Bereden (beredskaps)väg för kvinnorna Lärarinneförbundet i krigets skugga. : En studie i folkskollärarinnornas fackliga och politiska aktivitet under be-redskapsåren 1940-1945

Denna studies syfte är att försöka kartlägga folkskollärarinnornas fackliga och politiska akti-vitet under andra världskrigets beredskapsår i Sverige, samt belysa flera av de problem 40-talets kvinnoorganisationer stod inför. Det empiriska matrealet har i huvudsak bestått av utvalda artiklar, annonser och notiser i folk-skollärarinnornas fackliga tidningsorgan Lärarinneförbundet (LF). Resultatet presenteras te-matiskt samt i tabellform. De kvinnliga folkskollärarnas ambition under beredskapsåren var att förbereda en evig världs-fred, misstagen från första världskriget fick inte upprepas. Då var de, så att säga, tagna på sängen vid krigsutbrottet. Denna gång var de förberedda och inte minst, redan organiserade. Bereden väg för Herran har i denna studie, i jämställdhetens namn ändrats till Bereden väg för Kvinnan, med tanke på att dessa fackligt aktiva pionjärkvinnor i mångt och mycket, be-redde väg för kommande generationer av yrkeskvinnor

Sociologin i Grekland : från 1907 fram till Metaxas-diktaturen (1936–1940) och andra världskriget

Sociology in Greece from 1907 to the Metaxas dictatorship (1936–40) and the Second World War This paper focuses on pre-conditions for sociology to develop and the subject matters of emerging sociology in Greece. Pre-conditions were at hand but without continuity, and the opportunity for sociology to develop was lost. Sociology is said to have started in 1907 with the book The Social Question by Georgos Skliros. He presented sociology and Marxism as identical and deals with Greek society and (among other things) the language issue, all of which triggered off a vibrant debate. Sociological associations and journals were started. However, the initially reformist perspective of social science was gradually replaced by an approach that was more socio-philosophical, influenced by classical sociology, German sociology in particular. This turn was associated with the institutionalization of sociology at the universities during the 1920’s. The Metaxas dictatorship in 1936 put a stop to any further development of sociology for a long time.

I fredlig hamn : Hur en fredlig hamn påverkades under en fientlig tid: Gävle Hamn under andra världskriget 1939-1945

Gävle hamn under andra världskriget är ett tidigare outforskat område. I denna uppsats undersöks hur hamnens verksamhet samt ekonomi påverkades under krigsåren 1939-1945. Uppsatsen fokuserar på stuveriarbetarförbundet samt den kommunala hamnstyrelsen. Vidare så undersöks huruvida det fanns dokumenterade åsikter angående Nazityskland och eventuella moraliska dilemman som uppstod i samband med handeln mellan Gävle hamn och Nazityskland. Resultatet visar att Nazitysklands ockupation av Danmark och Norge, samt spärren i Skagerack, som innebar ett stop för sjöfart mellan Östersjön och Atlanten, påverkade Gävle hamns verksamhet i stor utsträckning. Detta ledde till att Nazityskland var den enda möjliga stora handelspartnern för svenska Östersjöhamnar, vilket innebar att ekonomin och verksamheten i Gävle hamn upplevde störst nedgång efter att Nazitysklands krigslycka hade vänt. Dokumenterad kritik från stuveriarbetarförbundet mot Nazityskland var sparsam till mängden, men ökade något mot slutet av kriget.

Historiebruk kring Nådendal : och den kommemorativa anatomin av klostrets minnesplats

This thesis examines the ruins of the medieval Bridgettine (Birgittan) monastery of Naantali (Vallis Gratiae, f. 1443) in Finland and the transformation of the site into a national heritage and a memory landscape. It was archaeologically surveyed in the 19th century by Professor Sven Gabriel Elmgren (1817 1897). His work was followed by Dr. Reinhold Hausen (1850 1942), who excavated the site in the 1870s. During this time the memories of Saint Bridget (Birgitta) in Sweden were also invented as heritage. Hausen published his results in 1922 thus forming the connection with the next generation of actors involved with the Naantali site: the magnate Amos Anderson (1878 1961), the teacher Julius Finnberg (1877 1955) and the archaeologist Juhani Rinne (1872 1950). They erected commemorative monuments etc. on the Naantali site, thus creating a memory landscape there. For them, the site represented the good homeland in connection with a western-oriented view of the history of Finland. The network of actors was connected to the Swedish researchers and so-called Birgitta Friends, such as state antiquarian Sigurd Curman (1879 1966), but also to the members of the Societas Sanctae Birgittae and the Society for the Embellishment of Pirita, among others. Historical jubilees as manifestations of the use of history were also arranged in Naantali in 1943, 1993 and 2003. It seems as if Naantali is needed in Finnish history from time to time after a period of crisis, i.e. after the Crimean War in the 1850s, the civil war of 1918, during World War II and also after the economic crisis of the early 1990s. In 2003, there was a stronger focus on the international Saint Bridget Jubilee in Sweden and all over Europe. Methodologically, the thesis belongs to the history of ideas, but also to research on the use of history, invented traditions and lieux de mémoire. The material for the work consists of public articles and scholarly texts in books or newspapers and letters produced by the actors and kept in archives in Finland, Sweden and Estonia, in addition to pictures and erected commemorative monuments in situ in the Western Finnish region. Keywords: Nådendal, Naantali monastery, Bridgettines, St. Bridget, use of history, lieux de mémoire, invented traditions, commemorative anatomy, memory landscape, Saint Bridget jubilees , S. G. Elmgren, R. Hausen, A. Anderson, J. Finnberg, J. Rinne, S. Curman, High Church Movement, Pirita, Vadstena.

Wipert von Blücher und Finnland : Alternativpolitik und Diplomatie im 'Dritten Reich'

This dissertation explores the role of the German minister to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher (1883-1963), within the German-Finnish relations of the late 1930s and the Second World War. Blücher was a key figure – and certainly one of the constants – within German Finland policy and the complex international diplomacy surrounding Finland. Despite representing Hitler’s Germany, he was not a National Socialist in the narrower sense of the term, but a conservative civil servant in the Wilhelmine tradition of the German foreign service. Along with a significant number of career diplomats, Blücher attempted to restrict National Socialist influence on the exercise of German foreign policy, whilst successfully negotiating a modus vivendi with the new regime. The study of his political biography in the Third Reich hence provides a highly representative example of how the traditional élites of Germany were caught in an cycle of conformity and, albeit tacit, opposition. Above all, however, the biographical study of Blücher and his behaviour offers an hitherto unexplored approach to the history of the German-Finnish relations. His unusually long tenure in Helsinki covered the period leading up to the so-called Winter War, which left Blücher severely distraught by Berlin’s effectively pro-Soviet neutrality and brought him close to resigning his post. It further extended to the German-Finnish rapprochement of 1940/41 and the military cooperation of both countries from mid-1941 to 1944. Throughout, Blücher developed a diverse and ambitious set of policy schemes, largely rooted in the tradition of Wilhelmine foreign policy. In their moderation and commonsensical realism, his designs – indeed his entire conception of foreign policy – clashed with the foreign political and ideological premises of the National Socialist regime. In its theoretical grounding, the analysis of Blücher’s political schemes is built on the concept of alternative policy and indebted to A.J.P. Taylor’s definition of dissent in foreign policy. It furthermore rests upon the assumption, introduced by Wolfgang Michalka, that National Socialist foreign policy was dominated by a plurality of rival conceptions, players, and institutions competing for Hitler’s favour (‘Konzeptionen-Pluralismus’). Although primarily a study in the history of international relations, my research has substantially benefited from more recent developments within cultural history, particularly research on nobility and élites, and the renewed focus on autobiography and conceptions of the self. On an abstract level, the thesis touches upon some of the basic components of German politics, political culture, and foreign policy in the first half of the 20th century: national belonging and conflicting loyalties, self-perception and representation, élites and their management of power, the modern history of German conservatism, the nature and practice of diplomacy, and, finally, the intricate relationship between the ethics of the professional civil service and absolute moral principles. Against this backdrop, the examination of Blücher’s role both within Finnish politics and the foreign policy of the Third Reich highlights the biographical dimension of the German-Finnish relationships, while fathoming the determinants of individual human agency in the process.

Makt, konst, elit - konstfältets positioner, relationer och resurser i 1940- och 1950-talens Helsingfors

The dissertation examines the power mechanisms and institutional power hierarchies of the 1940s-1950s era arts elite in Helsinki and their influence on issues of taste in the visual arts. For the purposes of this study, the elite is understood to consist mainly of the board members of the principal elected bodies in the field of the arts. The theoretical framework employed is based on Pierre Bourdieu s field theory and the network perspective. The author has examined what the key, pervasive valuations were that governed the exercising of power by the arts elite in issues of taste, involving determination of who was an acknowledged artist and what was good art. The dissertation demonstrates that this exercising of power was governed by certain collective practices which maintained the illusion that the exercising of power was democratic and based on artistic quality. These practices were the corporate system, using artistic arguments in issues of taste, and using networks in the exercising of power. The struggle in the field of the arts was about who ultimately was entitled to define the value of contemporary art; the issue did not arise regarding historical art. Artists managed to gain a leading position as gatekeepers in issues regarding contemporary art. The author discusses a number of conflicts in the field of the arts that highlight the institutional hierarchies and the capital held by the various players. The structural changes that occurred in administration in the field of cultural production in the 1950s led to the separation of bureaucratic competence on the one hand and aesthetic competence on the other. There was a hierarchy in the field of the arts between institutions, between instruments of legitimisation, and between the symbolic and social capital of players in the field. The hierarchy in the arts ultimately depended on how well the elite could influence tastes through the instruments at their disposal. The various instruments of legitimisation grants, purchases, etc. were ranked differently in the evaluation of acknowledged artists and good art. The dissertation discusses what values, in the form of types of symbolic capital, the arts elite embraced and what role these played in the elite s exercising of power, with particular focus on gender, language, region and economic capital. The aesthetic capital of an artist was of only minor importance in the exercising of power by the arts elite. The dissertation further discusses the points of contact between the arts elite and players in other fields, such as the economic, media and consumer fields. When the arts elite, through the Academy of Fine Arts, became an active player in the art market, this led to a hierarchy where the division between acknowledged and not-acknowledged galleries became sharper.

Deutschland, Deutschland über alles : Tysk föreningsverksamhet i Finland och Sverige 1910-1950

The voluntary associations dealt with in this dissertation were ethnic clubs and societies promoting the interests of German immigrants in Finland and Sweden. The associations were founded at the end of the 19th century as well as at the beginning of the 20th century during a time in which migration was high, the civil society grew rapidly and nationalism flourished. The work includes over 70 different associations in Finland and Sweden with a number of members ranging from ten to at most 2, 500. The largest and most important associations were situated in Helsinki and Stockholm where also most of the German immigrants lived. The main aim of this work is to explore to what extent and how the changes in government in Germany during 1910 to 1950 were reflected in the structures and participants, financial resources and meeting places, networks and activities of the German associations in Finland and Sweden. The study also deals with how a collective German national identity was created within the German associations. The period between 1910 and 1950 has been described by Hobsbawm as the apogee of nationalism. Nationalism and transnationalism are therefore key elements in the work. Additionally the research deals with theories about associations, networking and identity. The analysis is mostly based on minutes of meetings, descriptions of festivities, annual reports and historical outlines about the associations. Archival sources from the German legations, the German Foreign Office, and Finnish and Swedish officials such as the police and the Foreign Offices are also used. The study shows that the collective national identity in the associations during the Weimar Republic mostly went back to the time of the Wilhelmine Empire. It is argued that this fact, the cultural propaganda and the aims of the Weimar Republic to strengthen the contacts between Germany and the German associations abroad, and the role of the German legations and envoys finally helped the small groups of NSDAP to infiltrate, systematically coordinate and finally centralize the German associational life in Finland and Sweden. The Gleichschaltung did not go as smoothly as the party wanted, though. There was a small but consistent opposition that continued to exist in Finland until 1941 and in Sweden until 1945. The collective national identity was displayed much more in Sweden than in Finland, where the associations kept a lower profile. The reasons for the profile differences can be found in the smaller number of German immigrants in Finland and the greater German propaganda in Sweden, but also in the Finnish association act from 1919 and the changes in it during the 1920s and 1930s. Finally, the research shows how the loss of two world wars influenced the associations. It argues that 1918 made the German associations more vulnerable to influence from Germany, whereas 1945 brought the associational life back to where it once started as welfare, recreational and school associations.

Lojalitet eller kriminalitet? : Ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka omfattningen av och karaktären på ransoneringsbrottsligheten i Sandviken/Högbo under åren 1939-1949 samt myndigheternas försök att stävja denna brottslighet. Det ska främst uppnås genom att studera den rannsakade ransonerings-brottsligheten som det framkommer i domböckerna.Materialet som använts i undersökningen är domböcker för Gästriklands östra domsaga, protokoll från Högbo kommuns och Sandvikens köpings kristidsnämnd, ett klipparkiv med pressklipp från lokaltidningarna samt ett brottmålsdiarium för Sandvikens distrikt.Resultatet är att det föll 119 st fällande domar för ransoneringsbrott i Sandviken/Högbo under de undersökta åren, de flesta sakfällda brotten begicks under åren 1944-45. Den övervägande delen av brotten handlade om olika varubrott, i regel olaga försäljning/köp av ransonerade varor. De varor som framförallt drabbades av olika brott var olika former av livsmedel, främst smör. De som framförallt begick ransoneringsbrotten var personer som på något sätt hanterade ransonerade varor eller ransoneringskuponger i sitt yrke. Påföljderna för ransoneringsbrotten var i regel dagsböter, vilka oftast låg på två normala dagslöner, varvid det märktes att myndigheterna försökte stävja denna brottslighet. Endast fem personer dömdes till fängelse eller straffarbete under de undersökta åren. Karaktären på brottsligheten var att den främst verkade drivas av vinstintressen eller bekvämlighet.

Med hängslen & livrem : Rusthåll för Finlandskämpar i Finskt vinterkrig, 1939-1940

Jag har i denna uppsats undersökt Rusthållningsrörelsen som den förekom under det finska vinterkriget. Jag har forskat kring hur utbredningen av denna rörelse sett ut och kommit fram till att organisationen var rikstäckande – om än ej helt homogen! Rusthållen bildades för att ge ekonomiskt bistånd till svenskar från regionen som åkte över till Finland för att strida sida vid sida med våra finska ”bröder”. En tid efter det att de lokala rusthållen bildats grundades Centrala Rusthållet. Centrala Rusthållets målsättning var att skapa en likformighet i de utbetalade ekonomiska understöden, samt att kunna verka som ett stöd på de orter och i de regioner där det inte fanns några lokala eller regionala rusthåll. Den lokala föreningen betalade ut pengar både till de frivilligas anhöriga och direkt till de frivilliga som kompensation för bland annat förstörda kläder. I uppsatsen har jag granskat ett lokalt Rusthåll vid namn Strängnäs-Mariefredsortens Rusthåll för Finlandskämpar. I denna förening har jag kommit fram till att det finns en socioekonomisk bredd bland den anslutna medlemspopulationen. Jag har kommit fram till detta genom att dela in medlemmarnas yrken i grupper så som kyrka, vård och skola etcetera. Jag har även, för att styrka detta, letat upp medlemmarna i 1940 års taxeringslängd och där hittat en väldigt stor spridning på inkomstnivåerna bland de enskilda medlemmarna. Vidare har jag kunnat konstatera att denna förening till största delen består av män. Det går därför att hävda att den lokala föreningen i Strängnäs-Mariefred har en könstendens. En tendens som understryks av de facto att föreningens styrelse enbart består av män!

Den Svenska Norgehjälpen i Grängesberg och Tunabygden

Den Svenska Norgehjälpen bildades den 31 augusti 1942. Under de följande tre åren inrättades ett 700-tal lokalkommittéer runt om i landet, däribland Tunabygdens Norgekommitté samt Grängesbergs Norgekommitté. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka de två organisationerna, samt även aktiviteterna kring dess närområde. Materialet till denna uppsats är hämtat från de lokala kommittéernas arkiv samt från de tre dalatidningarna; Dalademokraten, Falukuriren samt Borlänge tidning. Det totala värdet av insamlade medel i Grängesberg uppgick till ungefär 60 000 kronor i kontanta medel, för Tunabygdens Norgekommitté uppgick värdet till ungefär 109 000 kronor. I båda fall tillkom även husgeråd, klädinsamlingar samt livsmedel. Tidningsundersökningen begränsades att innefatta de annonser, artiklar samt notiser vilka berört insamlingar, evenemang och aktiviteter kring Norges nationaldag den 17 maj, mellan åren 1942-1945. Resultatet från denna vittnade om ett utbrett stöd för den svenska Norgehjälpen och Norge för övrigt. Av de tre tidningarna var det tidningen Dalademokraten som innehöll mest information och upplysning om läget i Norge. Perioden mellan den 9e och 21 maj, mellan åren 1942-1945 förekom det sammanlagt 63 stycken notiser, 80 stycken artiklar samt 43 stycken annonser med avsändare samt totalt 9 stycken annonser som saknade avsändare.

Det röda spöket : en analys av valfilmer och valmanifest inför det svenska riksdagsvalet 1948

Undersökningen syftar till att granska Högerns, Socialdemokraternas, Bondeförbundets och Folkpartiets strategier gentemot kommunisterna inför riksdagsvalet 1948. Detta görs genom en retorisk analys av negativt kampanjande i partiernas valfilmer, men också genom att granska negativ retorik i deras valmanifest. År 1948 valdes eftersom det var en uttalad unik valrörelse, mycket på grund av att det fanns djupa konfliktlinjer i den nationella såväl som den internationella politiken. Det var också det första valet efter andra världskriget. En av studiens slutsatser är att samtliga partier framställde kommunisterna som ett hot i det under-sökta källmaterialet, men Socialdemokraterna kritiserades vid flest tillfällen. Resultatet visar också att den negativa retoriken i valmanifesten inte alltid överensstämmer med valfilmernas innehåll. Studien visar även att Socialdemokraternas valfilm var den enda som inte innehöll tydlig kritik riktat mot kommunisterna, vilket kan tyda på ett ambivalent förhållningssätt. Par-tierna använde framför allt logos och pathos för att övertyga väljarna, varav den sistnämnda ges utrymme att användas i film. Två av partierna, Högern och Bondeförbundet, kan ha haft en medveten strategi att försöka övertala unga människor att inte rösta på kommunisterna. Till sist, kommunisterna var enkla att kritisera eftersom de var en del av en större rörelse och kunde därför förknippas med Sovjetunionens handlingar.

Högstadieungdomar skriver historia på bloggen : undervisning, literacy och historiemedvetande i ett nytt medielandskap

The purpose of this thesis is to study the literacy formed when a class blog is used as a tool for students studying history and explore how this particular literacy is used to generate historical knowledge. The study was conducted during the course of a project in which ninth-grade students contributed entries to a common blog in the form of a diary written by individuals who experienced the Second World War. Its three major objectives were to study the students' perception of the blog in relation to their gender and level of historical knowledge; how they and their teacher esta-blished and used the formed literacy; and how the students related to this in the production of historical knowledge. In analyzing the results, a concept of literacy was used based on seven writing practices all linked to the new medium and history education. The study was based on a questionnaire, interviews and various student texts. In order to perform a content analysis on the study results a theoretical frame­work for historical conscious-ness was included. The results show that in using the writing practices a literacy character­ized by colla-borative authorship was formed. The study concludes that this affects both what and how the students learn. Together they show each other that history is comprised of many small stories, not necessarily strictly co­herent with the general history as told by their textbooks. Examining the students’ blog entries made a new learning process visible that enabled the enhancement of their historical consciousness.  

Testa din inlärningsstil : En utredning om VAK i undervisning av det andra inhemska språket

This thesis is an investigation of the significance of VAK, i.e. the visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learning styles, for language education. The research part evaluates the predictive validity of a VAK test commonly used in Finnish education. The results of the test were compared, respectively, with the results of a visual, an auditory and a kinaesthetic word test. 62 dyslexic language leaners participated in the tests. There was no statistically significant link between the results of the VAK test and the word tests. On the grounds of a voluntary questionnaire, most of the students did however consider it important that they are taught according to their personal learning style: visual, auditory or kinaesthetic. One of the goals of the study was to investigate the theoretical background of VAK. VAK does not seem to have a consistent theoretical basis, but combines various elements such as NLP pedagogy and Dunn's and Prashnig's learning style models that have previously been sharply criticized by scholars. The study leaves it open whether individual learning styles do exist, and how they could be diagnosed.

Stor Anna, Liten Anna och tio andra personporträtt : Om innehållsliga och språkliga mönster i en mediegenres kvinnobeskrivningar

The aim of this licentiate thesis is to analyse how femininity is constructed in twelve portrait interviews of women in the dailies Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm) and Hufvudstadsbladet (Helsinki) in September 1996, and to explore the portrait interview as a media genre. The qualitative analysis has a feminist and constructionist perspective and is connected to critical text analysis. It was carried out on two levels: first, femininity is identified on the linguistic level by choice of words, and second on the level of content (topical motifs/themes). The portrait interview as a genre constitutes a third dimension in the analysis: The aim is not towards the identification of femininity, but rather towards the identification of the portrait interview a relatively unexplored media genre. References (Swedish: omtal) to the principal character (or protagonist) are traced mainly through reference chains which consist of names, pronouns and substantive phrases. The interviewees were referred to by their full names in Dagens Nyheter (with the exception of the oldest and youngest interviewees, both of whom were mainly referred to by their first names), while the style of reference varied more in Hufvudstadsbladet. The position of the principal character was also analysed through her relation in the text to minor characters from her working life and from her private life. These minor characters maintained their subordinate positions in all of the portraits except that of the youngest principal character, in which the subsidiary voices became at least as strong as the voice of the principal character. Three frequently-recurring topical motifs occurred in the portraits: The first involved explanations for the principal character s success divided into three categories, agent, affect and ambition, the second concerned using journeys or trips as symbols for turning points in life, and the third referred to the ambiguity in the contradiction between private (family/other private life) and public (work) life. This ambiguity is connected to the portrait interview as a text type (genre) which features conclusions at the end of portraits, which in turn is characteristic of reportage. However, the analysis showed that the conclusions of the portrait interviews often also included elements of ambiguity. This was evident in the contradictions be14 tween private and public life that arose in the portrait interviews that focused on these two spheres. The portraits that focused on the principal character s public life showed ambiguity on a more general level concerning questions about being a woman and having a profession, and they often ended with a description of some details of her private life. The women in the portraits were all constructed as being successful, in terms of having achieved direct success, reflective success or success in the form of life wisdom. The women of direct success were described as ambitious individuals with no sidetracks on their life paths, while those of reflective success were described as active heroines who had received help from different agents, who could use their affects as enriching ingredients in life, but who in the end had control over their own lives (life stories). The elderly women were constructed as having achieved life wisdom and their portraits were focused upon the past. The portrait interview as a genre is characterised by journalistic freedom (in relation to the more strict news genre), by a now room (Swedish nurum ) where the journalist meets the principal character (usually via spoken dialogue that she or he transforms into written text to be read by a mass-media audience) and by the relatively closed structure of the portrait. The portrait is relatively independent in relation to the news genre and in relation to the context of what has previously been written, what is being written at the time and what will be written in the future the principal character does not need to belong to the newspaper s usual gallery of actors. Furthermore, the principal character is constructed as being independent in relation to the subsidiary characters and other media actors. The conflict is within the principal character herself and within her life story, unlike the news genre in which equal actors are in conflict with each other. The portrait is also independent in relation to the news lifespan; the publishing timetable is not as strict as in the news genre, but is still dependent on the factors initiating the portrait. The enclosures consist of a raw analysis of two of twelve portrait interviews and of copies of all portraits.