Du changement conceptuel à la complexification conceptuelle dans l'apprentissage des sciences

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Étude des conceptions alternatives et des processus de raisonnement des étudiants de chimie du niveau collégial sur la molécule, la polarité et les phénomènes macroscopiques

La chimie est un sujet difficile étant donné ses concepts nombreux et souvent peu intuitifs. Mais au-delà de ces difficultés d’ordre épistémologique, l’apprentissage de la chimie peut être en péril lorsqu’il s’appuie sur des fondations instables, mêlées de conceptions alternatives. Les conceptions alternatives sont les représentations internes, tacites, des étudiants, qui sont en désaccord avec la théorie scientifiquement acceptée. Leur présence dans leur esprit peut nuire à la compréhension conceptuelle, et elle peut mener les étudiants à expliquer le comportement de la matière incorrectement et à faire des prédictions inexactes en chimie. Les conceptions alternatives sont réputées répandues et difficiles à repérer dans un cadre traditionnel d’enseignement. De nombreuses conceptions alternatives en chimie ont été mises en lumière par différents groupes de chercheurs internationaux, sans toutefois qu’une telle opération n’ait jamais été réalisée avec des étudiants collégiaux québécois. Le système d’éducation postsecondaire québécois représentant un contexte unique, une étude des difficultés particulières de ces étudiants était nécessaire pour tracer un portrait juste de la situation. De plus, des chercheurs proposent aujourd’hui de ne pas faire uniquement l’inventaire des conceptions, mais de s’attarder aussi à étudier comment, par quel processus, elles mènent à de mauvaises prédictions ou explications. En effet, ils soutiennent que les catalogues de conceptions ne peuvent pas être facilement utilisés par les enseignants, ce qui devrait pourtant être la raison pour les mettre en lumière : qu’elles soient prises en compte dans l’enseignement. Toutefois, aucune typologie satisfaisante des raisonnements et des conceptions alternatives en chimie, qui serait appuyée sur des résultats expérimentaux, n’existe actuellement dans les écrits de recherche. Plusieurs chercheurs en didactique de la chimie suggèrent qu’une telle typologie est nécessaire et devrait rendre explicites les modes de raisonnement qui mettent en jeu ces conceptions alternatives. L’explicitation du raisonnement employé par les étudiants serait ainsi la voie permettant de repérer la conception alternative sur laquelle ce raisonnement s’appuie. Le raisonnement est le passage des idées tacites aux réponses manifestes. Ce ne sont pas toutes les mauvaises réponses en chimie qui proviennent de conceptions alternatives : certaines proviennent d’un manque de connaissances, d’autres d’un agencement incorrect de concepts pourtant corrects. Comme toutes les sortes de mauvaises réponses d’étudiants sont problématiques lors de l’enseignement, il est pertinent de toutes les considérer. Ainsi, ces préoccupations ont inspiré la question de recherche suivante : Quelles conceptions alternatives et quels processus de raisonnement mènent les étudiants à faire de mauvaises prédictions en chimie ou à donner de mauvaises explications du comportement de la matière? C’est pour fournir une réponse à cette question que cette recherche doctorale a été menée. Au total, 2413 étudiants ont participé à la recherche, qui était divisée en trois phases : la phase préliminaire, la phase pilote et la phase principale. Des entrevues cliniques ont été menées à la phase préliminaire, pour explorer les conceptions alternatives des étudiants en chimie. Lors de la phase pilote, des questionnaires à choix multiples avec justification ouverte des réponses ont été utilisés pour délimiter le sujet, notamment à propos des notions de chimie les plus pertinentes sur lesquelles concentrer la recherche et pour mettre en lumière les façons de raisonner des étudiants à propos de ces notions. La phase principale, quant à elle, a utilisé le questionnaire à deux paliers à choix multiples « Molécules, polarité et phénomènes » (MPP) développé spécifiquement pour cette recherche. Ce questionnaire a été distribué aux étudiants via une adaptation de la plateforme Web ConSOL, développée durant la recherche par le groupe de recherche dont fait partie la chercheuse principale. Les résultats montrent que les étudiants de sciences de la nature ont de nombreuses conceptions alternatives et autres difficultés conceptuelles, certaines étant très répandues parmi leur population. En particulier, une forte proportion d’étudiants croient que l’évaporation d’un composé entraîne le bris des liaisons covalentes de ses molécules (61,1 %), que tout regroupement d’atomes est une molécule (78,9 %) et que les atomes ont des propriétés macroscopiques pareilles à celles de l’élément qu’ils constituent (66,0 %). D’un autre côté, ce ne sont pas toutes les mauvaises réponses au MPP qui montrent des conceptions alternatives. Certaines d’entre elles s’expliquent plutôt par une carence dans les connaissances antérieures (par exemple, lorsque les étudiants montrent une méconnaissance d’éléments chimiques communs, à 21,8 %) ou par un raisonnement logique incomplet (lorsqu’ils croient que le seul fait de posséder des liaisons polaires rend nécessairement une molécule polaire, ce qu’on observe chez 24,1 % d’entre eux). Les conceptions alternatives et les raisonnements qui mènent à des réponses incorrectes s’observent chez les étudiants de première année et chez ceux de deuxième année du programme de sciences, dans certains cas avec une fréquence diminuant entre les deux années, et dans d’autres, à la même fréquence chez les deux sous-populations. Ces résultats permettent de mitiger l’affirmation, généralement reconnue dans les écrits de recherche, selon laquelle les conceptions alternatives sont résistantes à l’enseignement traditionnel : selon les résultats de la présente recherche, certaines d’entre elles semblent en effet se résoudre à travers un tel contexte d’enseignement. Il demeure que plusieurs conceptions alternatives, carences dans les connaissances antérieures de base et erreurs de raisonnement ont été mises en lumière par cette recherche. Ces problèmes dans l’apprentissage mènent les étudiants collégiaux à faire des prédictions incorrectes du comportement de la matière, ou à expliquer ce comportement de façon incorrecte. Au regard de ces résultats, une réflexion sur l’enseignement de la chimie au niveau collégial, qui pourrait faire une plus grande place à la réflexion conceptuelle et à l’utilisation du raisonnement pour la prédiction et l’explication des phénomènes étudiés, serait pertinente à tenir.

The influences of conceptions of learning and learner self-concept on high school students' approaches to learning

This study investigated the mediating effect of learner selfconcept between conceptions of learning and students' approaches to learning using structural equation modelling. Data were collected using a modified version of Biggs' Learning Process Questionnaire, together with the recently developed 'What is Learning Survey' and 'Learner Self-Concept Scale'. A sample of 355 high school students participated in the study. Results indicate that learner self-concept does mediate between conceptions of meaning and approaches to learning. Students who adopted a deep approach liked learning new things and indirectly viewed learning as experiential, involving social interaction and directly viewed learning as personal development. Implications for teachers are discussed, with consideration given to appropriate classroom practice.

Secondary teachers’ conceptions of teaching and learning

This paper presents a phenomenographic analysis of the conceptions of teaching and learning held by a sample of 16 secondary school teachers in two Australian schools. It provides descriptions of four categories, derived from pooled data, of the ways in which these teachers thought about teaching and about learning, their teaching strategies, and their focus on student or content. The categories for teaching and learning are described with each teacher allocated to the category most typical of their conceptions of teaching and of learning. The lack of congruence, in some cases, between the conceptions of teaching and of learning held by these teachers is discussed.

Conceptions of school based youth health nursing : a phenomenographic study

The School Based Youth Health Nurse Program was established in 1999 by the Queensland Government to fund school nurse positions in Queensland state high schools. Schools were required to apply for a School Based Youth Health Nurse during a five-phase recruitment process, managed by the health districts, and rolled out over four years. The only mandatory selection criterion for the position of School Based Youth Health Nurse was registration as a General Nurse and most School Based Youth Health Nurses are allocated to two state high schools. Currently, there are approximately 115 Full Time Equivalent School Based Youth Health Nurse positions across all Queensland state high schools. The literature review revealed an abundance of information about school nursing. Most of the literature came from the United Kingdom and the United States, who have a different model of school nursing to school based youth health nursing. However, there is literature to suggest school nursing is gradually moving from a disease-focused approach to a social view of health. The noticeable number of articles about, for example, drug and alcohol, mental health, and contemporary sexual health issues, is evidence of this change. Additionally, there is a significant the volume of literature about partnerships and collaboration, much of which is about health education, team teaching and how school nurses and schools do health business together. The surfacing of this literature is a good indication that school nursing is aligning with the broader national health priority areas. More particularly, the literature exposed a small but relevant and current body of research, predominantly from Queensland, about school based youth health nursing. However, there remain significant gaps in the knowledge about school based youth health nursing. In particular, there is a deficit about how School Based Youth Heath Nurses understand the experience of school based youth health nursing. This research aimed to reveal the meaning of the experience of school based youth health nursing. The research question was How do School Based Youth Health Nurses’ understand the experience of school based youth health nursing? This enquiry was instigated because the researcher, who had a positive experience of school based youth health nursing, considered it important to validate other School Based Youth Health Nurses’ experiences. Consequently, a comprehensive use of qualitative research was considered the most appropriate manner to explore this research question. Within this qualitative paradigm, the research framework consists of the epistemology of social constructionism, the theoretical perspective of interpretivism and the approach of phenomenography. After ethical approval was gained, purposeful and snowball sampling was used to recruit a sample of 16 participants. In-depth interviews, which were voluntary, confidential and anonymous, were mostly conducted in public venues and lasted from 40-75 minutes. The researcher also kept a researchers journal as another form of data collection. Data analysis was guided by Dahlgren and Fallsbergs’ (1991, p. 152) seven phases of data analysis which includes familiarization, condensation, comparison, grouping, articulating, labelling and contrasting. The most important finding in this research is the outcome space, which represents the entirety of the experience of school based youth health nursing. The outcome space consists of two components: inside the school environment and outside the school environment. Metaphorically and considered as whole-in-themselves, these two components are not discreet but intertwined with each other. The outcome space consists of eight categories. Each category of description is comprised of several sub-categories of description but as a whole, is a conception of school based youth health nursing. The eight conceptions of school based youth health nursing are: 1. The conception of school based youth health nursing as out there all by yourself. 2. The conception of school based youth health nursing as no real backup. 3. The conception of school based youth health nursing as confronted by many barriers. 4. The conception of school based youth health nursing as hectic and full-on. 5. The conception of school based youth health nursing as working together. 6. The conception of school based youth health nursing as belonging to school. 7. The conception of school based youth health nursing as treated the same as others. 8. The conception of school based youth health nursing as the reason it’s all worthwhile. These eight conceptions of school based youth health nursing are logically related and form a staged hierarchical relationship because they are not equally dependent on each other. The conceptions of school based youth health nursing are grouped according to negative, negative and positive and positive conceptions of school based youth health nursing. The conceptions of school based youth health nursing build on each other, from the bottom upwards, to reach the authorized, or the most desired, conception of school based youth health nursing. This research adds to the knowledge about school nursing in general but especially about school based youth health nursing specifically. Furthermore, this research has operational and strategic implications, highlighted in the negative conceptions of school based youth health nursing, for the School Based Youth Health Nurse Program. The researcher suggests the School Based Youth Health Nurse Program, as a priority, address the operational issues The researcher recommends a range of actions to tackle issues and problems associated with accommodation and information, consultations and referral pathways, confidentiality, health promotion and education, professional development, line management and School Based Youth Health Nurse Program support and school management and community. Strategically, the researcher proposes a variety of actions to address strategic issues, such as the School Based Youth Health Nurse Program vision, model and policy and practice framework, recruitment and retention rates and evaluation. Additionally, the researcher believes the findings of this research have the capacity to spawn a myriad of future research projects. The researcher has identified the most important areas for future research as confidentiality, information, qualifications and health outcomes.

Conceptions of learning held by upper primary children in government schools in Brunei Darussalam

The current study examined the conceptions of learning held by upper primary children in government schools in Brunei. Previous studies have shown that the conceptions of learning held by students influence the ways in which they approach learning tasks and, in turn, impact on their learning outcomes. However, the majority of these studies were carried out with university and secondary school students, with little research involving primary school children. A phenomenographic research approach was used to describe the qualitatively different ways in which a group of sixteen upper primary children experienced learning in two government schools in Brunei. Data were gathered using scenariobased semi]structured interviews. Iterative cycles of analysis revealed three categories of description depicting three qualitatively different ways in which the children experienced the phenomenon. The three categories of description were: learning as acquiring information (Category 1), learning as remembering information (Category 2) and learning as doing hands]on activities (Category 3). These categories indicate a variation in the ways in which upper primary children experience learning in government schools in Brunei. The conceptions of learning held by the children provide a platform from which educators and policy]makers can consider possibilities for meaningful learning in government schools in Brunei.

If teams are so good.. : science teachers' conceptions of teams and teamwork

The focus of this study is the phenomenon of teams and teamwork. Currently the Professional Standards of Queensland’s teachers state that teams are critical to teachers’ work. This study uses a phenomenographic approach to investigate science teachers’ conceptions of teams and teamwork in the science departments of fifteen Queensland State secondary schools. The research identifies eight conceptions of teams and teamwork. The research findings suggest that the team represents a collective of science teachers bounded by the Science Department and their current timetabled subject. Collaboration was found in the study to be an activity that occurred between teachers in the same social space. The research recognises a new category of relationship between teachers, designated as ‘ask-and-receive’. The research identifies a lack of teamwork within the science department and the school. There appears to be no teaming with other subject departments. The research findings highlight the non-supportive team and teamwork policies, procedures and structures in the schools and identify the lack of recognition of the specialised skills of science teachers. The implications for the schools and science teachers are considerable, as the current Professional Standards of Education Queensland and the Queensland College of Teachers provide benchmarks of knowledge and practice of teams and teamwork for teachers. The research suggests that the professional standards relating to teams and teamwork cannot be achieved in the present school environment.

Teachers’ conceptions of essential knowledge for integrated social education : a middle years of schooling perspective from Australia

Integrated social education in Australia is a divisive educational issue. The last decade has been marked by a controversial integrated social studies curriculum called Studies of Society and Environment (SOSE) where history, geography and environmental studies were integrated with civics and citizenship. The introduction of a compulsory K-10 Australian Curriculum from 2011, however, marks the return to history and geography and the abandonment of SOSE. Curriculum reform aside, what do teachers think is essential knowledge for middle years social education? The paper reports on a phenomenographical exploration of thirty-one middle school teachers’ conceptions of essential knowledge for SOSE. Framed by Shulman’s (1986, 1987) theoretical framework of the knowledge base for teaching, the research identified seven qualitatively different ways of understanding essential knowledge for integrated social education. The study indicates a practice-based theorization of integrated social education that justifies attention to disciplinary process and teacher identity in middle school social education.