Life cycle management of TVO nuclear power plant

Tämä diplomityö tutkii eri elinkaarihallinnan menetelmiä ja vertaa niitä TVO:n menetelmiin. Lisäksi TVO:n prosessin ongelmakohdat tunnistetaan ja niihin esitetään ratkaisuja. Vertailukohteina toimii ydinvoimateollisuuden lisäksi vesivoima, fossiiliset voimalaitokset sekä paperiteollisuus. Sähkön hinnan jatkaessa laskuaan on elinkaariajattelusta tullut ajankohtaista myös ydinvoimayhtiöille. Ydinvoimalaitoksien pitkän suunnitellun käyttöiän ansiosta laitoksen elinkaaren aikana voi tapahtua useita asioita, jotka vaikuttavat laitoksen investointitarpeisiin. Turvallisen sähköntuotannon varmistamiseksi eri laitososia on joko muokattava tai uusittava. Elinkaariajatteluun kuuluu tehokas laitoksen kunnon valvonta, laitoksen ikääntymiseen vaikuttavien ilmiöiden tunnistaminen, sekä ikääntymistä hillitsevien toimenpiteiden pitkän tähtäimen suunnittelu. Hyvällä ennakkosuunnittelulla pyritään varmistamaan se, että laitoksella voidaan tuottaa sähköä koko sen jäljellä olevan käyttöiän aikana. Kun tarpeiden tunnistus ja suunnittelu tehdään hyvissä ajoin mahdollistetaan myös investointien optimointi. Paras hyöty pyritään saamaan ajoittamalla oikeat investoinnit oikeaan aikaan.

Esimiestaitojen tärkeys, hallinta ja kehitystarpeet

This study examines the leadership skills in municipal organisation. The study reflects the manager views on leadership skills required. The purpose of this study was to reflect the most important leadership skills currently and in the future as well as the control of these skills. The study also examines the importance of the change and development needs of the leadership skills. In addition, the effect of background variables on evaluation of leadership skills were also examined. The quantitative research method was used in the study. The material was collected with the structured questionnaire from 324 Kotka city managers. SPSS-program was used to analyse the study material. Factor analysis was used as the main method for analysis. In addition, mean and standard deviations were used to better reflect the study results. Based on the study results, the most important leadership skills currently and in the future are associated with internet skills, work control, problem solving and human resource management skills. Managers expected the importance of leadership skills to grow in the future. Main growth is associated with the software utilisation, language skills, communication skills as well as financial leadership skills. Strongest competence according to managers is associated with the internet skills. Managers also considered to control well the skills related to employee know-how and manager networking. In addition, significant development needs are required in leadership skills. Main improvement areas were discovered in software utilisation, work control, human resource management skills as well as skills requiring problem solving. It should be noted that the main improvement areas appeared in the leadership skills that were evaluated as most important apart from software utilisation. Position, municipal segments and sex were observed to explain most of the deviation in received responses.

Lasten vaikeiden ja stressaavien tilanteiden hallinta yläkouluun siirtymisen vaiheessa

This study examined year seven students´ proactive coping, self-efficacy and social support seeking. Proactive coping was defined as a behaviour where obstacles are seen as a challenge. In proactive coping, individuals set goals, build up resources and regulate their behaviour to achieve the goals. Self-efficacy can be seen as people’s beliefs about their capabilities. Social support seeking was divided into instrumental support seeking and emotional support seeking. According to the theoretical frame of this study self-efficacy and social support seeking were seen as resources to proactive coping (Greenglass 2002). The participants were 445 year seven students (Mo= 13 years) from seven secondary schools. The data was collected in March-May 2008. The survey consisted 37 Likert-scaled items from the Proactive Coping Inventory and from the General Self-Efficacy Scale. The survey consisted of four scales: Proactive Coping, Instrumental Support Seeking, Emotional Support Seeking and General Self-Efficacy. The participants' age, gender and studying in specialist streams were asked as background information. As a result, most of the participants (62 % girls, 38 % boys) reported fairly strong proactive coping: they can see obstacles as a challenge and they set goals and regulate their behaviour to achieve the goals. Most of the participants reported that they seek instrumental and emotional support when having troubles. Girls reported more social support seeking than did boys and the mean difference was statistically significant. Most of the participants had fairly high sense of self-efficacy. However, 4 % of the participants reported that they don’t believe in their capabilities. Some of these participants reported that they neither use proactive coping nor seek informational or emotional support when having troubles. Proactive coping correlated positively with self-efficacy and with social support seeking. In this study self-efficacy and social support seeking explained 47 % of proactive coping. It was discussed that children’s high sense of self-efficacy and social relationships can act as protective factors in transition to secondary school. When supporting children’s self-efficacy and social relationships one also assists children’s proactive coping. Proactive coping can be seen to support children’s personal growth.

Monikulttuurisen akateemisen opetuksen hallinta

Starting point for the study was the notion made in previous studies that the Finnish educational practices are not sufficient in multicultural teaching. The main objective of the research was to find out good multicultural teaching practices developed by experienced teachers. The subject of the research was teachers narratives about the problems, solutions and the development of multicultural academic teaching. Previous research has shown that disturbances in multicultural activity can be caused among other things by cultural and linguistic differences, racism and prejudice and stress related to immigration. The management of multicultural teaching can be examined from the individual point of view as intercultural competence and from the collective point of view as management of the disturbances of multicultural teaching. The development of the management has been illustrated with the models of adaptation and transformative/expansive learning. The methodological approach of the research was narrative. I interviewed six teachers with narrative methods. Half of the interviews were pair interviews. As an analytical framework I used the basic story model by Labov (1972). I analysed critical incidents, resolutions and evaluations of the stories. According to the results the problems of the multicultural academic teaching are diverse. Most often mentioned problems were cultural differences and racism. Problems were managed by developing practices that support the multicultural activity broadly and by reacting to sudden problems intuitively or reflectively. In the management of the academic multicultural teaching the experienced teachers emphasised flexibility, group building and trust, intensified guidance, acting against racism and prejudice and characteristics of the teacher, like patience and sense of humour. The management of multicultural teaching has developed through the accumulation of intercultural experiences, reflection of experiences, cooperative problem solving, following the research of the field and experimenting different approaches. In accordance with the previous studies, this research showed that continuous learning is needed in the management of multicultural teaching. The results can be used in developing academic multicultural teaching and education.

Onnistuneen ikääntymisen ymmärrystä rakentamassa : Fysioterapeuttiopiskelijoiden oppiminen kestävää kehitystä edistävän kasvatuksen kehyksessä

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possibilities and interconnec-tions that exist concerning the relationship between the University of Applied Sci-ences and the Learning by Developing action model (LbD), on the one hand, and education for sustainable development and high-quality learning as a part of profes-sional competence development on the other. The research and learning environment was the Coping at Home research project and its Caring TV project, which provided the context of the Physiotherapy for Elderly People professional study unit. The re-searcher was a teacher and an evaluator of her own students learning. The aims of the study were to monitor and evaluate learning at the individual and group level using tools of high-quality learning − improved concept maps − related to understanding the projects core concept of successful ageing. Conceptions were evaluated through aspects of sustainable development and a conceptual basis of physiotherapy. As edu-cational research this was a multi-method case study design experiment. The three research questions were as follows. 1. What kind of individual conceptions and conceptual structures do students build concerning the concept of successful ageing? How many and what kind of concepts and propositions do they have a) before the study unit, b) after the study unit, c) after the social-knowledge building? 2. What kind of social-knowledge building exists? a) What kind of social learn-ing process exists? b) What kind of socially created concepts, propositions and conceptual structures do the students possess after the project? c) What kind of meaning does the social-knowledge building have at an individual level? 3. How do physiotherapy competences develop according to the results of the first and second research questions? The subjects were 22 female, third-year Bachelor of Physiotherapy students in Laurea University of Applied Sciences in Finland. Individual learning was evaluated in 12 of the 22 students. The data was collected as a part of the learning exercises of the Physiotherapy for Elderly People study unit, with improved concept maps both at individual and group levels. The students were divided into two social-knowledge building groups: the first group had 15 members and second 7 members. Each group created a group-level concept map on the theme of successful ageing. These face-to-face interactions were recorded with CMapTools and videotaped. The data consists of both individually produced concept maps and group-produced concept maps of the two groups and the videotaped material of these processes. The data analysis was carried out at the intersection of various research traditions. Individually produced data was analysed based on content analysis. Group-produced data was analysed based on content analysis and dialogue analysis. The data was also analysed by simple statistical analysis. In the individually produced improved concept maps the students conceptions were comprehensive, and the first concept maps were found to have many concepts unrelated to each other. The conceptual structures were between spoke structures and chain structures. Only a few professional concepts were evident. In the second indi-vidual improved concept maps the conception was more professional than earlier, particulary from the functional point of view. The conceptual structures mostly re-sembled spoke structures. After the second individual concept mapping social map-ping interventions were made in the two groups. After this, multidisciplinary concrete links were established between all concepts in almost all individual concept maps, and the interconnectedness of the concepts in different subject areas was thus understood. The conceptual structures were mainly net structures. The concepts in these individual concept maps were also found to be more professional and concrete than in the previ-ous concept maps of these subjects. In addition, the wider context dependency of the concepts was recognized in many individual concept maps. This implies a conceptual framework for specialists. The social-knowledge building was similar to a social learning process. Both socio-cultural processes and cognitive processes were found to develop students conceptual awareness and the ability to engage in intentional learning. In the knowl-edge-building process two aspects were found: knowledge creation and pedagogical action. The discussion during the concept-mapping process was similar to a shared thinking process. In visualising the process with CMapTools, students easily comple-mented each others thoughts and words, as if mutually telepathic . Synthesizing, supporting, asking and answering, peer teaching and counselling, tutoring, evaluating and arguing took place, and students were very active, self-directed and creative. It took hundreds of conversations before a common understanding could be found. The use of concept mapping in particular was very effective. The concepts in these group-produced concept maps were found to be professional, and values of sustainable development were observed. The results show the importance of developing the contents and objectives of the European Qualification Framework as well as education for sustainable development, especially in terms of the need for knowledge creation, global responsibility and systemic, holistic and critical thinking in order to develop clinical practice. Keywords: education for sustainable development, learning, knowledge building, improved concept map, conceptual structure, competence, successful ageing

Arjen hallinta kotitalouden toiminnan tavoitteena : Kotitalouden toiminnan filosofista ja teoreettista tarkastalua

The aim of this philosophical and theoretical study is to outline a conceptual framework, which could be used to describe the qualitative characteristics of household activities from a holistic point of view. The philosophical part of the study deals with ontological and epistemological approaches. Ontological questions of existence are based on the holistic notion of man. The epistemological approach to household activities is based on the Aristotelian concept of knowledge, according to which actions are viewed as being praxis and poiesis in type. The concept of rationality is essential. As a result of the study, concepts describing the qualitative contents of the concept of mastery of everyday life are presented. Mastery of everyday life describes an individual's understanding of how to act in a household and promote the common good. The qualitative dimensions are the aims of actions, knowledge that guides actions and interaction. From the standpoint of these dimensions, the development of mastery of everyday life means an increase in the individual's sense of responsibility, so that s/he is gradually able to deal responsibility with the whole household, the immediate environment and the surrounding community and society. The quality of interaction develops so that the significance of communicative interaction becomes central. There are three levels in the mastery of everyday life, which differ from one other in respect to the development of reflective thought and the scope of understanding. The whole conceptual framework will contribute to the study of both household activities and the teaching of home economics. Key words: holistic notion of man, rationality, interaction.

Kotiverkon tietoliikenneyhteyksien hallinta

Kulutuselektroniikka, matkapuhelin- ja tietotekniikka ovat viime vuosina lähentyneet toisiaan. Perinteisesti näitä tekniikoita vastaavat verkot, päätelaitteet ja sisältö ovat olleet erillisiä. Nykyään Internet-teknologia ja viestinnän digitalisoituminen yhdentää verkkoja. Palveluntarjoajat tuottavat sisältöä kasvavassa määrin digitaalisena. Päätelaitteetkin yhdentyvät. Esimerkiksi kannettavaa tietokonetta voidaan pitää matkapuhelimena tai televisiovastaanottimena, kun se on varustettu tarvittavalla laitteistolla ja ohjelmistolla. Sisältöjen, verkkojen ja päätelaitteiden yhdentyminen on saanut yhä useammat kuluttajat rakentamaan kotiverkkoja. Tutkielman tavoitteena on esitellä ja vertailla markkinoilla olevia laitteita ja ohjelmistoja, joiden avulla voidaan rakentaa toimiva kotiverkko. Kotiverkolla tarkoitetaan tässä tutkielmassa kodin sisäpuolista verkkoa, joka on liitetty toimivasti kodin ulkopuolisiin verkkoihin. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan ensin yleisimpiä lähiverkko- ja lyhyen kantaman verkkotekniikoita, joita käytetään kotiverkkoja rakennettaessa. Tämän jälkeen tarkastellaan joitakin väliohjelmistoratkaisuja, joilla voidaan hallita kotiverkon laitteiden vuorovaikutusta ja turvallisuutta. Lopuksi suunnitellaan konkreettinen kotiverkko. Käyttötilanteiden avulla havainnollistaan verkkotekniikoiden ja väliohjelmiston yhteistoimintaa tietoliikenteen hallinnassa.

Tosiaikainen tietovarastointi ja liiketoimintatiedon hallinta

Tosiaikainen tietovarasto on keskitetty tietokantajärjestelmä pehmeitä tosiaikaisia liiketoimintatiedon hallintasovelluksia varten. Näiden sovellusten perusvaatimuksena on tuoreen tiedon jatkuva saatavuus. Työssä käsitellään tosiaikaisen tietovaraston suunnittelua, tietovaraston jatkuvan ylläpidon eri vaiheita sekä näihin vaiheisiin soveltuvia menetelmiä. Tarkoitus on tuoda esiin kompromisseja, joita väistämättä joudutaan tekemään tietovaraston kyselytehokkuuden, viiveen ja jatkuvan saatavuuden välillä. Johtopäätöksenä suositellaan sitä suurempaa varovaisuutta mitä pienempiä viiveitä tavoitellaan. Liiketoimintatiedon hallintasovellusten tosiaikaisuus on ominaisuus, jota käyttäjät tavallisesti haluavat enemmän kuin tarvitsevat. Joissakin tapauksissa tosiaikaisuus on suorastaan haitallista. Mutta jos tosiaikainen tieto on välttämätöntä, samanaikaisia käyttäjiä on paljon, ja tarvittavat tiedot pitää yhdistää useasta lähdejärjestelmästä, niin tosiaikaiselle tietovarastoinnille ei ole kelvollista vaihtoehtoa. Tällöinkin riittää, että jatkuvasti ylläpidetään vain pientä osaa koko tietovarastosta.

Kansanterveysongelman synty : Tuberkuloosi ja terveyden hallinta Suomessa ennen toista maailmansotaa

The study focuses on the emergence of tuberculosis as a public health problem and the development of the various methods to counteract it in Finland before the introduction of efficient methods of treatment in the 1940s and 50s. It covers a time period from year 1882 when the tuberculosis bacterium was identified to the 1930s when the early formation of tuberculosis work became established in Finland. During this time there occurred important changes in medicine, public health thinking and methods of personal health care that have been referred to as the bacteriological revolution. The study places tuberculosis prevention in this context and shows how the tuberculosis problem affected the government of health on all these three dimensions. The study is based on foucauldian analytics of government, which is supplemented with perspectives from contemporary science and technology studies. In addition, it utilises a broad array of work in medical history. The central research materials consist of medical journals, official programs and documents on tuberculosis policy, and health education texts. The general conclusions of the study are twofold. Firstly, the ensemble of tuberculosis work was formed from historically diverse and often conflicting elements. The identification of the pathogen was only the first step in the establishment of tuberculosis as a major public health problem. Important were also the attention of the science of hygiene and statistical reasoning that dominated public health thinking in the late 19th century. Furthermore, the adoption of the bacteriological tuberculosis doctrine in medicine, public health work and health education was profoundly influenced by previous understanding of the nature of the illness, of medical work, of the prevention of contagious diseases, and of personal health care. Also the two central institutions of tuberculosis work, sanatorium and dispensary, have heterogeneous origins and multifarious functions. Secondly, bacteriology represented in this study by tuberculosis remodelled medical knowledge and practices, the targets and methods of public health policy, and the doctrine of personal health care. Tuberculosis provided a strong argument for specific causes (if not cures) as well as laboratory methods in medicine. Tuberculosis prevention contributed substantially to the development whereby a comprehensive responsibility for the health of the population and public health work was added to the agenda of the state. Health advice on tuberculosis and other contagious diseases used dangerous bacteria to motivate personal health care and redefined it as protecting oneself from the attacks of external pathogens and strengthening oneself against their effects. Thus, tuberculosis work is one important root for the contemporary public concern for the health of the population and the imperative of personal health care.

Kulutus, tieto, hallinta : Kulutuksen tilastoinnin muutokset 1900-luvun Suomessa

The aim of the study was to find out how the consumption of the population in Finland became a target of social interest and production of statistical data in the early 20th century, and what efforts have been made to influence consumption with social policy measures at different times. Questions concerning consumption are examined through the practices employed in the compilation of statistics on it. The interpretation framework in the study is Michael Foucault s perspective of modern liberal government. This mode of government is typified by pursuit of efficiency and search of equilibrium between economic government and a government of the processes of life. It shows aspirations towards both integration and individualisation. The government is based on freedom practices. It also implies knowledge-based ways of conceptualising reality. Statistical data are of specific significance in this context. The connection between the government of consumption and the compilation of statistics on it is studied through the theoretical, socio-political and statistical conceptualisation of consumption. The research material consisted of Finnish and international documentation on the compilation of statistics on consumption, publications of social programmes, and reports of studies on consumption. The analysis of the material focused especially on the problematisations related to consumption found in these documents and on changes in them over history. There have been both clearly observable changes and as well as historical stratification and diversity in the rationalities and practices of consumption government during the 20th century. Consumption has been influenced by pluralistic government, based at different times and in varying ways on the logics of solidarity and markets. The difference between these is that in the former risks are prepared for collectively while in the latter risks are individualised. Despite the differences, the characteristic that is common to these logics is certain kind of contractuality. They are both permeated by the household logic which differs from them in that it is based on the normative and ethical demands imposed on an individual. There has been a clear interactive connection between statistical data and consumption government. Statistical practices have followed changes in the way consumption has been conceptualised in society. This has been reflected in the statistical phenomena of interest, concepts, classifications and indicators. New ways of compiling statistics have in their turn shaped perceptions of reality. Statistical data have also facilitated a variety of rational calculations with which the consequences of the population s consumption habits have been evaluated at the levels of economy at large and individuals.

Suuttumuksen hallinta -toimintaohjelman toimivuus yhdyskuntaseuraamustyössä: ihanteiden suhde käytäntöihin

Tutkimuksen empiirisenä kohteena on Suuttumuksen hallinta -toimintaohjelma ja sen rooli väkivaltarikosten yhdyskuntaseuraamustyön kontekstissa. Suuttumuksen hallinnan tavoitteena on uusien väkivallantekojen vähentämiseen suuntautuvan muutoksen käynnistäminen ja tukeminen. Samalla toimintaohjelma tukee yhdyskuntaseuraamuksesta suoriutumista. Toimintaohjelma kestää 18 tuntia, ja se on suunnattu henkilöille, jotka kokevat vaikeuksia suuttumuksen tunteen hallinnassa ja loilla hallinnan menettäminen johtaa väkivaltaiseen käyttäytymiseen. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan laadullisin menetelmin Suuttumuksen hallinta -toimintaohjelman toimivuutta yhdyskuntaseuraamustyössä virkamiesten, ohjaajien ja osallistujien tulkitsemana. Tutkimuksen viitekehys on sidoksissa yhdyskuntaseuraamustyön menetelmiin ja linjauksiin. Toimintaohjelmaan osallistuminen voidaan määritellä oppimisen ja muutoksen mahdollisuuksien strukturoiduksi sarjaksi, jossa työskentelymenetelminä ovat What Works -viitekehyksen mukainen työskentely ja dialoginen menetelmä, joiden taustalla ovat kognitiivis-behavioraaliset mallit. Tutkimuksen teoreettista viitekehystä avatakseen tutkimuksessa kuvataan aluksi muutostyöskentelyn teoreettisia lähtökohtia. What Works -viitekehyksen ja suomalaisen toimintaohjelmatyön lähtökohtia on kartoitettu haastattelemalla kolmea asiantuntijaa, jotka työskentelivät rikosseuraamusalalla uudenlaisen toimintaohjelmatyön alkuvaiheen implementoinnin aikoihin. Tutkittavien kahden, Helsingissä ja Espoossa toteutetun, Suuttumuksen hallinta -toimintaohjelman neljää ohjaajaa on haastateltu, jotta toimintaohjelmiin päätyneiden osallistujien rekrytointiprosessi ja valikoitumiskriteerit avautuisivat. Helsingin ja Espoon toimintaohjelmiin osallistuneiden yhdeksän henkilön alku-ja loppuhaastattelut syventävät ihanteiden suhdetta arkisiin toteuttamiskäytäntöihin. Samalla ne asemoivat osallistujat ja heidän tilanteensa sekä ennen toimintaohjelmaa että sen jälkeen. Asiantuntijahaastatteluista käy ilmi, että uudenlaisen ohjelmatoiminnan alkuvaiheen implementointi ei edennyt systemaattisesti. Yksittäisten henkilöiden henkilökohtaisella panoksella uuden tutkimustiedon omaksumisessa oli vahva rooli alkuvaiheissa, ja tämän myötä ohjelmatoiminta vakiintui osaksi yhdyskuntaseuraamustyötä. Toimintaohjelmien ohjaajien haastatteluista käy ilmi, että on tärkeää panostaa sekä osallistujien rekrytointiin että ohjelman läpiviemiseen. Sekä Helsingissä että Espoossa ilmeni ongelmia osallistujien ryhmäytymisessä. Helsingissä ongelmaksi muodostuivat sekä rekrytointiprosessin aikataulu että osallistujien runsaat poissaolot. Espoossa puolestaan ryhmäläisten alhainen ikä tuotti vääränlaista ryhmäytymistä. Osallistujien haastattelujen perusteella ajattelun ja käyttäytymisen muuttuminen ohjelman myötä on ollut osallistujille henkilökohtainen prosessi. Useat haastateltavista ovat oman ilmoituksensa mukaan kokeneet hyötyneenä ohjelmasta jonkin verran. Haastattelujen mukaan ohjelma on voinut toimia muutoksen siemenenä, ja osallistujat ovat oppineet tunnistamaan niitä ajatusmalleja, jotka ovat aikaisemmin johtaneet väkivaltaiseen käyttäytymiseen.

Laajennetun lähettämön sisäisten materiaalivirtojen hallinta leipomoteollisuudessa

Työn tavoitteena on esitellä suunnitelma VAASAN Oy:n Vantaan leipomon laajennetun lähettämön materiaalivirtojen hallinasta. Suunnitelma pohjautuu laskelmiin, jotka sisältävät arviot lähettämön kasvavista materiaalivirroista sekä niiden vaikutuksista lähettämön toimintaan. Laskelmien pohjalta määritetään erikokoisten varastointialueiden sijoittelu, varastointikapasiteetit sekä kunkin alueen kuormittuneisuudet. Teoriaosuus käsittelee työn taustaksi keskeisimpiä teorioita materiaalivirtojen hallinnasta, layoutsuunnittelusta sekä lähettämön toiminnoista. Kunkin osa-alueen avulla voidaan vaikuttaa yrityksen materiaalivirtojen hallintaan. Teoriaosuutta koskevaa tietoa on hankittu logistiikan alan kirjallisuudesta, erilaisista tieteellisistä julkaisuista sekä verkkomateriaaleista. Empiirisessä osuudessa esitellään aluksi Vantaan leipomon lähettämön nykyinen toimintaperiaate. Tämän jälkeen arvioidaan laajennetun lähettämön kasvavia materiaalivirtoja. Työn tuloksena esitellään laskelmia apuna käyttäen suunnitelma laajennetun lähettämön materiaalivirtojen hallinnasta.