892 resultados para Diagnostic reasoning


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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

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An efficient expert system for the power transformer condition assessment is presented in this paper. Through the application of Duval`s triangle and the method of the gas ratios a first assessment of the transformer condition is obtained in the form of a dissolved gas analysis (DGA) diagnosis according IEC 60599. As a second step, a knowledge mining procedure is performed, by conducting surveys whose results are fed into a first Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (T2-FLS), in order to initially evaluate the condition of the equipment taking only the results of dissolved gas analysis into account. The output of this first T2-FLS is used as the input of a second T2-FLS, which additionally weighs up the condition of the paper-oil system. The output of this last T2-FLS is given in terms of words easily understandable by the maintenance personnel. The proposed assessing methodology has been validated for several cases of transformers in service. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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OBJECTIVE Identify resources that support learning mediated by technology in the field of neonatal nursing. METHOD Systematic review with searches conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO. Titles and abstracts were independently evaluated by two experts. RESULTS Of the 2,051 references, 203 full-text articles were analyzed, resulting in the inclusion of nine studies on semiotics and semiology, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, general aspects of neonatal care, diagnostic reasoning and assessment of pain. Only two articles addressed the development of educational strategies and seven papers described the assessment of these strategies by experts and/or users. CONCLUSION Distance education is an important resource for education, and its improvement and updating, and it particularly adds advantages for neonatal nursing by approximating teaching and real-life situations and by minimizing the exposure of newborns for teaching purposes. The lack of educational initiatives mediated by technology suggests the need for the development, evaluation and dissemination of educational resources focused on nursing care of newborns and their families.

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Antecedentes: Cada vez es mayor la relevancia que se da al papel del residente como docente, no solo por su importancia en la formación de estudiantes, internos y otros miembros del equipo de salud, sino por su deber en la instrucción del paciente y su familia. A pesar de ello, el rol del residente como docente no se encuentra plenamente definido en nuestro medio. Objetivo: Caracterizar el rol de los residentes de Medicina Interna de la Universidad el Rosario en la Fundación Cardioinfantil como docentes. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo a partir de observaciones en escenarios de enseñanza y entrevistas semiestructuradas a 44 participantes distribuidos en grupos focales Resultados: Los residentes asumen un rol docente en diversos escenarios educativos con estudiantes, internos, residentes y docentes. Reconocen que no tienen la preparación necesaria para asumir esta responsabilidad ni funciones establecidas para tal fin. A pesar de esto, utilizan diferentes estrategias para enseñar y se sienten motivados para hacerlo. Conclusiones: El rol del residente como docente en el servicio de Medicina Interna en la Fundación Cardioinfantil es fundamental para la formación de los futuros médicos y especialistas según la percepción que tienen los grupos focales. Los encuentros pedagógicos están enmarcados por la disponibilidad de tiempo y dependen de características personales del residente, conocimiento disciplinar y formación para enseñar. Se considera que se debe apoyar más el entrenamiento en docencia de los residentes, avanzar en la formalización de las funciones docentes de los mismos y generar sistemas de evaluación de este proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

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Introducción: La atención de calidad en urgencias sólo es posible si los médicos han recibido una enseñanza de alta calidad. La escala PHEEM (Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure) es un instrumento válido y fiable, utilizado internacionalmente para medir el entorno educativo, en la formación médica de posgrado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal que utilizó la escala PHEEM versión en español para conocer el entorno educativo de los programas de urgencias. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach se calculó para determinar la consistencia interna. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva a nivel global, por categorías e ítems de la escala PHEEM y se compararon resultados por sexo, año de residencia y programa. Resultados: 94 (94%) residentes llenaron el cuestionario. La puntuación media de la escala PHEEM fue 93,91 ± 23,71 (58,1% de la puntuación máxima) que se considera un ambiente educativo más positivo que negativo, pero con margen de mejora. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la percepción del ambiente educativo entre los programas de residencia (p =0,01). El instrumento es altamente confiable (alfa de Cronbach = 0,952). La barrera más frecuente en la enseñanza fue el hacinamiento y la evaluación fue percibida con el propósito de cumplir normas. Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio aportaron evidencia sobre la validez interna de la escala PHEEM en el contexto colombiano. Este estudio demostró cómo la medición del ambiente educativo en una especialidad médico-quirúrgica, con el uso de una herramienta cuantitativa, puede proporcionar información en relación a las fortalezas y debilidades de los programas.

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OBJETIVOS:traduzir e adaptar culturalmente para a língua portuguesa do Brasil o modelo Developing Nurses' Thinking, utilizado como estratégia ao ensino do raciocínio clínico.MÉTODO:a tradução e adaptação cultural foi realizada por meio de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste com 33 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem.RESULTADOS:as etapas de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções e retrotradução foram realizadas a contento, havendo a necessidade de pequenos ajustes. Na avaliação pelo comitê de especialistas da versão traduzida, todos os itens obtiveram concordância superior a 80% na primeira rodada de avaliação e no pré-teste com os estudantes. O modelo mostrou-se adequado à sua finalidade.CONCLUSÃO:recomenda-se o uso do modelo como uma estratégia complementar ao ensino do raciocínio diagnóstico, visando a formação de enfermeiros mais conscientes sobre a tarefa diagnóstica e a importância da segurança do paciente.

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O ensino dos processos de julgamento clínico e de raciocínio diagnóstico para estudantes de enfermagem torna-se cada vez mais importante para a qualificação dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem e alcance do compromisso com a formação clínica por excelência do enfermeiro, em uma realidade de saúde cada vez mais complexa. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar o julgamento clínico e o raciocínio diagnóstico de estudantes de enfermagem, correlacionar estes dois processos e identificar diferenças entre estudantes da fase intermediária e os concluintes do curso, de uma Escola do interior paulista. Para avaliar o julgamento clínico, construímos um cenário de simulação clínica de alta-fidelidade, representando uma paciente com anemia falciforme em crise de dor e, ainda, traduzimos e adaptamos à cultura brasileira o instrumento Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LASATER, 2007); para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico, utilizamos o instrumento já adaptado por Rodrigues (2012) denominado de Inventário de Raciocínio Diagnóstico (BORDAGE; GRANT; MARSDEN, 1990). Os resultados demonstraram que os estudantes de enfermagem apresentaram, predominantemente, nível Proficiente na maioria das dimensões de julgamento clínico (66,7% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte e 56,5% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário). Já para o raciocínio diagnóstico, a maioria dos estudantes foi considerada com ampla habilidade para realizar diagnósticos de enfermagem (91,3% dos estudantes do grupo intermediário e 83,4% dos estudantes do grupo concluinte). Destaca-se que dos concluintes 11,1% apresentaram habilidade máxima. Os estudantes do último ano de graduação em enfermagem apresentaram desempenho superior na fase de interpretação do julgamento clínico (p=0,021). Não se observou diferença entre os grupos para o raciocínio diagnóstico (p=0,334). Houve moderada correlação entre julgamento clínico e raciocínio diagnóstico; e ainda, a fase de reconhecimento do julgamento clínico apresentou-se moderadamente correlacionada ao processo de raciocínio diagnóstico. Considerando que o raciocínio diagnóstico está presente no processo de julgamento clínico, principalmente no momento da investigação do caso clínico (fase Reconhecimento do julgamento clínico) e que as habilidades de raciocinio diagnóstico se manifestam predominantemente nesta fase, a compreensão e o desenvolvimento destes processos pelos estudantes devem ser valorizados nos currículos de graduação em enfermagem

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Physician training has greatly benefitted from insights gained in understanding the manner in which experts search medical images for abnormalities. The aims of this study were to compare the search patterns of 30 fourth-year dental students and 15 certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) over panoramic images and to determine the most robust variables for future studies involving image visualization. Eye tracking was used to capture the eye movement patterns of both subject groups when examining 20 panoramic images classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal images were further subclassified as having an obvious, intermediate, or subtle abnormality. The images were presented in random order to each participant, and data were collected on duration of the participants’ observations and total distance tracked, time to first eye fixation, and total duration and numbers of fixations on and off the area of interest (AOI). The results showed that the OMRs covered greater distances than the dental students (p<0.001) for normal images. For images of pathosis, the OMRs required less total time (p<0.001), made fewer eye fixations (p<0.01) with fewer saccades (p<0.001) than the students, and required less time before making the first fixation on the AOI (p<0.01). Furthermore, the OMRs covered less distance (p<0.001) than the dental students for obvious pathoses. For investigations of images of pathosis, time to first fixation is a robust parameter in predicting ability. For images with different levels of subtlety of pathoses, the number of fixations, total time spent, and numbers of revisits are important parameters to analyze when comparing observer groups with different levels of experience.

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Physician training has greatly benefitted from insights gained in understanding the manner in which experts search medical images for abnormalities. The aims of this study were to compare the search patterns of 30 fourth-year dental students and 15 certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) over panoramic images and to determine the most robust variables for future studies involving image visualization. Eye tracking was used to capture the eye movement patterns of both subject groups when examining 20 panoramic images classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal images were further subclassified as having an obvious, intermediate, or subtle abnormality. The images were presented in random order to each participant, and data were collected on duration of the participants’ observations and total distance tracked, time to first eye fixation, and total duration and numbers of fixations on and off the area of interest (AOI). The results showed that the OMRs covered greater distances than the dental students (p<0.001) for normal images. For images of pathosis, the OMRs required less total time (p<0.001), made fewer eye fixations (p<0.01) with fewer saccades (p<0.001) than the students, and required less time before making the first fixation on the AOI (p<0.01). Furthermore, the OMRs covered less distance (p<0.001) than the dental students for obvious pathoses. For investigations of images of pathosis, time to first fixation is a robust parameter in predicting ability. For images with different levels of subtlety of pathoses, the number of fixations, total time spent, and numbers of revisits are important parameters to analyze when comparing observer groups with different levels of experience.

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Growth of complexity and functional importance of integrated navigation systems (INS) leads to high losses at the equipment refusals. The paper is devoted to the INS diagnosis system development, allowing identifying the cause of malfunction. The proposed solutions permit taking into account any changes in sensors dynamic and accuracy characteristics by means of the appropriate error models coefficients. Under actual conditions of INS operation, the determination of current values of the sensor models and estimation filter parameters rely on identification procedures. The results of full-scale experiments are given, which corroborate the expediency of INS error models parametric identification in bench test process.

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The operation of technical processes requires increasingly advanced supervision and fault diagnostics to improve reliability and safety. This paper gives an introduction to the field of fault detection and diagnostics and has short methods classification. Growth of complexity and functional importance of inertial navigation systems leads to high losses at the equipment refusals. The paper is devoted to the INS diagnostics system development, allowing identifying the cause of malfunction. The practical realization of this system concerns a software package, performing a set of multidimensional information analysis. The project consists of three parts: subsystem for analyzing, subsystem for data collection and universal interface for open architecture realization. For a diagnostics improving in small analyzing samples new approaches based on pattern recognition algorithms voting and taking into account correlations between target and input parameters will be applied. The system now is at the development stage.

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La présente étude est une recherche qualitative de type exploratoire. Elle avait pour but de vérifier l'utilisation des connaissances biomédicales de deux groupes d'étudiantes infirmières de niveau collégial. L'échantillon était composé de 56 sujets : un groupe de 38 étudiantes en début de la deuxième année du programme de soins infirmiers et un groupe de 18 étudiantes de troisième année, en fin de programme. La capacité de référer aux connaissances biomédicales a été évaluée à l'aide d'une grille d'observation des réponses des sujets, à des questions proposées suite à la lecture d'un scénario portant sur une situation clinique. La grille d'observation est une adaptation d'un outil élaboré par Doris Carnevali (1984) portant sur le «self-monitoring of diagnostic reasoning behaviors». Quant au scénario, il fut construit en tenant compte des connaissances des étudiantes et en fonction des objectifs de cette recherche. Ces outils ont été validés auprès d'enseignantes du programme de soins infirmiers et d'étudiantes de première année dans ce programme et auprès d'une experte en démarche de soins infirmiers. Ils ont été aussi pré-expérimentés auprès d'un groupe de six étudiantes ayant terminé leur première année. Les données portant sur les réponses écrites des étudiantes à propos de l'identification de problèmes à traiter en collaboration, via un scénario, ont été traitées par une méthode d'analyse qualitative de contenu. Les résultats font l'objet d'une analyse exhaustive. Ils ont permis de ressortir les catégories reliées au raisonnement diagnostique et aux processus cognitifs et tendent à démontrer que les étudiantes en soins infirmiers utilisent leurs connaissances biomédicales lorsqu'elles ont à résoudre un problème de soins infirmiers à l'aide d'une histoire de cas fictive. Les résultats semblent prometteurs quant au transfert des connaissances biomédicales et de soins infirmiers (théoriques et pratiques) des étudiantes dans un contexte de résolution de problèmes. Ils incitent à revoir nos approches pédagogiques quant à l'enseignement théorique des problèmes de santé abordés dans le programme de soins infirmiers. Ils invitent aussi à réexaminer des attitudes des enseignantes face à l'utilisation de ces connaissances dans un contexte de soins direct à la clientèle. De plus, ils ouvrent des avenues intéressantes pour la poursuite de la recherche dans le domaine de l'enseignement et de l'intervention infirmière.

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The aim of this study was to develop and trial a method to monitor the evolution of clinical reasoning in a PBL curriculum that is suitable for use in a large medical school. Termed Clinical Reasoning Problems (CRPs), it is based on the notion that clinical reasoning is dependent on the identification and correct interpretation of certain critical clinical features. Each problem consists of a clinical scenario comprising presentation, history and physical examination. Based on this information, subjects are asked to nominate the two most likely diagnoses and to list the clinical features that they considered in formulating their diagnoses, indicating whether these features supported or opposed the nominated diagnoses. Students at different levels of medical training completed a set of 10 CRPs as well as the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory, a self-reporting questionnaire designed to assess reasoning style. Responses were scored against those of a reference group of general practitioners. Results indicate that the CRPs are an easily administered, reliable and valid assessment of clinical reasoning, able to successfully monitor its development throughout medical training. Consequently, they can be employed to assess clinical reasoning skill in individual students and to evaluate the success of undergraduate medical schools in providing effective tuition in clinical reasoning.

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The treatment of the recently ruptured Achilles tendon can be conservative or surgical. The conservative treatment may be carried out using either a static cast immobilisation or using a dynamic brace and an early functional rehabilitation. The surgical technique can be either open or mini-invasive. Neglected and ancient ruptures may need to be treated surgically by a tendinoplasty. There is an ongoing discussion about how to manage the recently ruptured Achilles tendon, especially since recent descriptions of conservative-functional treatment procedures and mini-invasive surgical techniques. We present the choice of the different treatment options and the clinical reasoning to identify the best adapted treatment for the individual patient. The ideal treatment option depends on the functional demand and the medical condition of the patient.