Balancing knowledge sharing and protection in collaborative innovation - The roles and dynamics of contracts, IPR's and trust

Pro-gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia, miten yritykset tasapainoilevat tiedon jakamisen ja suojaamisen välillä innovaatioyhteistyöprojekteissa, ja miten sopimukset, immateriaalioikeudet ja luottamus voivat vaikuttaa tähän tasapainoon. Yhteistyössä yritysten täytyy jakaa tarpeellista tietoa kumppanilleen, mutta toisaalta niiden täytyy varoa, etteivät ne menetä ydinosaamiseensa kuuluvaa tietoa ja kilpailuetuaan. Yrityksillä on useita keinoja tietovuodon estämiseen. Tutkielmassa keskitytään patenttien, sopimusten ja liikesalaisuuksien käyttöön tietoa suojaavina mekanismeina. Kyseiset suojamekanismit vaikuttavat luottamukseen kumppaneiden välillä, ja täten myös näiden halukkuuteen jakaa tietoa kumppaneilleen. Jos kumppanit eivät jaa tarpeeksi tietoa toisilleen, voi yhteistyö epäonnistua. Sopimusten, immateriaalioikeuksien ja luottamuksen rooleja ja vuorovaikutusta tutkitaan kahdenvälisissä yhteistyöprojekteissa. Tutkielmassa esitellään neljä case-esimerkkiä, jotka on koottu suomalaisen metsätoimialan yrityksen haastatteluista.

Innovation – from individual intuition to collaborative innovation. The role of individual key actor in facilitation of innovation in large organization context

The objective of this research was to study the role of key individuals in facilitation of technology enabled bottom-up innovation in large organization context. The development of innovation was followed from the point of view of individual actor (key individual) in two cases, through three levels: individual, team and organization, by using knowledge creation and innovation models. This study provides theoretical synthesis and framework through which the study is driven. The results of the study indicate, that in bottom-up initiated innovations the role of key individuals is still crucial, but innovation today is collective effort and there acts several entrepreneurial key individuals: innovator, user champion and organizational sponsor, whose collaboration and developing interaction drives innovation further. The team work is functional and fluent, but it meets great problems in interaction with organization. The large organizations should develop its practices and ability to react on emerging bottom-up initiations, in order to embed innovation to organization and gain sustainable innovation. In addition, bottom-up initiated innovations are demonstrations of peoples knowing, tacit knowledge and therefore renewing of an organization.

Innovation dynamics and capability in open collaborative cyber communities: implications for cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is a complex challenge that has emerged alongside the evolving global socio-technical environment of social networks that feature connectivity across time and space in ways unimaginable even a decade ago. This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a NATO funded project that investigates the nature of innovation in open collaborative communities and its implications for cyber security. In this paper, the authors describe the framing of relevant issues, the articulation of the research questions, and the derivation of a conceptual framework based on open collaborative innovation that has emerged from preliminary field research in Russia and the UK.

New Foods, New Consumers: Innovation in Food Product Development

BACKGROUND: Today, new lifestyles, higher incomes and consumer awareness are creating consumer demand for a year-round supply of high-quality, diverse and innovative food products. However, when it comes to innovation, the food sector is less changeable when compared to other sectors, such as high technology. Still, in the past decades much and important developments have been achieved in several areas related to foods and the food industry. METHODS: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted on Science Direct. The topics investigated were: aspects related to innovation in food development (such as the transfer of innovation, open innovation, collaborative innovation and consumer perception and its role in the developing process); the innovation in the food industry (particularly regarding the processing technologies and packaging, which are two prominent areas of innovation in this sector nowadays); the innovation in the cooking sector (particularly in regards to the molecular gastronomy and science based cooking). RESULTS: A total of 146 articles were included in the review and the aspects focused allowed confirming that innovation has been recognized as a key driver of economic growth. Within the framework of ‘open innovation’, a number of key issues related to the acquisition of external knowledge in food technology must be taken into consideration. Food product development is highly dependent on the consumer perception and acceptance, and hence it is of utmost importance to include the consumer in the development process to minimize failure probabilities. The sectors of the food industry where important developments and innovation are registered include the processing technologies and the packaging systems, where the latest progresses have produced very significant outcomes. CONCLUSION: The present work allowed verifying the latest improvements and trend towards food product development from two perspectives, the product itself and the industrial processing. This sector is undoubtedly a major key for the success and competitiveness nowadays in the food industry.

Inovação na Administração Pública

Comunicação apresentada no Ciclo de Debates "Pensar a Administração Pública", 12.ª Sessão - Inovação na Administração Pública: contínua ou disruptiva?, organizada pelo INA, em Lisboa a 5 de março de 2015

Formal and informal mechanisms for knowledge protection and sharing

The most important knowledge in firms is mostly tacit and embedded in individuals within the organization. This background knowledge that firms possess is used for creation of new knowledge and innovations. As firms today greatly concentrate on their core competencies, they need external knowledge from various collaboration partners. Thus, collaborative relationship governance, as well as control (use of appropriability mechanisms) over background (the input from each firm in innovative activities) and foreground knowledge (the output of collaboration activities) is needed in order to successfully create and capture value from innovative activities without losing core knowledge and competitiveness. Even though research has concentrated on knowledge protection and knowledge sharing, studies that combine both of these views and examine the effects of sharing and protection on value creation and capture have been rather limited. Studies have mainly focused on the protection of the output of innovation while forgetting the protection of the input of innovation. On the other hand, as the research concentrating on the output of innovation tends to favor formal mechanisms, informal mechanisms have remained more unknown to researchers as well as managers. This research aims to combine the perspectives of knowledge sharing and knowledge protection and their relationship with value creation and value capture. The sharing and protection are viewed from two points of view: the use of appropriability mechanisms, as well as governance of the collaborative relationship. The study consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results. The second part comprises six complementary research publications. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the study. In terms of results, the findings enhance understanding of the combined use of formal and informal mechanisms for knowledge protection and sharing. Informal mechanisms appear to be emphasized in the protection of background knowledge, and thus are prerequisites for innovation, whereas formal mechanisms are relied on more for protecting the results of innovative activities. However, the simultaneous use of the formal and informal mechanisms that are relevant to the particular industry and innovation context is recommendedthroughout the collaborative innovation process. Further, the study adds to the current knowledge on HRM as an appropriability mechanism: on the firm level its uses include assessing and hedging against employee-related risks such as knowledge leaking and knowledge leaving. A further contribution is to the research on HRM protection and its interrelations with other appropriability mechanisms, its constituents, and its potential use in the area of knowledge protection.

Managing Customer Co-creation: Empirical Evidence from Finnish High-tech SMEs

The purpose of this thesis is to find out how customer co-creation activities are managed in Finnish high-tech SMEs by understanding managers’ views on relevant issues. According to theory, issues such as firm size, customer knowledge implementation, lead customers, the fuzzy front-end of product/service development as well as the reluctance to engage in customer co-creation are some of the field’s focal issues. The views of 145 Finnish SME managers on these issues were gathered as empirical evidence through an online questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS statistics software. The results show, firstly, that Finnish SME managers are aware of the issues associated with customer co-creation and are able to actively manage them. Additionally, managers performed well in regards to collaborating with lead customers and implemented customer knowledge evenly in various stages of their new product and service development processes. Intellectual property rights emerged as an obstacle deterring managers from engaging in co-creation. The results suggest that in practice managers would do well by looking for more opportunities to implement customer knowledge in the early and late stages of new product and service development, as well as by actively searching for lead customers.

Les brevets conjoints : panacée pour l’innovation ou boîte de Pandore juridique?

La mondialisation a favorisé l’essor de l’innovation collaborative entraînant une augmentation du nombre de partenariats entre différents acteurs. Grâce à leurs avantages multiples, les projets conjoints jouent un rôle fondamental dans le développement économique et industriel des secteurs à forte valeur ajoutée. Dans cette optique, la création ou la quantification de valeur par l’innovation collaborative repose en grande partie sur la capacité à commercialiser des innovations encadrées par une protection intellectuelle adéquate. Ainsi, la tendance mondiale témoigne d’une augmentation accrue des dépôts conjoints de brevets entre diverses entités. Ces co-dépôts soulèvent une variété de questions juridiques puisque les régimes statutaires ne sont pas nécessairement adaptés à la réalité des partenariats. D’abord, les régimes lacunaires proposés par les lois n’anticipent pas les conséquences juridiques de l’interaction entre divers acteurs. La variété de configurations d’intervenants et la typologie des partenariats entraînent une confusion entre les inventeurs et les propriétaires lors du dépôt d’une demande de brevet. Cette situation peut également induire de facto la copropriété d’un brevet pouvant causer des litiges et miner l’énorme valeur des brevets conjoints. Ensuite, les régimes statutaires sont également déficients à l’étape de l’exploitation d’un brevet conjoint. En comparant les régimes juridiques canadiens et américains, il devient possible de mieux cerner les enjeux juridiques associés aux questionnements présents lors de l’élaboration d’un partenariat. Afin d’obtenir des retombées fructueuses des brevets conjoints, une mise en forme contractuelle est proposée pour pallier ces lacunes statutaires. Grâce à des outils contractuels et à une planification pré-contractuelle, les copropriétaires pourront réaliser l’énorme potentiel de cette institution.

Influências de práticas de colaboração da inovação aberta no desempenho operacional, de mercado e inovador

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEB

Experimental Validation of Wireless Communication with Chaos

The work was supported in part by the NSFC (60804040 and 61172070), the Key Basic Research Fund of Shaanxi Province (2016ZDJC-01), the Innovation Research Team of Shaanxi Province (2013KCT-04), the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation (Grant No. 111065), the Collaborative innovation program of Xi’an city (CXY1509-19), and the EPSRC (EP/I032606/1). Chao Bai was supported by Excellent Ph.D. research fund from XAUT.

Asiakkaan osallistuminen innovaatio- ja tuotekehitysprosessiin

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan asiakkaan ja valmistajan osallistumista yhteistoiminnalliseen innovaatio- ja tuotekehitysprosessiin ja sen vaikutuksia yritysten kilpailukykyyn. Asiakaslähtöinen avoin innovaatio- ja tuotekehitystoiminta on yksi merkittävä kilpailuedun lähde, sillä se mahdollistaa tuotevariaatioiden nopeamman lanseerauksen ja asiakastarpeiden huomioimisen tuotekehitystoiminnassa. Tämän empiirisen tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää millä tavoin kulutustavaroihin kuuluvien muoti- ja sportvaatteiden suunnittelussa yhteistoiminnallinen innovaatio- ja tuotekehitystoiminta on mahdollista toteuttaa ja miten sitä voidaan hallita. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluina tapausorganisaatiosta. Yhteistoiminnallisesta kehittämisestä ei ole olemassa yhtä kattavaa teoriaa, jota voitaisiin hyödyntää. Tämän vuoksi yritysten on luotava itse yhteistoiminnallisen innovaation ja tuotekehityksen viitekehys, joka parhaiten palvelee liiketoiminnan tarpeita. Viitekehys ja käytettävät menetelmät sekä yhteistoiminnallisuutta tukevat työvälineet ovat riippuvaisia mm. toimialasta ja sen markkinatilanteesta, liiketoimintamalleista, yrityksen toimintaympäristöstä, asiakkaista ja kehittämisen kohteeksi valitusta tuotealueesta. Empiirinen tutkimus osoittaa, että yhteistoiminnallinen innovaatio voi olla kilpailuedun lähde sekä valmistajille että asiakkaalle, mutta vaatii aina yrityskohtaista sopeuttamista. Tutkimuksen mukaan hyvin johdettu yhteistyömalli, oikeat tuotevalinnat ja asiakasinformaation monipuolinen hyödyntäminen vaikuttavat positiivisesti kehittämisprojektin tuloksiin.

Does absorptive capacity determine collaborative research returns to innovation? A geographical dimension

This paper aims to estimate the impact of research collaboration with partners in different geographical areas on innovative performance. By using the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel, this study provides evidence that the benefits of research collaboration differ across different dimensions of the geography. We find that the impact of extra-European cooperation on innovation performance is larger than that of national and European cooperation, indicating that firms tend to benefit more from interaction with international partners as a way to access new technologies or specialized and novel knowledge that they are unable to find locally. We also find evidence of the positive role played by absorptive capacity, concluding that it implies a higher premium on the innovation returns to cooperation in the international case and mainly in the European one.