Heidegger ja logos : Oleminen ja aika inhimillisen järjellisyyden uudelleentulkintana

Käsilläolevan tutkielman kohteena on Martin Heideggerin (1889–1976) tulkintatyö, jonka hän varhaisessa ajattelussaan (1919–1927) kohdisti kreikkalaisen filosofian keskeiseen käsitteeseen logos: ”järki”, ”puhekyky”. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, miten Heidegger tulkitsi tätä käsitettä ja mikä merkitys Heideggerin tulkintatyöllä oli hänen pääteoksensa Sein und Zeit (1927, suom. Oleminen ja aika) kannalta. Työn keskeinen näkemys on, että Heideggerin ajattelu on nähtävä kreikkalaisen järjellisyyskäsityksen kriittisenä arviointina ja uudelleentulkintana. Heideggerin filosofia pohjautui vahvasti näkemykselle, jonka mukaan ajattelumme on hyvin perustavassa mielessä kiinni perinteessä ja sen välittämissä käsityksissä ja tulkinnoissa. Heideggerin mukaan filosofinen tutkimus ei voi koskaan täysin ennakkoluulotonta ja tämän vuoksi kaiken ajattelun on päästävä selville oman tilanteensa historiallisuudesta ja satunnaisuudesta; tieteellinen filosofia ei voi valita systemaattisen ja historiallisen lähestymistavan välillä, vaan sen on oltava olemuksellisesti molempia. Vuosina 1919–1929 Heideggerin historiallisen tulkintatyön ensisijaisena kohteena oli kreikkalainen filosofia, erityisesti Aristoteleen ajattelu. Heideggerin mukaan Aristoteles ei ollut ensimmäinen filosofista ajattelua harjoittanut henkilö, mutta Heidegger näki Aristoteleen tuotannon tiivistävän yhteen länsimaisen ajattelun keskeisimmät ennakkokäsitykset. Tutkielmassa seurataan Heideggerin pyrkimystä tulkita inhimillisen järjellisyyden ilmiötä, jonka juuret Heidegger paikansi Aristoteleen ihmismääritelmään zōon logon ekhon (”järjellinen eläin”). Aristotelesta seurannut skolastinen filosofia omaksui tämän määritelmän muodossa animal rationale, mutta Heidegger painotti, että tällä käännöksellä oli taipumus sivuuttaa se perusta, joka oli vielä ominainen kreikkalaiselle järjen käsitteelle. Sillä Aristoteleelle ja kreikkalaiselle ajattelulle logos ei merkinnyt ainoastaan haluihin ja tunteisiin rinnastuvaa mielen sisäistä kykyä vaan ennen kaikkea yhteisöllisesti jaettua tulkintaa ympäröivästä todellisuudesta. Tämä tulkinta ilmenee jokapäiväisesti keskustelun ja kommunikaation yhteydessä, mutta se on myös olennainen osa tapaamme jäsentää ympäröivää todellisuutta merkitykselliseksi. Heidegger kuitenkin argumentoi, että kreikkalainen ajattelu näki tämän kielellis-diskursiivisen käsittämisen alisteisena inhimillisen kokemuksen perustaville tavoille olla suhteessa todellisuuteen: puhtaalle aistihavainnolle (aisthēsis) sekä intuitiiviselle tajuamiselle (noein). Tutkielma koostuu neljästä luvusta sekä lyhyestä johdannosta. Ensimmäinen luku käsittelee Heideggerin filosofian kantavaa teemaa, kysymystä olemisen mielestä – sekä tämän kysymyksen perustaa kreikkalaisessa ajattelussa. Tämän jälkeen luodaan katsaus Heideggerin fenomenologiseen metodiin, sen ensisijaiseen kohdealueeseen inhimillisessä kokemuksessa sekä fenomenologisen tutkimuksen historialliseen ulottuvuuteen. Toisessa luvussa esitetään puolestaan Heideggerin tulkinta käsitteestä logos. Tulkinnan ymmärtämiseksi on välttämätöntä esittää tiivistetysti Heideggerin tulkinta kreikkalaisesta totuuden käsitteestä. Heideggerin mukaan kreikkalainen ajattelu ymmärsi totuuden monitasoisena ilmiönä, jonka perustavin käyttöyhteys on löydettävissä todellisuuden ilmiöstä. Kolmannessa luvussa pureudutaan niihin piirteisiin, joiden valossa Aristoteles Heideggerin mukaan tulkitsi kielen ja kokemuksen välistä suhdetta. Neljännessä luvussa esitetään, mitä edellä esitetyt oivallukset merkitsivät Heideggerin oman filosofisen projektin kannalta, erityisesti inhimillistä olemassaoloa (Dasein) selvittäneen fundamentaaliontologian kannalta.

Passion vallassa : Hermostunut aika Minna Canthin teoksissa

Under the power of passion. The age of nervousness in Minna Canth s works This research contemplates the psychology of Minna Canth s characters through the historical image of man in late 19th century Europe. The central operative term of the study is passion , understood as a twofold philosophical concept that includes both desire and suffering. The method of this study is historical and contextual. The study interprets the passions and the psychology of Canth s characters as they were understood in their own time. The indicator of the relevant contexts is the realist and naturalist genre of Canth s works. New research on the genre of the time is also the basis of a new kind of psychological approach to Canth s works. The most important context of passion in Canth s works is the positivistic and pathological image of man at the end of the 19th century. Then, passion was widely discussed, and was perceived as a physiological phenomenon that influenced humans neurologically and caused different kinds of physiological symptoms and nervous disorders. But at the same time, passion was understood as a manifestation of human instincts and drives. The naturalistic literature of the day aimed at creating deterministic studies of human morality and psychology following Émile Zola s application of experimental science methods in his writing. The pathological image of man is most explicitly manifested in Canth s formerly unknown short story Lääkäri (Doctor, 1891), in which a doctor who is interested in psychology visits a jail to meet a peculiar criminal, a girl who feels no remorse for her multiple crimes. In other works of Canth the medically motivated viewpoint is more hidden in the deterministic narrative and depiction of the characters. The present study approaches the passion in Minna Canth s works through five thematic chapters, in witch characters are interpreted suffering from blind love, ennui, crippling romantic idealism, melancholy, guilt and nostalgia, and their stories can be prescribed as medical histories which depict the born of the passion and its development towards ruin. All protagonists are also manifestations of their own time. Canth criticises the modern life and its demands as well as social defects through the tragic stories of individuals. The study demonstrates that Canth did not, like previous research has suggested, wait until the 1890s before writing works of a psychological nature but had already written according to the psychological paradigm of her time in Työmiehen vaimo (1885). The social and psychological interests intertwine in Canth s works and are not exclusionary as has formerly been interpreted. Canth is also critical of the medical power implicit in the naturalist experimental method and this shows itself especially in her depiction of working class women.

Aika hyvä rehtoriksi : Selviääkö koulun johtamisesta hengissä?

The aim of this study was to describe school leadership on a practical level. By observing the daily behaviour of a principal minute by minute, the study tried to answer the following questions: how did the principals use their time, did they have time to develop their school after participating in the daily life of the school, and how did the previously studied challenges of modern leadership show in their practical work? Five principals in different areas of Helsinki were observed – two women and three men. The principals were chosen at random from three educational conferences. The main hypothesis of this research was that the work of the principal consists of solving daily problems and routines concerning the pupils, teachers and other interest groups and writing all kinds of bureaucratic reports. This means that the school and its principal do not have enough resources to give to a visionary development of teaching and learning – in other words pedagogical leading – even though every principal has the best knowledge about his or her own school’s status quo and the needs for development revealed by this status quo. The research material was gathered by applying the Peer-Assisted Leadership method. The researcher shadowed each principal for four days for three hours at a time. After each shadowing period, any unclear situations were clarified with a short interview. After all the shadowing periods, the principals participated in a semi-structured interview that covered the themes emerging from the shadowing material. In addition to this, the principals evaluated their own leading with a self-assessment questionnaire. The results gathered from the shadowing material showed that the actions of the principals were focused on bureaucratic work. The principals spent most of their time in the office (more than 50%). In the office they were sitting mainly by the computer. They also spent a significant mount of time in the office meeting teachers and occasional visitors. The time spent building networks was relatively short, although the principals considered it as an important domain of leadership according to their interviews. After the classification of the shadowing material, the activities of the principals were divided according to certain factors affecting them. The underlying factors were quality management, daily life management, strategic thinking and emotional intelligence. Through these factors the research showed that coping with the daily life of the school took about 40% of the principals’ time. Activities connected with emotional intelligence could be observed over 30% and activities which required strategic thinking were observed over 20% of the time. The activities which according to the criteria of the research consisted of quality management took only 8% of the principals’ time. This result was congruent with previous studies showing that the work of school leaders is focused on something other than developing the quality of teaching and learning. Keywords: distributed leadership, building community, network building, interaction, emotional intelligence, strategy, quality management

Matka koulun kestävän kehittämisen maisemassa

A Journey in the Landscape of Sustainable School Development “A Journey in the Landscape of Sustainable School Development” is a story of the Sorrila School development process. This research deals with a school development project as a process, and as a part of international projects on Education for Sustainable Development, with ENSI (Environment and School Initiatives) being the most important. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the change process as a general phenomenon as well as the learning connected to it. The research describes the development period 2001–2008 at the Sorrila Primary school. The research questions are as follows: 1. What did pupils learn during the research and development period? 2. How did the coordinating teacher develop personally? 3. How were the ENSI targets and other closely linked projects reached? 4. What was the feedback from the pupils, their parents and other teachers at the school? 5. How did the developing process proceed in 2001–2008? The method used was integrating action research, which also had ethnographical elements. Narrative was the form of the data as well as the manner of reporting. The method as a whole was integrating, ethnographical action research as a story. The research data consisted mostly of Knowledge Forum notes written by the teacher-researcher. Knowledge Forum is an Internetbased collaborative knowledge-building programme. Pupils’, parents’ and other teachers’ feedback, newspaper articles and students’ writings complied the data, which consists of material from seven years. Sustainable development was the basis of the school improvement. The targets of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–2014) were part of the development projects. According to the research results the school was seen as part of complex systems where manifold and interactive learning took place. The learning of pupils, teachers and the school as a community can be characterised socioculturally. The school was able to reach a level of collaborative transformative learning. As well as several concrete projects, such as Comenius school project, school development consisted of networking at many levels. Along with the projects and networking, the school was able to apply the pedagogy of connection, by carrying out integrative and cross-disciplinary themes and using various learning and teaching methods. International cooperation was a natural part of the work. A figure of Aunt Green, the role model of the teacher researcher, was an innovation which resembled a change agent. The other role of the teacherresearcher as a coordinator, was important for her own professional development. According to the results the change process, which relied on sustainable school development, led the school along a road of positive renewals. It was not a series of projects but an ongoing process. The objectives of the international projects were accomplished to a great extent during the research period. According to the principles of action research, the main results were put forward in order to help others to develop their schools. Frictions and problems as well as positive experiences and rejecting dualities were seen as change forces. Keywords: education for sustainable development (ESD), sustainable school development, teacher professional development, integrating, pedagogy of connection, transformative learning

Aika ennen aluepolitiikkaa. Pohjoisen kehityshankkeet ja alueiden kehittämisen idea 1950-luvun Suomessa

The dissertation focuses on the recognition of the problems of uneven regional development in Finland in the 1950s, and the way the idea of controlling this development was introduced to Finnish politics. Since it is often stated that Finnish regional policy only began in the mid-1960s, the period at hand is considered to fall in the time before regional policy. However, various ideas, plans and projects of regional development as well as different aims of development were brought forward and discussed already in the 1950s. These give an interesting perspective to the ideas of later regional development. In the 1950s, many Finnish politicians became more conscious of the unavoidable societal change. The need for overall modernisation of the society made it reasonable to expect a growing level of unemployment and eagerness to migration. The uneven distribution of well-being was also feared to cause discontent and political changes. International experience proved interfering in the regional development possible when using the argument of public interest ; the measures taken increased the level of well-being, helped sustain societal balance, and supported national economy. Many of the development projects of the 1950s focused on Northern Finland, the natural resources of which were considered an important reserve and the political climate of which was regarded unstable. After the late 1940s, regional development was discussed frequently both on the national and the regional level. Direct and indirect support was given to less developed areas and the government outlined thorough investigations in order to relieve the regional problem. Towards the end of the decade, the measures taken were already often connected to the idea of equality. In the 1950s the conflicts within and between the largest Finnish political parties significantly affected the decisions of regional development. There are three case studies in this qualitative research based on the narrative method. The case studies clarify the characteristics of the 1950s regional development. In the first one, the representatives of the northern region and the state first discuss the location of a state-run nitrogen fertilizer factory and later the location of a new university. In the second, the aims and perspectives of private entrepreneurs and the state collide due to ideas of statist industrialisation projects and later due to an idea of a tax relief targeting northern industry. In the third case, the main role is given to the changing rural areas, in relation to which societal development and urbanisation were often measured. The regional development of the 1950s laid groundwork for the new, more established regional policy. The early problem solving actions were aimed both at the prevailing situation and the future and thus showed the way for the upcoming actions. Regional development policy existed already before regional policy.

Viimeinen matka : Toimintatutkimus kirkollisen hautauskentän professiostruktuurista

This study is a qualitative examination of the professional structure of the ecclesias-tical funeral field. The research material is based on 13 funeral cases in the archdio-cese. The researcher participated in all the funerals and memorial events, interviewed the closest survivors, the officials of the funeral agency and the ecclesiastical actors. The material was collected by means of observation and recording of the interviews, and was later transcribed and analyzed. The actors in this study are the survivors, the funeral agencies and the church. The survivors act as the buyers and users of the products (funeral services) who require both the funeral agencies and the church to assist them with the problems that the death has caused. The numbers of actions related to the death and to the funerals - the rituals of death - are placed on the action field, which in this study is called the funeral field. In this field, the researchquestion focused space and power, and the actions on the funeral field are highly ritualized. The theoretical model comes from Pierre Bourdieu. The study showed an action structure on the funeral field in which the survivors first contacted a funeral agency, which then contacted the other actors of the field, re-served the date and place for the funeral, and organised the funeral arrangements. The funeral agencies arranged an opportunity for the survivors to have a last look at the deceased when he or she was placed in the coffin, and they held a moment of the prayer (if desired) before removing the deceased from the hospital's chapel. The sur-vivors contacted the pastor of the funeral much later. The pastor also participated in the memorial event. The survivors contacted the church musician through via pastor. In some cases, the survivors had neither met nor even seen the musician prior to the actual funeral service. Still, the music was of great importance to the survivors. In the research interviews, tensions emerged to some extent between the funeral agencies and the ecclesiastical actors; these actors attempted to resolve these tensions through organising negotiations. In the beginning of the 20th century, the family took an active part in the preparations of the deceased and in the arrangements of the funerals, whereas this study showed that these days, survivors often transfer the preparations to the funeral agencies. The professional side of the funeral field has grown. The funeral agencies can be seen as providers of full services that act on the survivors' behalf, aspiring to high individu-ality and aiming to fulfil the survivors' wishes. In practise, the role of the church in carrying out the last journey was reduced in the research cases to the actual funeral. In several cases, the pastor or the cantor of the funeral had never before seen the per-son in the coffin at any stage of life or death. The proportion of cremations in funeral cases has increased rapidly, however, special issues related to these cremations (such as the possibility of holding a funeral service for the already cremated deceased) have seen little consideration in the church. In the church's liturgies on funeral rites, cremation is frequently overlooked. The pastors or the cantors did not participate in either the burial of the funeral urn or in the scattering of the deceased's ashes. The verger took care of it. The parishes had no adopted standard practices for cremations, yet in each case for the survivors that moment was crucial.

Eron aika : Tyttärien kertomuksia ikääntyneen vanhemman kuolemasta

There is a relative absence of sociological and cultural research on how people deal with the death of a family member in the contemporary western societies. Research on this topic has been dominated by the experts of psychology, psychiatry and therapy, who mention the social context only in passing, if at all. This gives an impression that the white westerners bereavement experience is a purely psychological phenomenon, an inner journey, which follows a natural, universal path. Yet, as Tony Walter (1999) states, ignoring the influence of culture not only impoverishes the understanding of those work with bereaved people, but it also impoverishes sociology and cultural studies by excluding from their domain a key social phenomenon. This study explores the cultural dimension of grief through narratives told by fifteen of recently bereaved Finnish women. Focussing on one sex only, the study rests on the assumption of the gendered nature of bereavement experience. However, the aim of the study is not to pinpoint the gender differences in grief and mourning, but to shed light on women s ways of dealing with the loss of a loved one in a social context. Furthermore, the study focuses on a certain kind of loss: the death of an elderly parent. Due to the growth in the life expectancy rate, this has presumably become the most typical type of bereavement in contemporary, ageing societies. Most of population will face the death of a parent as they reach the middle years of the life course. The data of this study is gathered with interviews, in which the interviewees were invited to tell a narrative of their bereavement. Narrative constitutes a central concept in this study. It refers to a particular form of talk, which is organised around consequential events. But there are also other, deeper layers that have been added to this concept. Several scholars see narratives as the most important way in which we make sense of experience. Personal narratives provide rich material for mapping the interconnections between individual and culture. As a form of thought, narrative marries singular circumstances with shared expectations and understandings that are learned through participation in a specific culture (Garro & Mattingly 2000). This study attempts to capture the cultural dimension of narrative with the concept of script , which originates in cognitive science (Schank & Abelson 1977) and has recently been adopted to narratology (Herman 2002). Script refers to a data structure that informs how events usually unfold in certain situations. Scripts are used in interpreting events and representing them verbally to others. They are based on dominant forms of knowledge that vary according to time and place. The questions that were posed in this study are the following. What kind of experiences bereaved daughters narrate? What kind of cultural scripts they employ as they attempt to make sense of these experiences? How these scripts are used in their narratives? It became apparent that for the most of the daughters interviewed in this study the single most important part of the bereavement narrative was to form an account of how and why the parent died. They produced lengthy and detailed descriptions of the last stage of a parent s life in contrast with the rest of the interview. These stories took their start from a turn in the parent s physical condition, from which the dying process could in retrospect be seen to have started, and which often took place several years before the death. In addition, daughters also talked about their grief reactions and how they have adjusted to a life without the deceased parent. The ways in which the last stage of life was told reflect not only the characteristic features of late modernity but also processes of marginalisation and exclusion. Revivalist script and medical script, identified by Clive Seale as the dominant, competing models for dying well in the late modern societies, were not widely utilised in the narratives. They could only be applied in situations in which the parent had died from cancer and at somewhat younger age than the average. Death that took place in deep old age was told in a different way. The lack of positive models for narrating this kind of death was acknowledged in the study. This can be seen as a symptom of the societal devaluing of the deaths of older people and it affects also daughters accounts of their grief. Several daughters told about situations in which their loss, although subjectively experienced, was nonetheless denied by other people.

Tiedostumaton nykytaiteessa : Katse, ääni ja aika vuosituhannen taitteen suomalaisessa nykytaiteessa

Leevi Haapala explores moving image works, sculptures and installations from a psychoanalytic perspective in his study The Unconscious in Contemporary Art. The Gaze, Voice and Time in Finnish Contemporary Art at the Turn of the Millennium . The artists included in the study are Eija-Liisa Ahtila, Hans-Christian Berg, Markus Copper, Liisa Lounila and Salla Tykkä. The theoretical framework includes different psychoanalytic readings of the concepts of the gaze, voice and temporality. The installations are based on spatiality and temporality, and their detailed reading emphasizes the medium-specific features of the works as well as their fragmentary nature, heterogeneity and affectivity. The study is cross-disciplinary in that it connects perspectives from the visual culture, new art history and theory to the interpretation of contemporary art. The most important concepts from psychoanalysis, affect theory and trauma discourse used in the study include affect, object a (objet petit a) as articulated by Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud s uncanny (das Unheimliche) and trauma. Das Unheimliche has been translated as uncanny in art history under the influence of Rosalind Krauss. The object of the study, the unconscious in contemporary art, is approached through these concepts. The study focuses on Lacan s additions to the list of partial drives: the gaze and voice as scopic and invocative drives and their interpretations in the studies of the moving image. The texts by the American film theorist and art historian Kaja Silverman are in crucial role. The study locates contemporary art as part of trauma culture, which has a tendency to define individual and historical experiences through trauma. Some of the art works point towards trauma, which may appear as a theoretic or fictitious construction. The study presents a comprehensive collection of different kinds of trauma discourse in the field of art research through the texts of Hal Foster, Cathy Caruth, Ruth Leys and Shoshana Felman. The study connects trauma theory with the theoretical analysis of the interference and discontinuity of the moving image in the readings by Susan Buck-Morss, Mary Ann Doane and Peter Osborn among others. The analysis emphasizes different ways of seeing and multisensoriality in the reception of contemporary art. With their reflections and inverse projections, the surprising mechanisms of Hans-Christian Berg s sculptures are connected with Lacan s views on the early mirroring and imitation attempts of the individual s body image. Salla Tykkä s film trilogy Cave invites one to contemplate the Lacanian theory of the gaze in relation to the experiences of being seen. The three oceanic sculpture installations by Markus Copper are studied through the vocality they create, often through an aggressive way of acting, as well as from the point of view of the functioning of an invocative drive. The study compares the work of fiction and Freud s texts on paranoia and psychosis to Eija-Liisa Ahtila s manuscripts and moving image installations about the same topic. The cinematic time in Liisa Lounila s time-slice video installations is approached through the theoretical study of the unconscious temporal structure. The viewer of the moving image is inside the work in an in-between state: in a space produced by the contents of the work and its technology. The installations of the moving image enable us to inhabit different kinds of virtual bodies or spaces, which do not correspond with our everyday experiences. Nevertheless, the works of art often try to deconstruct the identification to what has been shown on screen. This way, the viewer s attention can be fixed on his own unconscious experiences in parallel with the work s deconstructed nature as representation. The study shows that contemporary art is a central cultural practice, which allows us to discuss the unconscious in a meaningful way. The study suggests that the agency that is discursively diffuse and consists of several different praxes should be called the unconscious. The emergence of the unconscious can happen in two areas: in contemporary art through different senses and discursive elements, and in the study of contemporary art, which, being a linguistic activity is sensitive to the movements of the unconscious. One of the missions of art research is to build different kinds of articulated constructs and to open an interpretative space for the nature of art as an event.

Valtatie 21 Kolari - Kilpisjärvi : Toimenpideselvitys

Tehtävänä oli laatia toimenpideselvitys valtatielle 21 välille Kolari - Kilpisjärvi. Noin 280 kilometrin mittainen tarkastelujakso sijoittuu Suomi-neidon käsivarteen Kolarin, Muonion ja Enontekiön kuntien alueelle. Valtatie 21 osana kansainvälistä E8 -tietä on Pohjois-Kalotin ja Länsi-Lapin merkittävin pohjois-etelä -suuntainen pääväylä, jolla on suuri merkitys alueen väestölle, elinkeinoelämälle ja matkailulle. Tie palvelee nykyään erityisesti kalottialueen kuljetuksia Tromssan ja Finnmarkin talousalueille sekä Norjan kalateollisuuden kuljetuksia, jotka ovat voimakkaasti kasvavassa roolissa tien käyttäjinä. Tarkasteluvälille on ominaista valtatien kapeus ja laatutason voimakas vaihtelu. Nykyinen tie ei vastaa leveydeltään, geometrialtaan tai kunnoltaan valtatielle asetettuja minimivaatimuksia. Ajo-olosuhteet ovat erityistä tarkkaavaisuutta vaativat, talviaikaan jopa erittäin vaativat. Keskimääräinen vuorokausiliikennemäärä vaihtelee tarkasteluvälillä 350 - 1500 ajon./vrk, josta raskaan liikenteen osuus on 13 - 20 %. Liikenteen kausivaihtelu on erittäin suurta. Viikkokausivaihtelukäyrissä erottuvat selvästi hiihto-, pääsiäis- ja kesälomat sekä ruska-aika. Vuosina 2005- 2014 tarkastelujaksolla tapahtui yhteensä 121 poliisin tietoon tullutta onnettomuutta, joista 60 % johti henkilövahinkoihin. Tarkastelujakson henkilövahinko-onnettomuusaste on varsin korkea ja ylittää valtakunnallisen ja Lapin valtateiden keskiarvon selvästi. Rekkojen tieltä suistumisia tapahtuu talvikaudella paljon. Porokolarit ovat yleisiä. Tarkasteluosuudella valtatie 21 sijoittuu kolmelle metsäkasvillisuusvyöhykkeelle, joten luonnonympäristön ominaisuudet muuttuvat voimakkaasti etelä-pohjois-suunnassa. Käsivarren alueen ilmasto ja kallioperä poikkeaa muusta Pohjois-Lapista. Valtatien ympäristössä on pohjoiselle Lapille tyypillisesti aapasoita ja niiden paikallisia muunnoksia palsasoita, joiden jääsydän säilyy sulamatta yli kesän. Suunnittelualueella on runsaasti luontoarvoja ja laajaalaisia luonnonsuojelualueita. Laajimmat suojelualueet koostuvat erämaa-alueista ja luonnonpuistoista. Alueella on myös paljon soidensuojelualueita. Selvitysalueen koko vesistöalue on Natura 2000 -aluetta lukuun ottamatta kolmen laskujoen vesistöaluetta. Tunturi-Lapin alueella on runsaasti pohjavesialueita, joita valtatie 21 risteää useassa kohtaa. Valtatien tuntumassa on useita sekä valtakunnallisesti arvokkaita että maakunnallisesti arvokkaita maiseman ja kulttuuriperinnön kohteita. Suuri osa näistä kohteista on pieniä pistemäisiä kohteita. Valtatien 21 kehittämiselle asetettiin tavoitetila vuodelle 2045. Tällöin valtatie on kotimaisen ja kansainvälisen liikenteen pääkulkuväylä seudulla ja osa korkealuokkaista Eurooppatie-verkostoa. Liikenne on sujuvaa ja liikkuminen on turvallista kaikilla liikkumismuodoilla ja kaikkina vuodenaikoina. Tien leveys, geometria ja rakenne on kunnostettu ja kohtaamistilanteet ovat turvallisia. Matka-ajat ovat kohtuulliset ja hyvin ennakoitavissa. Olosuhteista ja häiriötilanteista tiedotetaan reaaliajassa. Taajamissa liikkuminen on turvallista kaikilla kulkumuodoilla. Valtatie 21 tunnetaan nykyistä paremmin Revontultentienä, joka tarjoaa laadukkaan matkailutie-elämyksen palveluineen matkailijoille. Valtatie 21 esitetään Kolarin ja Kilpisjärven välillä parannettavaksi suurelta osin nykyisellä paikallaan. Tie ja sillat levennetään ja tien rakennetta vahvistetaan tai rakenne uusitaan käytännössä lähes koko matkalla aiemmin rakennettuja taajamakohtia lukuun ottamatta. Kokonaan uutta tietä tehdään Muotkatakka-Kilpisjärvi -välillä nykyisen tien viereen rakentaen. Kinostumista ehkäistään loiventamalla luiskia, jolloin ei muodostu kinostavaa taitetta. Ongelmaiset palsasuokohteet rakennetaan niin, etteivät routavauriot uusiudu. Taajamissa toimenpiteinä ovat turvallisten tien ylityspaikkojen rakentaminen huolella valittuihin kohteisiin ja systemaattinen ajonopeuksien hillintä. Taukopaikkoja rakennetaan lisää ja nykyisiä kunnostetaan. Tieympäristö kohennetaan raivaamalla umpeen kasvaneita kohtia tien varressa ja avaamalla tiellä kulkijalle jokinäkymiä. Taukopaikkojen ympäristöt raivataan ja siistitään. Poronhoidon ja liikenteen ristiriitoja vähennetään mm. ottamalla käyttöön digitaalinen porovaroitusjärjestelmä.

Vegan matka Asian ja Europan ympäri ynnä historiallinen katsahdus edellisiin pitkin vanhan mailman pohjoisrannikkoa tehtyihin löytöretkiin A. E. Nordenskiöld'iltä ; [suomentanut Frans Gideon Bergroth] - Edellinen osa

Nimiösivulla myös: Suomennos.

Vegan matka Asian ja Europan ympäri ynnä historiallinen katsahdus edellisiin pitkin vanhan mailman pohjoisrannikkoa tehtyihin löytöretkiin A. E. Nordenskiöld'iltä ; [suomentanut Frans Gideon Bergroth] - Jälkimäinen osa

Nimiösivulla myös: Suomennos.

Uusi aika: romaani

Lisäpainokset: 2. p. 1915.

”Uusi aika vaatii uusia tehtäviä” Eduskuntauudistus ja naisen paikat Koti ja Yhteiskunta, Naisten Ääni, Palvelijatarlehti ja Työläisnainen -julkaisuissa 1906-1907

Tutkielmani käsittelee Koti ja Yhteiskunnan, Naisten äänen, Palvelijatarlehden ja Työläisnaisen vuosina 1906-1907 välittämää kuvaa naissukupuolen velvollisuuksista ja oikeuksista tilanteessa, jossa naiset olivat saamassa täydet poliittiset oikeudet. Tutkimukseni kohteena on vallinnut sukupuolijärjestelmä sekä naisten väliset aatteelliset erot. Lähestymistapani on sukupuolihistoriallinen. Työssäni hyödynnän Yvonne Hirdmanin teoriaa sukupuolijärjestelmästä. Koti ja Yhteiskunta sekä Naisten ääni määrittelivät naisen ihanteeksi kristillisen, siveellisyyttä korostavan kasvattajan. Palvelijatarlehdessä ja Työläisnaisessa naisen tuli sitä vastoin irtautua kristinuskon kahleista ja käydä luokkasotaan miehen rinnalla. Naisten poliittisen toiminnan jaoin kolmeen kategoriaan. Tärkeimpänä tavoitteena oli saattaa loppuun nais- ja raittiusliikkeiden aloittama työ. Tämä tapahtui viemällä eteenpäin ajatusta kieltolaista sekä vapauttamalla nainen miehen edusmiehisyydestä eli holhouksenalaisuudesta. Toisena tavoitteena oli siveettömyyden kitkeminen yhteiskunnasta ja sukupuolimoraalin kohottaminen. Kolmantena naiset pyrkivät parantamaan naisten työnteon edellytyksiä. Tavoitteen naisilla olivat samat, mutta perustelut ja keinot erilaisia. Näkyvin julkaisuissa esiintynyt ja eri naisryhmiä erottava tekijä oli suhde uskontoon. Koti ja yhteiskunnassa ja Naisten äänessä naiset perustelivat oikeuttaan käyttää valtaa naisen korkeammalla siveellisellä moraalilla ja naisen luontaisilla, sukupuolesta johtuvilla äidillisillä ominaisuuksilla. Naisten tärkeimpiin tavoitteisiin lukeutui pyrkimys saattaa koko kansa, miehet mukaan lukien, absoluuttisen, korkeamman sukupuolimoraalin piiriin. Palvelijatarlehdessä ja Työläisnaisessa taas katsottiin, että kristilliset käsitykset olivat syy yhteiskunnalliseen epätasa-arvoon kapitalismin ohella ja uusi aika vaati uusia tehtäviä, jotka olivat sosiaalista laatua. Vaikka Koti ja Yhteiskunta ja Naisten ääni vaativat parannuksia naisten asemaan, antoivat ne myös suostumuksensa eriarvoistavalle sukupuolijärjestykselle, perustelemalla vaateitaan feminiinisillä ominaisuuksilla ja määrittelemällä naisen paikkoja sukupuolen pohjalta. Työläisnaisten lehdet vaativat kirkollisten avioliittojen tilalle siviiliavioliittoja sekä aineellista apua aviottomille äideille. Vaatimukset olisivat toteutuessaan muuttaneet sukupuolijärjestelmää. Naisten näkemyserot johtivat konfliktiin, jossa vastakkain olivat säätyläisnaisten edustama kristillis-porvarillinen ja työläisnaisten edustama materialistinen maailmankatsomus.