetit museu dedicat a aquest antic ofici, en l’actualitat desaparegut. Per això, cal reconstruir tots els elements que composen el mecanisme del molí. Per poder dur a terme aquesta feina amb el màxim rigor històric s’ha realitzat un treball d’investigació històrica i s’ha comparat amb molins existents a la comarca.Aquesta comparació i anàlisi de molins existents ha revelat la manca d’estudis tècnics sobre el rodet hidràulic tot i ésser una de les parts fonamentals del molí. D’aquesta forma, és d’esperar que un redisseny adequat del rodet permeti millorar de forma apreciable el rendiment hidràulic del molí.S’ha dividit el projecte en dues parts: primer, hem definit els elements que composen el mecanisme del molí fariner hidràulic de rodet horitzontal i hem analitzat el seu funcionament. Segon, hem realitzat un estudi tècnic (hidràulic i mecànic) del rodet clàssic(utilitzat en d’altres molins de característiques semblants). D’aquesta forma, som capaços de conèixer no només el seu comportament hidràulic sinó també com podem modificar les variables essencials del mecanisme com potència hidràulica, parell motriu, etc

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The oncologic outcome and the total dose are highly correlated with the treatment by ionizing radiation. The dose increase (total or per fraction) may provoke late-side effects that are potentially irreversible. The radiation-induced CD8 lymphocyte apoptotic value and the molecular modifications within the lymphocyte are capable of predicting the level of risk of developing late-side effects after curative intent radiotherapy. In this review, we present the different blood assays in this setting and discuss the current possibilities of researches, namely those involving the proteomic process.

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Résumé : Si la psychanalyse est régulièrement remise en cause pour son manque de fondement scientifique, de nombreux travaux issus des neurosciences en appellent paradoxalement à un retour aux thèses freudiennes. Cette étude se propose, dans ce contexte, de revisiter les bases neurobiologiques de la métapsychologie et de montrer comment celle-ci repose sur une conception homéostatique du vivant. On en tire plusieurs conséquences. Premièrement, contre Brentano, selon qui l'intentionnalité est la marque du psychologique, on propose que celle-ci s'avère être, plus originellement, la marque des régulations biologiques. Deuxièmement, on montre comment Freud et Damasio développent des conceptions similaires sur le fonctionnement homéostatique de la cognition. Sur le plan épistémologique, on plaide en faveur de la complémentarité de ces deux approches. Si Damasio met au jour les variables somatiques permettant de mesurer les effets de la vie psychique, la théorie pulsionnelle permet de dépasser les problèmes liés à l'ambiguïté de la notion de «représentation cérébrale ». C'est à partir de cette thèse que l'on peut, selon nous, appréhender la psychanalyse comme un double projet visant à articuler une naturalisation de l'appareil psychique à une herméneutique de ses productions. On considère cette double visée comme une réponse à la difficulté centrale que rencontrent les sciences de l'esprit quant aux conditions de possibilité d'une naturalisation de l'intentionnalité. A partir de cette problématique, il devient pertinent d'évaluer la solution freudienne à la lumière de la posture intentionnelle dennettienne et de la théorie gazzaniguienne de l'interpreter. II ne s'agit pas, selon ces dernières approches, de naturaliser directement l'intentionnalité, au risque de commettre une erreur de catégorie. Il est question, au contraire, d'utiliser les principes du fonctionnement homéostatique comme autant de «règles »interprétatives permettant, sur le plan psychologique, de construire du sens. On trouve enfin dans le modèle de l'espace global de travail un moyen de remettre au goût du jour la conception freudienne, dynamique et conflictuelle, du fonctionnement psychique. On avance enfin, à partir de ce modèle, des hypothèses sur les mécanismes cérébraux susceptibles de sous-tendre l'efficacité thérapeutique de la cure analytique. Abstract : While Psychoanalysis' scientific basis is open to question, some neuroscience works are paradoxically calling for a return to Freud. Therefore, the first aim of our study consists in revisiting metapychology's neurobiological roots and to show how it is grounded on a homeostatic theory of life. Several consequences can be drawn from this statement. Firstly, in opposition to Brentanian definition of intentionality, as the specific mark of psychology, we argue that it is more specifically the mark of biological balance. Secondly, this statement allows to show how Freud's and Damasio's theories share common views on the homeostatic functioning of cognition. From an epistemological point of view, they complete one another. If Damasio has highlighted the measurable somatic variables from which we can infer psychic life, the theory of drives allows conceptual difficulties linked to the use of the ambiguous notion of "cerebral representation" to be overcome. According to us, this thesis leads psychoanalysis to be approached as a twin project aiming to articulate psyche naturalization, to a hermeneutic of its productions. It maybe seen as a way to respond to the central issue of mind sciences, that is, to account for the naturalization of intentionality. Given this theoretical framework, it seems relevant to reconsider freudism in the light of the dennettian intentional stance and the gazzanigan theory of interpreter. Then, freudism can be seen as a way to avoid a category mistake. Its solution rejects direct intentionality naturalization in favor of a construction of sense. In this framework, interpretation is regulated by the rules abstracted from the homeostatic functioning of life. Furthermore, we show how the dynamic and conflictual Freudian psyche can be evaluated using the Global workspace model, which allows us to put forth hypotheses on the cerebral mechanisms that may underlie the efficiency of analytical cure.

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The assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is critical for the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in pediatric nephrology. Ideally, it requires the measurement of the renal clearance of a filtration marker. Inulin, an exogenous marker, is the only compound the excretion of which occurs exclusively by glomerular filtration, with no tubular handling. Therefore, inulin clearance provides the most accurate method to measure GFR and is considered as the "gold standard", at all ages including very premature neonates. However, inulin dearance is cumbersome and alternative methods are used in clinical practice. If urine is available, endogenous creatinine clearance is the most reliable method. When urine collection is difficult to obtain, GFR can be estimated by the plasma concentration of endogenous markers mainly eliminated by glomerular filtration, such as creatinine, or the more recently described cystatin C and beta 2-microglobulin. When the endogenous production of these markers is constant, their plasma concentration reflects glomerular filtration; it increases with decreasing renal function. However, in pediatric patients creatinine production depends on muscle mass, which significantly increases with linear growth, as well as age and gender. Mathematical formulas taking these parameters into account have thus been developed. Among these, the so-called "Schwartz formula" is often used and is a reliable estimate of GFR in children. Finally, radionuclide renal scans can be used to evaluate the separate glomerular function of each kidney.

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111 patients with acute leukemia, including 29 children, were classified according to the surface markers and cytochemistry of their blasts. The acute leukemias were separated into two majors groups (lymphoid and non-lymphoid) depending on the presence or absence of specific lymphoid markers. On the basis of these criteria a correlation of 94% with the hematological diagnosis was obtained. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was divisible into three sub-groups: 11 cases expressing T-cell specific markers were classified as T-ALL and 33 cases expressing the common ALL antigen (CALLA) as c-ALL. 18 of the latter expressed an additional marker, DSA (Daudi surface antigen), splitting c-ALL cases in two subgroups. Cytochemistry of the cases lacking specific surface markers (n = 67) served to diagnose 41 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases and 8 monoblastic leukemias. The remaining 18 cases could not be classified. The presence of absence of HLD-DR (Ia) antigens served to subdivide AML into two major subgroups. The prognostic significance of these new diagnostic splits is under active study.

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Biological markers for the status of vitamins B12 and D: the importance of some analytical aspects in relation to clinical interpretation of results When vitamin B12 deficiency is expressed clinically, the diagnostic performance of total cobalamin is identical to that of holotranscobalamin II. In subclinical B12 deficiency, the two aforementioned markers perform less well. Additional analysis of a second, functional marker (methylmalonate or homocysteine) is recommended. Different analytical approaches for 25-hydroxyvitamin D quantification, the marker of vitamin D deficiency, are not yet standardized. Measurement biases of up to +/- 20% compared with the original method used to establish threshold values are still observed.

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La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA), forme de démence la plus fréquente, est caractérisée précocement par des troubles de la mémoire, puis par une détérioration cognitive progressive, corrélée avec la progression des lésions cérébrales que sont les dépôts de protéine ß-amyloïde, notamment dans les plaques séniles, et la dégénérescence neurofibrillaire qui touche en priorité les grands neurones pyramidaux de l'hippocampe et du cortex cérébral. La perte ou les dommages synaptiques sont aussi prépondérants et conduisent à la mort neuronale et à la perte de réseaux fonctionnels notamment au niveau des protéines présynaptiques comme la synaptophysine et postsynaptiques comme PSD-95 (Leuba et al. 2008), ainsi que des récepteurs NMDA (NMDAR) liés à PSD-95 et jouant un rôle prédominant dans le fonctionnement synaptique. Notre étude s'est portée une des régions du cortex frontal correspondant à l'aire de Brodmann 10, encore peu étudiée dans la littérature scientifique, qui peut être touchée de manière plus ou moins importante dans la MA, entraînant des troubles de l'humeur et du comportement ainsi que des répercussions sur les fonctions exécutives. L'étude a pour but d'identifier et de quantifier les dépôts de protéine ß-amyloïde et les lésions neurofibrillaires ainsi que les changements de protéines synaptiques et de récepteurs NMDA dans cette région entre une population contrôle et AD, et de la comparer avec d'autres régions déjà partiellement étudiées dans le laboratoire, notamment l'aire 9 qui lui est adjacente et les aires cingulaires 24 et 25. L'analyse est faite de manière qualitative et semi-quantitative au microscope optique sur des coupes colorées avec des méthodes immunohistochimiques. De possibles corrélations anatomo-cliniques sont recherchées dans les cas AD. La région FC10 est touchée par la MA avec une présence de plaques séniles et de dégénérescences neurofibrillaires plus marquées chez les cas atteints de la MA ce qui n'est pas le cas des protéines synaptiques. Le comportement des deux marqueurs pathologiques dans FC10 est comparable aux autres régions cérébrales étudiées notamment à la région adjacente, FC9, contrairement aux marqueurs synaptiques qui selon la région ont un comportement plus variable. L'effet de l'âge dans l'évolution de la physiopathologie de la MA pour les marqueurs pathologiques a été mis en évidence dans la région FC10. Les régions EC et FC9 n'ont pas montré de microhémorragie synonyme d'une possible contribution vasculaire. L'étude de cette région a permis de mettre en évidence l'implication de FC10 dans la MA. Elle montre des points communs avec les autres régions cérébrales notamment vis-à-vis des plaques séniles et des DNF.

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Iron deficiency is generally investigated when faced with anemia, or with symptoms that could be related to iron deficiency without anemia. This simple disorder is easy to treat, provided that the diagnosis is correct. Several biological tests are available, but their interpretation is oftentimes problematic. Pre-analytical factors can interfere with measurements, normal values can change depending on suppliers, and, above all, results from different markers can be contradictory in some clinical situations. The aim of this article is to evaluate how the evolution of scientific knowledge and clinical trials can contribute to a better understanding and greater reliability in the diagnosis of iron deficiency.