497 resultados para Virgilio


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F. García Jurado, R. González Delgado y M. González González (eds). Prólogo de J. C. Mainer.

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As Bucólicas são constituídas de dez éclogas, consideradas como traduzidas ou imitadas de Teócrito. As Geórgias são um poema didático no qual se acentua a predileção de Virgílio pela vida campestre. A Eneida é uma utopia política que o poeta não conseguiu acabar e foi publicada contra a sua vontade expressa.

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[ES] El objeto principal del artículo es exponer un argumento novedoso en favor de una de las interpretaciones antiguas de la cuarta égloga de Virgilio: se trata de demostrar que el uso que de estos versos hicieron los autores de la poesía bucólica de época de Nerón induce a una lectura de la égloga en la que el puer debe identificarse con Augusto. En el artículo se sostiene que Calpurnio Sículo y el autor de las églogas de Einsiedeln (y, de otra manera, Séneca en la Apocolocyntosis) parten de la égloga virgiliana para saludar a Nerón como artífice de una nueva aetas aurea, como un nuevo Apolo, etc. Esta hipótesis viene apoyada también por una revisión de los escolios antiguos, por la lectura de ciertos versos del Culex y por algunas reflexiones sobre lo que sabemos acerca de la primera fortuna de las Bucólicas virgilianas. Desde esta perspectiva se propone una lectura del conjunto de la égloga.

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[ES] Durante los pocos años del gobierno de Nerón la poesía bucólica latina experimenta un auge anormal y desarrolla una función propagandística particularmente clara. En este artículo se trata de reconstruir, a partir de textos que hasta ahora no se habían implicado debidamente en la cuestión (cuarta égloga de Virgilio, Apocolocyntosis de Séneca, etc.), las motivaciones inmediatas de este resurgir del género: la poesía bucólica de la época responde en parte a una invitación expresa que Séneca formula en un pasaje de su Apocolocyntosis donde, además, se impone como modelo la égloga cuarta de Virgilio, que proporciona símbolos congruentes con la ideología filohelena de la corte de Nerón y conlleva la identificación entre Augusto y Nerón.

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En este trabajo se estudia la figura de Polifemo, el hijo de Poseidón y la ninfa Toosa, como ejemplo de las sucesivas reinterpretaciones que la mitología griega hacía de temas populares que resultaban de su interés: se analizan e interpretan los episodios de su historia y las características del personaje en la primitiva versión homérica y sus sucesivas reelaboraciones, de época clásica (Eurípides) y de época postclásica en obras griegas (Filóxeno de Citera, Teócrito y Mosco) y latinas (Virgilio y Ovidio).

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A síndrome de fragilidade pode ser definida como um estado de vulnerabilidade a agentes estressores, um resultado de declínios orgânicos observados em múltiplos sistemas, comprometendo a habilidade do indivíduo em manter a homeostase. O objetivo deste estudo transversal foi avaliar a prevalência desta condição através da Escala de Fragilidade proposta pelo Cardiovascular Health Study em uma população de idosos, clientes de uma operadora de saúde, que vivem na zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, além de observar o comportamento deste instrumento em uma amostra brasileira. 754 indivíduos foram avaliados quanto aos cinco critérios da escala além de variáveis sociodemográficas, capacidade funcional, quedas, perfil cognitivo e comorbidades relatadas. Foram considerados Frágeis aqueles que apresentaram três ou mais dos seguintes critérios: a) lentificação da velocidade da marcha; b) reduzida força de preensão palmar; c) sensação de exaustão; d) baixa atividade física; e) perda de peso. Os resultados apontam que, dentre os avaliados, 9,2% eram Frágeis. Estes eram mais idosos, com pior status socioeconômico, com pior desempenho cognitivo e maior comprometimento funcional (p< 0,05). Entre os 9,2% de Frágeis, 87% apresentaram alteração da velocidade da marcha, 79,7% da força de preensão palmar, 66,8% baixa atividade física, 52,2% relato de sensação de exaustão e 36,2% relato de perda de peso. A distribuição de suas frequências quando comparado ao estudo original foi bastante semelhante. Vários estudos partem do postulado que a fragilidade pode ser identificada através de medidas clínicas. Através de sua identificação precoce, é possível reconhecer uma entidade potencialmente reversível, reduzindo morbidade e mortalidade na população idosa, no entanto é fundamental um estudo acurado sobre como esta entidade será mensurada e quais serão os critérios adotados para defini-la. Maiores estudos são necessários para realizar, no Brasil, uma análise mais aprofundada desta pertinente questão.

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The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) is growing rapidly on the Internet. Web users want fast response time and easy access to a enormous variety of information across the world. Thus, performance is becoming a main issue in the Web. Fractals have been used to study fluctuating phenomena in many different disciplines, from the distribution of galaxies in astronomy to complex physiological control systems. The Web is also a complex, irregular, and random system. In this paper, we look at the document reference pattern at Internet Web servers and use fractal-based models to understand aspects (e.g. caching schemes) that affect the Web performance.

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As the World Wide Web (Web) is increasingly adopted as the infrastructure for large-scale distributed information systems, issues of performance modeling become ever more critical. In particular, locality of reference is an important property in the performance modeling of distributed information systems. In the case of the Web, understanding the nature of reference locality will help improve the design of middleware, such as caching, prefetching, and document dissemination systems. For example, good measurements of reference locality would allow us to generate synthetic reference streams with accurate performance characteristics, would allow us to compare empirically measured streams to explain differences, and would allow us to predict expected performance for system design and capacity planning. In this paper we propose models for both temporal and spatial locality of reference in streams of requests arriving at Web servers. We show that simple models based only on document popularity (likelihood of reference) are insufficient for capturing either temporal or spatial locality. Instead, we rely on an equivalent, but numerical, representation of a reference stream: a stack distance trace. We show that temporal locality can be characterized by the marginal distribution of the stack distance trace, and we propose models for typical distributions and compare their cache performance to our traces. We also show that spatial locality in a reference stream can be characterized using the notion of self-similarity. Self-similarity describes long-range correlations in the dataset, which is a property that previous researchers have found hard to incorporate into synthetic reference strings. We show that stack distance strings appear to be strongly self-similar, and we provide measurements of the degree of self-similarity in our traces. Finally, we discuss methods for generating synthetic Web traces that exhibit the properties of temporal and spatial locality that we measured in our data.

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This paper addresses the problem of analyzing performance of WWW servers. The web has experienced a phenomenal growth and has become the most popular Internet application. As a consequence of its large popularity, the Internet has suffered from various performance problems, such as network congestion and overloaded servers. These days, it is not uncommon to find servers refusing connections because they are overloaded. Performance has always been a key issue in the design and operation of on-line systems. With regard to Internet, performance is also critical, because users want fast and easy access to all objects (i.e., documents, pictures, audio, and video) available on the net. Thus, it is important to understand WWW performance issues. This paper focuses on the performance analysis of a Web server. Using a synthetic benchmark (WebStone), we analyze three different Web server software running on top of a Windows NT platform and performing some typical WWW tasks.

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Server performance has become a crucial issue for improving the overall performance of the World-Wide Web. This paper describes Webmonitor, a tool for evaluating and understanding server performance, and presents new results for a realistic workload. Webmonitor measures activity and resource consumption, both within the kernel and in HTTP processes running in user space. Webmonitor is implemented using an efficient combination of sampling and event-driven techniques that exhibit low overhead. Our initial implementation is for the Apache World-Wide Web server running on the Linux operating system. We demonstrate the utility of Webmonitor by measuring and understanding the performance of a Pentium-based PC acting as a dedicated WWW server. Our workload uses a file size distribution with a heavy tail. This captures the fact that Web servers must concurrently handle some requests for large audio and video files, and a large number of requests for small documents, containing text or images. Our results show that in a Web server saturated by client requests, over 90% of the time spent handling HTTP requests is spent in the kernel. Furthermore, keeping TCP connections open, as required by TCP, causes a factor of 2-9 increase in the elapsed time required to service an HTTP request. Data gathered from Webmonitor provide insight into the causes of this performance penalty. Specifically, we observe a significant increase in resource consumption along three dimensions: the number of HTTP processes running at the same time, CPU utilization, and memory utilization. These results emphasize the important role of operating system and network protocol implementation in determining Web server performance.

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This paper examines how and why web server performance changes as the workload at the server varies. We measure the performance of a PC acting as a standalone web server, running Apache on top of Linux. We use two important tools to understand what aspects of software architecture and implementation determine performance at the server. The first is a tool that we developed, called WebMonitor, which measures activity and resource consumption, both in the operating system and in the web server. The second is the kernel profiling facility distributed as part of Linux. We vary the workload at the server along two important dimensions: the number of clients concurrently accessing the server, and the size of the documents stored on the server. Our results quantify and show how more clients and larger files stress the web server and operating system in different and surprising ways. Our results also show the importance of fixed costs (i.e., opening and closing TCP connections, and updating the server log) in determining web server performance.

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We present a thorough characterization of the access patterns in blogspace, which comprises a rich interconnected web of blog postings and comments by an increasingly prominent user community that collectively define what has become known as the blogosphere. Our characterization of over 35 million read, write, and management requests spanning a 28-day period is done at three different levels. The user view characterizes how individual users interact with blogosphere objects (blogs); the object view characterizes how individual blogs are accessed; the server view characterizes the aggregate access patterns of all users to all blogs. The more-interactive nature of the blogosphere leads to interesting traffic and communication patterns, which are different from those observed for traditional web content. We identify and characterize novel features of the blogosphere workload, and we show the similarities and differences between typical web server workloads and blogosphere server workloads. Finally, based on our main characterization results, we build a new synthetic blogosphere workload generator called GBLOT, which aims at mimicking closely a stream of requests originating from a population of blog users. Given the increasing share of blogspace traffic, realistic workload models and tools are important for capacity planning and traffic engineering purposes.

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Generalmente, los estudiantes de bachillerato y universitarios tienen dificultades para comprender los conceptos más elementales de probabilidad y estadística. La presentación de conceptos abstractos de una forma visual y dinámica puede ayudar a comprenderlos mejor. La simulación de experimentos aleatorios ayudará a conseguirlo. Presentamos a continuación algunas de las actividades preparadas para ello.

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En distintos momentos de su producción intelectual, Agustín se refirió al asunto de la música. En este artículo mostraremos que Agustín uso dos esquemas conceptuales distintos para describir el fenómeno de la música práctica en su relación con el mundo espiritual, el esquema de las Artes Liberales y el de la teoría del signo, y que en virtud de ello la música sería concebida de dos modos diferentes: como vestigium y como signum del mundo espiritual, respectivamente. Al final del artículo analizaremos la diferencia entre las dos concepciones considerando tres elementos: la naturaleza de la relación entre mundo material y espiritual, el contenido espiritual al que remite y la noción de belleza que implica.