Role of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 in liver fibrosis progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The progression of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C has long been considered to be independent from viral genotypes. However, recent studies suggest an association between Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 and accelerated liver disease progression. We completed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the association between HCV genotypes and fibrosis progression. PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched for cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies on treatment-naïve HCV-infected adults in which liver fibrosis progression rate (FPR) was assessed by the ratio of fibrosis stage in one single biopsy to the duration of infection (single-biopsy studies) or from the change in fibrosis stage between two biopsies (paired biopsies studies). A random effect model was used to derive FPR among different HCV genotypes. Eight single-biopsy studies (3182 patients, mean/median duration of infection ranging from 9 to 21 years) and eight paired biopsies studies (mean interval between biopsies 2-12 years) met the selection criteria. The odds ratio for the association of genotype 3 with accelerated fibrosis progression was 1.52 (95% CI 1.12-2.07, P = 0.007) in single-biopsy studies and 1.37 (95% CI 0.87-2.17, P = 0.17) in paired biopsy studies. In conclusion, viral genotype 3 was associated with faster fibrosis progression in single-biopsy studies. This observation may have important consequences on the clinical management of genotype 3-infected patients. The association was not significant in paired biopsies studies, although the latter may be limited by important indication bias, short observation time and small sample size.

Breeding objectives for a Nellore cattle rearing system

Abstract:The objective of this work was to define the traits that should be included as breeding objectives for Nellore cattle, according to simulations with a bio-economic model for rearing systems. The economic values (EVs) of the traits were calculated as the differences between the profits due to an increased performance of 1% in each trait, with the others traits remaining constant. To determine the impact of each selection on the revenue system, two scenarios were simulated based on the traits being selected. In the first scenario, the adopted selection criteria were: weaning weight (WW), weaning rate (WR), yearling weight (YW), and mature cow weight (MCW). In the second scenario, the cumulative productivity (CP) of dams was used as an indirect evaluation of the performance of calves, with all the other traits included, except WW. In the first scenario, an EV of R$ 1.44 kg-1 was obtained for WW. In the second scenario, an EV of R$ 2.91 kg-1 was obtained for CP. The trait with the highest EV in both scenarios was WR, which enhanced the profits by R$ 3.21 for each 1% increased performance. The meat price paid to the producer is the factor with the greatest impact on the EVs of all examined traits.

Pienen kansainvälistyvän ohjelmistoyrityksen kumppaninvalintakriteerit

Tutkielman tavoite: Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli luoda pienelle ohjelmistoyritykselle kansainvälisen kumppanin valintaa helpottavat arviointikriteerit. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ohjelmistoyritysten kansainvälistymistä, sekä kuinka kansainvälistymisen apuna käytettyjen kumppanien valinta tapahtuu ja millaisia kriteerejä kumppaneille tulee asettaa. Tutkimusmetodologia ja tutkimusmenetelmät: Informaation keräämiseksi käytettiin laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tutkimus toteutettiin case- study tutkimuksena. Tietoja kerättiinkirjallisuuteen ja aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin perehtymällä, sekä teemahaastattelujen avulla. Haastattelumateriaali analysoitiin tutkimuksen aiheesta nousseiden teemojen avulla. Tulokset ja päätelmät: Tutkimuksella voitiin osoittaa että kumppaninvalintakriteerit ovat vahvasti kontekstisidonnaisia. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa luotiin case - yritykselle kumppanin-valintakriteeri- malli, jota yritys voi käyttää konkreettisena työkaluna kumppanin valinnassaan.

Guidelines for supplier selection and performance evaluation in the case-company

Tutkielmantavoitteena oli luoda ohjeistus toimittajan valinnasta ja suorituskyvyn arvioinnista case - yrityksen, Exel Oyj:n, käyttöön. Ohjeistuksen tarkoituksena oli ollalähtökohtana toimittajan valinta- ja suoristuskyvyn arviointiprosessien kehittämisessä. Tutkielma keskittyy esittelemään toimittajan valintakriteereitä ja toimittajan suorituskyvyn arviointikriteereitä. Kriteerit valittiin ja analysoitiin teorian ja empirian avulla ja kriteereistä tehtiin selkeät listaukset. Näitä listoja käytettiin avuksi pohdittaessa uusia valintakriteereitä ja suorituskyvyn arviointikriteereitä, joita case -yritys voi jatkossa käyttää. Tutkielmassa käytiin läpi myös toimittajan valintaprosessi jaapuvälineitä ja mittareita toimittajan arviointiin liittyen. Empiirisen aineiston keruu toteutettiin haastattelemalla hankintapäällikköä sekä keräämällä tietoavuosikertomuksesta ja yrityksen internet sivuilta. Tutkielman tuloksena saatiinlistauksia kriteereistä, joita yritys voi hyödyntää jatkossa sekä listaukset kriteereistä, jotka valittiin alustavasti yrityksen käyttöön.

Kansainvälinen markkinavalinta ohjelmistoalan mikroyrityksessä

Tutkielman tutkimusongelmana on, miten kansainvälinen kohdemarkkinoiden valinta pitäisi suorittaa ohjelmistoalan mikroyrityksessä. Tutkielma on kvalitatiivinen, yksittäinen tapaustutkimus. Teoriaosassa tutkimusongelmaa lähestytään tarkastelemalla kirjallisuutta, joka käsittelee kansainväliseen kohdemarkkinavalintaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä olemassa olevia markkinavalintamalleja. Vanhojen mallien pohjalta kehitetään uusi käytännönläheinen ohjelmistoalan mikroyritykselle sopiva maavalintamalli. Kehitetty maavalintamalli koostuu eri vaiheista, joita ovat 1) sisäisten tekijöiden kartoittaminen, 2) alkukarsinta, 3) yrityksen kilpailukyvyn ja markkinoiden houkuttelevuuden mittaaminen matriisin avulla. Kehitettyä mallia sovelletaan tapausyritykseen tekemällä kansainvälinen markkinavalinta perustuen työpöytätutkimukseen, jossa käytetään Internetistä saatavaa sekundääridataa ja markkinatietoa. Työn lopussa esitetään markkinavalinnan tulokset ja toimenpidesuositukset yrityksen johdolle. Tutkimus osoittaa, että resurssipulasta huolimatta systemaattinen ja loogisesti etenevä maavalintaprosessi on mahdollista toteuttaa myös mikroyrityksessä. Ennalta määrätyt numeeriset rajat valintakriteereille mahdollistavat markkinoiden tarkastelun objektiivisuuden. Suurimpana haasteena ohjelmistoalan mikroyrityksen kansainvälisessä kohdemarkkinavalinnassa on yrityksen kilpailukyvyn mittaaminen eri markkinoilla. Tämäjohtuu osin ohjelmistoalan dynaamisesta luonteesta sekä kilpailija-analyysien subjektiivisuudesta.

Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (intervention Review)

BACKGROUND: The burden of asthma on patients and healthcare systems is substantial. Interventions have been developed to overcome difficulties in asthma management. These include chronic disease management programmes, which are more than simple patient education, encompassing a set of coherent interventions that centre on the patients' needs, encouraging the co-ordination and integration of health services provided by a variety of healthcare professionals, and emphasising patient self-management as well as patient education. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma. SEARCH METHODS: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE (MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations), EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched up to June 2014. We also handsearched selected journals from 2000 to 2012 and scanned reference lists of relevant reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included individual or cluster-randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, and controlled before-after studies comparing chronic disease management programmes with usual care in adults over 16 years of age with a diagnosis of asthma. The chronic disease management programmes had to satisfy at least the following five criteria: an organisational component targeting patients; an organisational component targeting healthcare professionals or the healthcare system, or both; patient education or self-management support, or both; active involvement of two or more healthcare professionals in patient care; a minimum duration of three months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: After an initial screen of the titles, two review authors working independently assessed the studies for eligibility and study quality; they also extracted the data. We contacted authors to obtain missing information and additional data, where necessary. We pooled results using the random-effects model and reported the pooled mean or standardised mean differences (SMDs). MAIN RESULTS: A total of 20 studies including 81,746 patients (median 129.5) were included in this review, with a follow-up ranging from 3 to more than 12 months. Patients' mean age was 42.5 years, 60% were female, and their asthma was mostly rated as moderate to severe. Overall the studies were of moderate to low methodological quality, because of limitations in their design and the wide confidence intervals for certain results.Compared with usual care, chronic disease management programmes resulted in improvements in asthma-specific quality of life (SMD 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.37), asthma severity scores (SMD 0.18, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.30), and lung function tests (SMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.30). The data for improvement in self-efficacy scores were inconclusive (SMD 0.51, 95% CI -0.08 to 1.11). Results on hospitalisations and emergency department or unscheduled visits could not be combined in a meta-analysis because the data were too heterogeneous; results from the individual studies were inconclusive overall. Only a few studies reported results on asthma exacerbations, days off work or school, use of an action plan, and patient satisfaction. Meta-analyses could not be performed for these outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate to low quality evidence that chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma can improve asthma-specific quality of life, asthma severity, and lung function tests. Overall, these results provide encouraging evidence of the potential effectiveness of these programmes in adults with asthma when compared with usual care. However, the optimal composition of asthma chronic disease management programmes and their added value, compared with education or self-management alone that is usually offered to patients with asthma, need further investigation.

Partner Criteria and Life Cycle Impacts: Case UPM

The study examines partner selection criteria and the life cycle impacts on them. The target is to define the relevant criteria that should be applied in case of a partnership. In this context partnership means strategic supplier relationship. It is also examined how these criteria change on the different stages of the product and business life cycle. The empirical part is a description of developing Criteria selection tool in the case company. The study is conducted as a qualitative research using constructive and action research methodologies. The Criteria selection tool is a MS Excel workbook, giving the relevant set of supplier criteria depending on the business case. The most essential criteria, the tool will suggest for partner suppliers, are related to strategic fit, development potential and collaborative aspects. On the early stages of the life cycles the criteria related to research and development and growth potential are significant. On the late stages of the life cycles cost reduction potential becomes very important.

Factors associated with fragility fractures in women over 50 years of age: a population-based household survey

PURPOSE: To analyze the prevalence of and factors associated with fragility fractures in Brazilian women aged 50 years and older. METHODS: This cross-sectional population survey, conducted between May 10 and October 31, 2011, included 622 women aged >50 years living in a city in southeastern Brazil. A questionnaire was administered to each woman by a trained interviewer. The associations between the occurrence of a fragility fracture after age 50 years and sociodemographic data, health-related habits and problems, self-perception of health and evaluation of functional capacity were determined by the χ2 test and Poisson regression using the backward selection criteria. RESULTS: The mean age of the 622 women was 64.1 years. The prevalence of fragility fractures was 10.8%, with 1.8% reporting hip fracture. In the final statistical model, a longer time since menopause (PR 1.03; 95%CI 1.01-1.05; p<0.01) and osteoporosis (PR 1.97; 95%CI 1.27-3.08; p<0.01) were associated with a higher prevalence of fractures. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may provide a better understanding of the risk factors associated with fragility fractures in Brazilian women and emphasize the importance of performing bone densitometry.

Relaatiotietokannan tiedonhallintajärjestelmän valintakriteerit

Tässä työssä käsitellään lähinnä relaatiomallia hyödyntäviä tiedonhallintajärjestelmiä. Tiedonhallintajärjestelmä hallitsee yleisesti tietokannan luontia, käyttöä ja muutoksia ja relaatiomallia käyttävät tiedonhallintajärjestelmät ovat jo 1970 -luvulta lähtien olleet hallitseva trendi tietokantamarkkinoilla. Työssä otetaan huomioon neljä eri tiedonhallintajärjestelmä-tyyppiä, jotka ovat keskitetyt, hajautetut, tietovarasto ja operatiiviset tiedonhallintajärjestelmät. Työssä selvitetään, miten näitä tiedonhallintajärjestelmiä voi verrata ja mitkä valintakriteerit vaikuttavat niiden valintaan.

Forest inventory information needs in Northwest Russia

This thesis applies the customer value hierarchy model to forestry in order to determine strategic options to enhance the value of LiDAR technology in Russian forestry. The study is conducted as a qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews as a main source of the primary data. The customer value hierarchy model constitutes a theoretical base for the research. Secondary data incorporates information on forest resource management, LiDAR technology and Russian forestry. The model is operationalised using forestry literature and forms a basis for analyses of primary data. Analyses of primary data coupled with comprehension of Russian forest inventory system and knowledge on global forest inventory have led to conclusions on the forest inventory methods selection criteria and the organizations that would benefit the most from LiDAR technology use. The thesis recommends strategic options for LiDAR technology’s value enhancement in Russian forestry.

Mutations in the HFE gene and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Iron homeostasis dysregulation has been regarded as an important mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. The H63D and C282Y polymorphisms in theHFE gene may be involved in the development of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through the disruption of iron homeostasis. However, studies investigating the relationship between ALS and these two polymorphisms have yielded contradictory outcomes. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the roles of the H63D and C282Y polymorphisms of HFEin ALS susceptibility. PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Strict selection criteria and exclusion criteria were applied. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. A fixed- or random-effect model was selected, depending on the results of the heterogeneity test. Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis (six studies with 1692 cases and 8359 controls for C282Y; 14 studies with 5849 cases and 13,710 controls for H63D). For the C282Y polymorphism, significant associations were observed in the allele model (Y vs C: OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.62-0.92, P=0.005) and the dominant model (YY+CYvs CC: OR=0.75, 95%CI=0.61-0.92, P=0.006). No associations were found for any genetic model for the H63D polymorphism. The C282Y polymorphism in HFE could be a potential protective factor for ALS in Caucasians. However, the H63D polymorphism does not appear to be associated with ALS.

Forest inventory information needs in Northwest Russia

This research report applies the customer value hierarchy model to forestry in order to determine strategic options to enhance the value of LiDAR technology in Russian forestry. The study is conducted as a qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews as a main source of the primary data. The customer value hierarchy model constitutes a theoretical base for the research. Secondary data incorporates information on forest resource management, LiDAR technology and Russian forestry. The model is operationalised using forestry literature and forms a basis for analyses of primary data. Analyses of primary data coupled with comprehension of Russian forest inventory system and knowledge on global forest inventory have led to conclusions on the forest inventory methods selection criteria and the organizations that would benefit the most from LiDAR technology use. The report recommends strategic options for LiDAR technology’s value enhancement in Russian forestry. This work has been conducted as a part of the project ‘Finnish-Russian Forest Academy 2 - Exploiting and Piloting’, which has been supported financially by the South-East Finland- Russia ENPI CBC 2007-2014 Programme.

Impact d’une infection intra-mammaire causée par Staphylococcus aureus ou un staphylocoque coagulase-négative présente en début de lactation chez les taures laitières

L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l’impact d’une infection intra-mammaire (IIM) subclinique causée par staphylocoque coagulase-négative (SCN) ou Staphylococcus aureus diagnostiquée durant le premier mois de lactation chez les taures sur le comptage de cellules somatiques (CCS), la production laitière et le risque de réforme durant la lactation en cours. Des données bactériologiques provenant d’échantillons de lait composites de 2 273 taures Holstein parmi 50 troupeaux ont été interprétées selon les recommandations du National Mastitis Council. Parmi 1 691 taures rencontrant les critères de sélection, 90 (5%) étaient positives à S. aureus, 168 (10%) étaient positives à SCN et 153 (9%) étaient négatives (aucun agent pathogène isolé). Le CCS transformé en logarithme népérien (lnCCS) a été modélisé via une régression linéaire avec le troupeau comme effet aléatoire. Le lnCCS chez les groupes S. aureus et SCN était significativement plus élevé que dans le groupe témoin de 40 à 300 jours en lait (JEL) (P < 0.0001 pour tous les contrastes). La valeur journalière du lnSCC chez les groupes S. aureus et SCN était en moyenne 1.2 et 0.6 plus élevé que le groupe témoin respectivement. Un modèle similaire a été réalisé pour la production laitière avec l’âge au vêlage, le trait génétique lié aux parents pour la production laitière et le logarithme népérien du JEL de la pesée inclus. La production laitière n’était pas statistiquement différente entre les 3 groupes de culture de 40 à 300 JEL (P ≥ 0.12). Les modèles de survie de Cox ont révélé que le risque de réforme n’était pas statistiquement différent entre le groupe S. aureus ou SCN et le groupe témoin (P ≥ 0.16). La prévention des IIM causées par SCN et S. aureus en début de lactation demeure importante étant donné leur association avec le CCS durant la lactation en cours.

Thermo-Structural Analysis of 3D Composites

Three dimensional (3D) composites are strong contenders for the structural applications in situations like aerospace,aircraft and automotive industries where multidirectional thermal and mechanical stresses exist. The presence of reinforcement along the thickness direction in 3D composites,increases the through the thickness stiffness and strength properties.The 3D preforms can be manufactured with numerous complex architecture variations to meet the needs of specific applications.For hot structure applications Carbon-Carbon(C-C) composites are generally used,whose property variation with respect to temperature is essential for carrying out the design of hot structures.The thermomechanical behavior of 3D composites is not fully understood and reported.The methodology to find the thermomechanical properties using analytical modelling of 3D woven,3D 4-axes braided and 3D 5-axes braided composites from Representative Unit Cells(RUC's) based on constitutive equations for 3D composites has been dealt in the present study.High Temperature Unidirectional (UD) Carbon-Carbon material properties have been evaluated using analytical methods,viz.,Composite cylinder assemblage Model and Method of Cells based on experiments carried out on Carbon-Carbon fabric composite for a temparature range of 300 degreeK to 2800degreeK.These properties have been used for evaluating the 3D composite properties.From among the existing methods of solution sequences for 3D composites,"3D composite Strength Model" has been identified as the most suitable method.For thegeneration of material properies of RUC's od 3D composites,software has been developed using MATLAB.Correlaton of the analytically determined properties with test results available in literature has been established.Parametric studies on the variation of all the thermomechanical constants for different 3D performs of Carbon-Carbon material have been studied and selection criteria have been formulated for their applications for the hot structures.Procedure for the structural design of hot structures made of 3D Carbon-Carbon composites has been established through the numerical investigations on a Nosecap.Nonlinear transient thermal and nonlinear transient thermo-structural analysis on the Nosecap have been carried out using finite element software NASTRAN.Failure indices have been established for the identified performs,identification of suitable 3D composite based on parametric studies on strength properties and recommendation of this material for Nosecap of RLV based on structural performance have been carried out in this Study.Based on the 3D failure theory the best perform for the Nosecap has been identified as 4-axis 15degree braided composite.

Improved Biometric Authentication System Using Multimodal Cue Integration

Biometrics is an efficient technology with great possibilities in the area of security system development for official and commercial applications. The biometrics has recently become a significant part of any efficient person authentication solution. The advantage of using biometric traits is that they cannot be stolen, shared or even forgotten. The thesis addresses one of the emerging topics in Authentication System, viz., the implementation of Improved Biometric Authentication System using Multimodal Cue Integration, as the operator assisted identification turns out to be tedious, laborious and time consuming. In order to derive the best performance for the authentication system, an appropriate feature selection criteria has been evolved. It has been seen that the selection of too many features lead to the deterioration in the authentication performance and efficiency. In the work reported in this thesis, various judiciously chosen components of the biometric traits and their feature vectors are used for realizing the newly proposed Biometric Authentication System using Multimodal Cue Integration. The feature vectors so generated from the noisy biometric traits is compared with the feature vectors available in the knowledge base and the most matching pattern is identified for the purpose of user authentication. In an attempt to improve the success rate of the Feature Vector based authentication system, the proposed system has been augmented with the user dependent weighted fusion technique.