A study to optimise the temporal drive pulse structure for efficient XUV lasing on the J=0-1, 19.6 nm line of Ge XXIII

Short pulses of 100 ps FWHM duration at 1.06 mu m wavelength are used as the pump source for driving the J = 0-1, 19.6 nm, Ne-like germanium X-ray laser. Different combinations of short pulses are investigated and quantitatively compared. Configurations investigated include a single pulse, double pulses at 400 ps and 800 ps separation, single pulses with prepulses and double pulses with prepulses. Data are presented in the form of integrated energy measurements, and supported by modelling. The most efficient short pulse configurations are shown to be orders of magnitude more effective than pumping with nanosecond duration pulses. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Using low and high prepulses to enhance the J=0-1 transition at 19.6 nm in the Ne-like germanium XUV laser

We report a study of the effect of prepulses on XUV lasing of Ne-like germanium for an irradiation geometry where approximate to 20 mm long germanium slab targets were irradiated at approximate to 1.6 x 10(13) W cm(-2) using approximate to 0.7 ns (1.06 mu m) pulses from the VULCAN glass laser. Prepulses were generated at fractional power levels of approximate to 2 x 10(-4) (low) and approximate to 2 x 10(-2) (high) and arrived on target 5 and 3.2 ns respectively in advance of the main heating pulse, For both the low and high prepulses the output of the 3p-3s, J = 0-1, line at 19.6 nm was enhanced such that the peak radiant density (J/st) for this line became greater than that for the normally stronger J = 2-1 lines at 23.2 and 23.6 nm. The J = 0-1 line, whose FWHM duration was reduced from approximate to 450 ps to approximate to 100 ps, delivered approximate to 6 x more power (W) than the average for the combined J = 2-1 lines, whose FWHM duration was approximate to 500 ps for both levels of prepulse, The higher prepulse was more effective, yielding approximate to 2 x more radiant density and approximate to 7 x more power on both the J = 0-1 and J = 2-1 transitions compared to the low prepulse case, The most dramatic observation overall was the approximate to 40 x increase of power in the J = 0-1 line for the high prepulse (approximate to 2%) case compared with the zero prepulse case. These observations, coupled with measurements of beam divergence and beam deviation through refractive bending, as well as general agreement with modelling, lead us to conclude that, for germanium, the main influence of the prepulse is (a) to increase the energy absorbed from the main pulse, (b) to increase the volume of the gain zone and (c) to relax the plasma density gradients, particularly in the J = 0-1 gain zone.

Estudio de utilización de antibióticos en los servicios de hospitalización pediátrica de una clínica de alto nivel de complejidad : Bogotá, 2008

INTRODUCCION. El aumento de la prescripción de antibióticos en la población pediátrica es cada vez un asunto de mayor interés en el campo de la salud pública debido a consecuencias tales como resistencia microbiana, efectos adversos y aumento de costos en la atención; lo cual sugiere conocer las características del consumo e identificar problemas potenciales con el fin de proponer intervenciones que permitan manejarlos. METODOLOGIA. Se llevo a cabo un Estudio de Utilización de Antibióticos, observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, cuantitativo de consumo, y de tipo Prescripción-Indicación; en 378 pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados durante el 2008, basado en la revisión de historias clínicas. Se llevó a cabo en la Fundación CardioInfantil, clínica de alto nivel de complejidad de Bogotá. RESULTADOS. Se prescribió al menos un antibiótico del grupo ATC J01 el 59.2% (IC95%: 56,7–61,7) de los pacientes. Los grupos terapéuticos más usados fueron Betalactámicos J01C (Todas las Penicilinas, 38.1%), Otros Betalactámicos J01D (Cefalosporinas, Carbapenems, 31.2%) y Aminoglicósidos J01G (12.9%). Las moléculas más prescritas fueron Cefazolina (21.8%), Ampicilina Sulbactam (14.4%) y Gentamicina (12.1%). El consumo total de antibióticos en el año fue de 38.4 DDD/100 camas-día. Los antibióticos con mayor consumo fueron Ampicilina Sulbactam, Cefazolina y Oxacilina (12.8, 6.0 y 3.0 DDD/100 camas-día, respectivamente). El 79% de las prescripciones correspondió a formulaciones intravenosas. El comportamiento del consumo en en año estuvo marcado por intercambios ente penicilinas y cefalosporinas. Se evidenciaron picos de consumo en dos meses diferentes. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron profilaxis para cirugía, IVU e infecciones de vías respiratorias bajas. CONCLUSIONES. El monitoreo del consumo de antibióticos es una herramienta de suma importancia para vigilar los patrones de prescripción de los mismos, con el fin de identificar posibles desviaciones a frente a lo esperado. Se logró evidenciar el comportamiento de los antibióticos mencionados a lo largo del año y se estableció el consumo promedio en DDDs. Fue posible identificar los grupos más utilizados vs. las indicaciones más frecuentes con el fin de trabajar en su uso racional y adecuado en la FCI.

韓国のソーシャル・セーフティネット

アジア通貨危機後、韓国はIMFの構造調整を受け入れた。不況とマクロ緊縮政策があいまって、失業率が急激に上昇した。その対策として、政府はソーシャル・セーフティネットの整備に力を入れた。雇用保険の適用者拡大などの政策は、IMFのコンディショナリティに従ったものである。しかし、実際に実施された政策はIMFの勧告を超え、広く社会保障の整備につながるものであった。

Permafrost cores and active layer pits on Herschel Island: core attributes

Twelve permafrost cores and active layer pits were drilled/dug on Herschel Island in order to estimate the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in the first 30, 100 and 200 cm of ground. The data are the core information obtained during sampling.

Development and validaton of an indicator to compare antibiotic usage in secondary care in England

The use of antibiotics was investigated in twelve acute hospitals in England. Data was collected electronically and by questionnaire for the financial years 2001/2, 2002/3 and 2003/4. Hospitals were selected on the basis of their Medicines Management Self-Assessment Scores (MMAS) and included a cohort of three hospitals with integrated electronic prescribing systems. The total sample size was 6.65% of English NHS activity for 2001/2 based on Finished Consultant Episode (FCE) numbers. Data collected included all antibiotics dispensed (ATC category J01), hospital activity FCE's and beddays, Medicines Management Self-assessment scores, Antibiotic Medicines Management scores (AMS), Primary Care Trust (PCT) of origin of referral populations, PCT antibiotic prescribing rates, Index of Multiple Deprivation for each PCT. The DDD/FCE (Defined Daily Dose/FCE) was found to correlate with the DDD 100beddays (r = 0.74 p

Motivating film title translation: a cognitive análisis

This proposal is a non-quantitative study based on a corpus of real data which offers a principled account of the translation strategies employed in the translation of English film titles into Spanish in terms of cognitive modeling. More specifically, we draw on Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) work on what they term content (or low-level) cognitive operations, based on either ‘stands for’ or ‘identity’ relations, in order to investigate possible motivating factors for translations which abide by oblique procedures, i.e. for non-literal renderings of source titles. The present proposal is made in consonance with recent findings within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Samaniego 2007), which evidence that this linguistic approach can fruitfully address some relevant issues in Translation Studies, the most outstanding for our purposes being the exploration of the cognitive operations which account for the use of translation strategies (Rojo and Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2013: 10), mainly expansion and reduction operations, parameterization, echoing, mitigation and comparison by contrast. This fits in nicely with a descriptive approach to translation and particularly with skopos theory, whose main aim consists in achieving functionally adequate renderings of source texts.

Foreign direct investment, exports, gross domestic product and the labor market in Puerto Rico

In this paper, a vector autorregresive model (VAR) is applied to examine the interrelationship among foreign direct investment, exports, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment rate and labor force participation rate in Puerto Rico, taking into account a time period that includes the fiscal years from 1980 to 2010 -- Four cointegrating vectors were found in the system which indicates that there is a long run relationship between the variables -- The findings suggest that consecutive increases in foreign direct investment inflows could significantly reduce the unemployment rate and increase interest in joining the labor force in Puerto Rico -- The same result also applies to increases in export levels -- The variations in Gross Domestic Product are mainly explained in the long run by the unemployment rate