De la volonté de connaître au maintien de soi : la caractérisation husserlienne de l'être de l'intentionnel dans Expérience et jugement

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La pauvreté au masculin: De l'autoréalisation de soi à la "Vie Nue"

À l’origine de la présente thèse, il y a d’abord mes 25 ans d’engagement citoyen au sein du mouvement de lutte contre la pauvreté au Québec, notamment en défense collective des droits des personnes assistées sociales. C’est à travers cet engagement qu’a émergé la question de recherche de cette thèse : existe-t-il un lien entre l’expérience de pauvreté des hommes en situation de pauvreté et leur socialisation de genre? Afin de répondre à cette question de recherche, j’ai utilisé comme données secondaires pour cette thèse, 27 entrevues réalisées en 2006-2007 auprès d’hommes prestataires d’aide sociale par le Centre de recherche de Montréal sur les inégalités sociales, les discriminations et les pratiques alternatives de citoyenneté (CREMIS). Une analyse qualitative par catégories conceptualisantes a été utilisée pour analyser en profondeur 17 de ses 27 entrevues avec comme toile de fond une posture ontologique inspirée de l’approche de conscientisation de Paolo Freire, une posture épistémologique constructiviste, postmoderniste et critique, ainsi qu’un univers théorique et conceptuel inspiré de deux domaines de recherche : celui des études sur la pauvreté et celui des études sur les masculinités. Les résultats de l’analyse des entrevues ont permis d’en arriver aux quatre principaux constats suivants : 1) l’existence d’un lien entre pauvreté et masculinités, notamment l’adhésion des répondants à un certain nombre d’attributs de la masculinité hégémonique, et l’influence de cet idéal de la masculinité sur leur parcours d’autoréalisation de soi, ainsi que sur les stratégies et moyens utilisés pour faire face à différents obstacles; 2) l’inscription du parcours des répondants dans un projet ego-identitaire parsemé d’obstacles difficiles à surmonter pour des hommes appartenant à la classe des travailleurs génériques et disposant d’un capital humain, culturel et social qui, au fil de leur parcours, se détériore, rendant de plus en plus difficile leur projet d’autoréalisation de soi; 3) le constat que l’aide publique, plutôt que d’assurer un filet de protection sociale, punissait les hommes rencontrés en les poussant à la « vie nue » et que l’aide sociale agissait comme un appareil répressif d’État de maintien de l’oppression de l’ordre de genre : 4) la nécessité, pour la pratique du travail social, de développer une aide formelle adaptée aux besoins des hommes en situation de pauvreté en misant sur leur capacité de résilience comme levier d’intervention, mais aussi d’agir sur les causes structurelles de la pauvreté des hommes, notamment de déconstruire la masculinité hégémonique et de revendiquer un meilleur filet de sécurité sociale.

Impact de la participation à une expédition thérapeutique sur l'estime de soi et la détresse psychologique d'adolescents atteints de cancer

Au Canada, la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds, un organisme québécois situé à Chicoutimi, offre des expéditions thérapeutiques aux adolescents atteints de cancer depuis 1996 en se donnant comme mission de favoriser le bien-être des participants et de changer l’image de la maladie (Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds, 2015a, 2015b). La présente thèse vise à évaluer l’impact de la participation à une expédition thérapeutique offerte par la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds sur l’estime de soi et la détresse psychologique d’adolescents atteints de cancer. L’échantillon retenu est composé de 20 participants (10 filles et 10 garçons) âgés entre 14 et 20 ans (M = 16,65; ÉT = 1,79) provenant de trois expéditions différentes. Deux questionnaires sont utilisés, dans leurs versions anglaise ou française : le Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965) ou l’Échelle d’estime de soi de Rosenberg (EES) (Vallières & Vallerand, 1990) et la version brève du Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) (Ilfeld, 1976) ou l’Indice de détresse psychologique – Enquête Santé Québec (IDPSQ) (Préville, Boyer, Potvin, Perreault, & Légaré, 1992). Ils sont administrés à trois moments distincts, c’est-à-dire durant les deux semaines précédant l’expédition, les deux semaines suivant l’expédition et quatre mois après l’expédition. Les résultats d’analyses paramétriques et non paramétriques pour mesures répétées révèlent une augmentation significative du niveau d’estime de soi des adolescents à la suite de leur participation à une expédition thérapeutique ainsi qu’un maintien des gains quatre mois plus tard. Aucun changement significatif n’est obtenu relativement à la détresse psychologique. Des pistes explicatives en lien avec la modalité d’intervention groupale, la programmation d’aventure, les enjeux développementaux de l’adolescence, les impacts du cancer et d’autres recherches réalisées auprès de la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds sont proposées, de même que des pistes explicatives en lien avec la méthode de recherche utilisée. L’impact positif sur le plan de l’estime de soi obtenu dans cette thèse appuie la portée scientifique des expéditions thérapeutiques offertes par la Fondation Sur la pointe des pieds.

Evaluation of Interconnect Fabrics for an Embedded MPSoC in 28 nm FD-SOI

Embedded many-core architectures contain dozens to hundreds of CPU cores that are connected via a highly scalable NoC interconnect. Our Multiprocessor-System-on-Chip CoreVAMPSoC combines the advantages of tightly coupled bus-based communication with the scalability of NoC approaches by adding a CPU cluster as an additional level of hierarchy. In this work, we analyze different cluster interconnect implementations with 8 to 32 CPUs and compare them in terms of resource requirements and performance to hierarchical NoCs approaches. Using 28nm FD-SOI technology the area requirement for 32 CPUs and AXI crossbar is 5.59mm2 including 23.61% for the interconnect at a clock frequency of 830 MHz. In comparison, a hierarchical MPSoC with 4 CPU cluster and 8 CPUs in each cluster requires only 4.83mm2 including 11.61% for the interconnect. To evaluate the performance, we use a compiler for streaming applications to map programs to the different MPSoC configurations. We use this approach for a design-space exploration to find the most efficient architecture and partitioning for an application.

Koko talo soi : Klemetti-Opisto suomalaisen musiikkikulttuurin kehittäjänä 1953-1968

This study aims to examine the operations and significance of the Klemetti Institute (Klemetti-Opisto) as a developer of Finnish music culture from 1953 to 1968 during the term of office of the Institute s founder and first director, Arvo Vainio. The Klemetti Institute was originally established as a choir institute, but soon expanded to offer a wide range of music courses. In addition to providing courses for choir leaders and singers, the Institute began its orchestral activities as early as the mid-1950s. Other courses included ear training seminars as well as courses for young people s music instructors and in playing the kantele (a Finnish string instrument) and solo singing. More than 20 types of courses were offered over the 16-year period. The Klemetti Institute s courses were incorporated into the folk high school courses offered by the Orivesi Institute (Oriveden Opisto) and were organised during the summer months of June and July. In addition to funding based on the Folk High School Act, financial assistance was obtained from various foundations and funds, such as the Wihuri Foundation. This study is linked to the context of historical research. I examine the Klemetti Institute s operations chronologically, classifying instruction into different course types, and analyse concert activities primarily in the section on the Institute s student union. The source material includes the Klemetti Institute archives, which consist of Arvo Vainio s correspondence, student applications, register books and cards, journals and student lists, course albums and nearly all issues of the Klemettiläinen bulletin. In addition, I have used focused interviews and essays to obtain extensive data from students and teachers. I concentrate on primary school teachers, who accounted for the majority of course participants. A total of more than 2,300 people participated in the courses, nearly half of whom took courses during at least two summers. Primary school teachers accounted for 50% to 70% of the participants in most courses and constituted an even larger share of participants in some courses, such as the music instructor course. The Klemetti Institute contributed to the expansion throughout Finland of a new ideal for choral tone. This involved delicate singing which strives for tonal purity and expressiveness. Chamber choirs had been virtually unheard of in Finland, but the Klemetti Institute Chamber Choir popularised them. Chamber choirs are characterised by an extensive singing repertoire ranging from the Middle Ages to the present. As the name suggests, chamber choirs were originally rather small mixed choirs. Delicate singing meant the avoidance of extensive vibrato techniques and strong, heavy forte sounds, which had previously been typical of Finnish choirs. Those opposing and shunning this new manner of singing called it ghost singing . The Klemetti Institute s teachers included Finland s most prominent pedagogues and artists. As the focused essays, or reminiscences as I call them, show, their significance for the students was central. I examine extensively the Klemetti Institute s enthusiastic atmosphere, which during the early years was characterised by what some writers described as a hunger for music . In addition to distributing a new tonal ideal and choir repertoire, the Klemetti Institute also distributed new methods of music education, thus affecting the music teaching of Finnish primary schools, in particular. The Orff approach, which included various instruments, became well known, although some of Orff s ideas, such as improvisation and physical exercise, were initially unfamiliar. More important than the Orff approach was the in-depth teaching at the Klemetti Institute of the Hungarian ear training method known as the Kodály method. Many course participants were among those launching specialist music classes in schools, and the method became the foundation for music teaching in many such schools. The Klemetti Institute was also a pioneer in organising orchestra camps for young people. The Klemetti Institute promoted Finnish music culture and played an important role in the continuing music education of primary school teachers. Keywords: adult education, Grundtvigian philosophy, popular enlightenment, Klemetti Institute, Kodály method, choir singing, choir conducting, music history, music education, music culture, music camp, Orff approach, Orff-Schulwerk, Orivesi Institute, instrument teaching, free popular education, communality, solo singing, voice production

Threshold voltage model for accumulation mode polycrystalline SOI MOSFETs and comparisons with experimental results

In this paper, a simple but accurate semi analytical charge sheet model is presented for threshold voltage of accumulation mode polycrystalline silicon on insulator (PSOI) MOSFETs. In this model, we define the threshold voltage (V-T) of the polysilicon accumulation mode MOSFET as the gate voltage required to raise the surface potential (phi(s)) to a value phi(sT) necessary to overcome the charge trapping in the grain boundary and to create channel accumulation charge that is equal to the channel accumulation charge available in the case of single crystal silicon accumulation mode MOSFET at that phi(sT). The correctness of the model is demonstrated by comparing the theoretically estimated values of threshold voltage with the experimentally measured threshold voltages on the accumulation mode PSOI MOSFETs fabricated in the laboratory using LPCVD polysilicon layers doped with boron to achieve dopant densities in the range 3.3 x 10(-15)-5 x 10(17)/cm(3). Further, it is shown that the threshold voltage values of accumulation mode PSOI MOSFETs predicted by the present model match very closely with the experimental results, better than those obtained with the models previously reported in the literature. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

SOI strip waveguide microring resonator for homogeneous biosensing

We report the simulation and analytical results obtained for homogenous or bulk sensing of protein on Siliconon- insulator strip waveguide based microring resonator. The radii of the rings considered are 5 μm and 20 μm; the waveguide dimensions are 300 × 300 nm. A gap of (i) 200 nm and (ii) 300 nm exists between the ring and the bus waveguide. The biomaterial is uniformly distributed over a thickness which exceeds the evanescent field penetration depth of 150 nm. The sensitivities of the resonators are 32.5 nm/RIU and 17.5 nm/RIU (RIU - Refractive index unit) respectively.

Effect of FIB milling on MEMS SOI cantilevers

Stress induced by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling of cantilevers fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer has been studied. Milling induces stress gradients ranging from -10MPa/μm to -120MPa/μm, depending on the location of cantilevers from the point of milling. Simulations were done to estimate the stress in the milled cantilevers.

Stress Engineering using Si3N4 for stiction free release of SOI beams

We report on the effect of thin silicon nitride (Si3N4) induced tensile stress on the structural release of 200nm thick SOI beam, in the surface micro-machining process. A thin (20nm / 100nm) LPCVD grown Si3N4 is shown to significantly enhance the yield of released beam in wet release technique. This is especially prominent with increase in beam length, where the beams have higher tendency for stiction. We attribute this yield enhancement to the nitride induced tensile stress, as verified by buckling tendency and resonance frequency data obtained from optical profilometry and laser doppler vibrometry.

Partial soi power LDMOS with a variable low-kappa; Dielectric buried layer and a buried P layer

A power LDMOS on partial silicon on insulator (PSOI) with a variable low-κ dielectric (VLKD) buried layer and a buried p (BP) layer is proposed (VLKD BPSOI). At a low κ value, the electric field strength in the buried dielectric (EI) is enhanced, and a Si window makes the substrate share the vertical voltage drop, leading to a high vertical breakdown voltage (BV). Moreover, three interface field peaks are introduced by the BP, the Si window, and the VLKD, which modulate the fields in the SOI layer, the VLKD layer, and the substrate; consequently, a high BV is obtained. Furthermore, the BP reduces the specific on-resistance (Ron), and the Si window alleviates the self-heating effect (SHE). The BV for VLKD BPSOI is enhanced by 34.5%, and Ron is decreased by 26.6%, compared with those for the conventional PSOI, and VLKD BPSOI also maintains a low SHE. © 2006 IEEE.

3D thermo-electro-mechanical simulations of gas sensors based on SOI membranes

3D thermo-electro-mechanical device simulations are presented of a novel fully CMOS-compatible MOSFET gas sensor operating in a SOI membrane. A comprehensive stress analysis of a Si-SiO2-based multilayer membrane has been performed to ensure a high degree of mechanical reliability at a high operating temperature (e.g. up to 400°C). Moreover, optimisation of the layout dimensions of the SOI membrane, in particular the aspect ratio between the membrane length and membrane thickness, has been carried out to find the best trade-off between minimal device power consumption and acceptable mechanical stress.

Design and coupled-effect simulations of CMOS micro gas-sensors built on SOI thin membranes

This paper describes coupled-effect simulations of smart micro gas-sensors based on standard BiCMOS technology. The smart sensor features very low power consumption, high sensitivity and potential low fabrication cost achieved through full CMOS integration. For the first time the micro heaters are made of active CMOS elements (i.e. MOSFET transistors) and embedded in a thin SOI membrane consisting of Si and SiO2 thin layers. Micro gas-sensors such as chemoresistive, microcalorimeteric and Pd/polymer gate FET sensors can be made using this technology. Full numerical analyses including 3D electro-thermo-mechanical simulations, in particular stress and deflection studies on the SOI membranes are presented. The transducer circuit design and the post-CMOS fabrication process, which includes single sided back-etching, are also reported.

Design and simulations of SOI CMOS micro-hotplate gas sensors

This paper describes a new generation of integrated solid-state gas-sensors embedded in SOI micro-hotplates. The micro-hotplates lie on a SOI membrane and consist of MOSFET heaters that elevate the operating temperature, through self-heating, of a gas sensitive material. These sensors are fully compatible with SOI CMOS or BiCMOS technologies, offer ultra-low power consumption (under 100 mW), high sensitivity, low noise, low unit cost, reproducibility and reliability through the use of on-chip integration. In addition, the new integrated sensors offer a nearly uniform temperature distribution over the active area at its operating temperatures at up to about 300-350°C. This makes SOI-based gas-sensing devices particularly attractive for use in handheld battery-operated gas monitors. This paper reports on the design of a chemo-resistive gas sensor and proposes for the first time an intelligent SOI membrane microcalorimeter using active micro-FET heaters and temperature sensors. A comprehensive set of numerical and analogue simulations is also presented including complex 2D and 3D electro-thermal numerical analyses. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.