Síntese e impregnação de peneiras moleculares Fe MCM-41 derivada de sílica da casca do arroz

The mesoporous molecular sieves of the MCM-41 and FeMCM-41 type are considered promissory as support for metals used as catalysts in oil-based materials refine processes and as adsorbents for environmental protection proposes. In this work MCM-41 and FeMCM41 were synthesized using rice husk ash - RHA as alternative to the conventional silica source. Hydrothermal synthesis was the method chosen to prepare the materials. Pre-defined synthesis parameters were 100°C for 168 hours, later the precursor was calcinated at 550°C for 2 hours under nitrogen and air flow. The sieves containing different proportions of iron were produced by two routes: introduction of iron salt direct synthesis; and a modification post synthesis consisting in iron salt 1 % and 5% impregnation in the material followed by thermal decomposition. The molecular sieves were characterized by X ray diffraction XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, X ray fluorescence spectroscopy XFR, scanning electronic microscopy SEM, specific surface area using the BET method, Termogravimetry TG. The kinetic model of Flynn Wall was used with the aim of determining the apparent activation energy of the surfactant remove (CTMABr) in the MCM- 41 porous. The analysis made possible the morphology characterization, identifying the presence of hexagonal structure typical for mesoporous materials, as well as observation of the MCM41 and iron of characteristic bands.

Síntese e caracterização de peneiras moleculares mesoporosas do tipo MCM-41 e AlMCM-41 a partir de fontes alternativas de sílica e de alumínio

The mesoporous molecular sieves of MCM-41 and AlMCM-41 type are considered as promising support for metal in the refining processes of petroleum-based materials as catalysts and adsorbents for environmental protection. In this work the molecular sieves MCM-41 and AlMCM-41 were synthesized by replacing the source of silica conventionally used, for quartz, an alternative and abundant, and the use of waste from the production of diatomaceous earth, an aluminum-silicate, as a source aluminum, due to abundant reserves of diatomaceous earth in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the city of Ceará-Mirim, with the objective of producing high-value materials that have similar characteristics to traditional commercial catalysts in the market. These materials were synthesized by the method of hydrothermal synthesis at 100 º C for 7 days and subjected to calcination at 500 º C for 2 hours under flow of nitrogen and air. The molecular sieves were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), adsorption of N2 (BET and BJH methods), spectroscopy in the infra red (FTIR), microscopy scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis indicated that the synthesized materials showed characteristic hexagonal structure of mesopores materials with high specific surface area and sort and narrow distribution of size of pores

Reforma a seco de metano com catalisadores Ni/MCM-41 sintetizados a partir de fontes alternativas de sílica

The production of synthesis gas has received renewed attention due to demand for renewable energies to reduce the emissions of gases responsible for enhanced greenhouse effect. This work was carried out in order to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the implementation of nickel catalysts on MCM-41 in dry reforming reactions of methane. The mesoporous molecular sieves were synthesized using as silica sources the tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and residual glass powder (PV). The sieves were impregnated with 10% nickel to obtain the metallic catalysts (Ni/MCM-41). These materials were calcined and characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG), Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Temperature-Programmed Reduction (TPR) and N2 Adsorption/Desorption isotherms (BET/BJH). The catalytic properties of the samples were evaluated in methane dry reforming with CO2 in order to produce synthesis gas to be used in the petrochemical industry. The materials characterized showed hexagonal structure characteristic of mesoporous material MCM-41 type, being maintained after impregnation with nickel. The samples presented variations in the specific surface area, average volume and diameter of pores based on the type of interaction between the nickel and the mesoporous support. The result of the the catalytic tests showed conversions about 91% CO2, 86% CH4, yelds about 85% CO and 81% H2 to Ni/MCM-41_TEOS_C, and conversions about 87% CO2, 82% CH4, yelds about 70% CO and 59% H2 to Ni/MCM-41_PV_C. The similar performance confirms that the TEOS can be replaced by a less noble materials

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Preparação, caracterização e modificação de adsorventes para remoção de pesticidas de águas

O objectivo principal deste trabalho de mestrado consistiu em avaliar a potencial utilização de materiais adsorventes, nomeadamente, de carvões activados (AC) preparados por activação química com KOH, a partir de PET reciclado, e de materiais com estrutura mesoporosa ordenada, do tipo MCM-41 e SBA-15, na remoção de ácido 4 - cloro - 2 - metilfenoxiacético (MCPA) e de azul de metileno (MB), presentes nas águas. Nesta tese apresentam-se estudos de preparação e caracterização de materiais micro e mesoporosos e também estudos de avaliação da capacidade adsortiva em fase líquida. Prepararam-se três materiais microporosos, nomeadamente, PET-2-700, PET-2-700ox (AC oxidado) e PET-2-700red (AC reduzido), dois materiais constituídos exclusivamente por mesoporos, Si-MCM-41 e Ti-MCM-41-50 e dois materiais contendo maioritariamente mesoporos, mas que também possuem alguma microporosidade, tais corno, Si-SBA-15 e Ti-SBA-15-50. A caracterização textural dos adsorventes foi inferida por adsorção de azoto a 77K e por de difracção de raios X. Recorreu-se a três métodos de análise das isotérmicas, nomeadamente, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Brunauer-Ernrnett-Teller e alfa-s (as). A caracterização química dos AC foi realizada recorrendo-se a técnicas de análise elementar (AE) e espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FTIR) e à determinação do ponto de carga zero. Os três carvões activados possuem valores de área superficial externa idênticos, o PET-2-700 possui o maior volume microporoso e o PET-2-700ox exibe o maior diâmetro de poros. Por outro lado, o PET-2-700ox possui um carácter fortemente ácido, o PET-2-700 exibe carácter ligeiramente ácido e o PET-2-700red apresenta propriedades ligeiramente alcalinas. Com base na AE, todas as amostras possuem percentagens de carbono elevadas, sendo que o PET-2-700red apresenta o valor mais elevado. Os resultados obtidos para a caracterização estrutural dos revelaram a obtenção de materiais mesoporosos de alta qualidade, definida pela elevada regularidade e uniformidade da estrutura porosa. A análise dos parâmetros de caracterização textura! permitiu inferir que os quatro materiais mesoporosos possuem valores de área superficial elevados, e que os materiais SBA-15 apresentam valores de volume poroso total e de tamanho de poros superiores aos manifestados pelos MCM-41. A incorporação de titânio não conduziu a uma perda significativa de qualidade dos materiais substituídos em relação às correspondentes amostras de sílica. Efectuaram-se estudos de adsorção em fase líquida de forma a avaliar a possível aplicação dos vários adsorventes na remoção de MCPA e de MB de efluentes líquidos. concluiu-se que o tempo de equilíbrio de 72 horas seria adequado e que a capacidade de adsorção dos vários AC era superior em meio ácido. Com base nas isotérmicas de adsorção do MCPA e do MB e na aplicação da representação de Langmuir e de Freundlich, foi possível concluir que o PET-2-700 possui a maior capacidade de adsorção do MCPA, 1.42 mmol/g, enquanto que o PET-2-700ox revelou a maior capacidade de adsorção do MB, 1.43 mmol/g. Na realidade, os materiais microporosos estudados apresentaram percentagens de remoção elevadas, tanto do MCPA como do MB. Relativamente aos materiais mesoporosos ordenados preparados neste trabalho, a percentagem de remoção de para os poluentes em estudo foi relativamente baixa, constatando-se que nesta fase dos estudos não constituem uma alternativa viável à utilização dos AC. No entanto, uma funcionalização criteriosa dos mesmos pode eventualmente proporcionar um aumento da capacidade adsortiva. ABSTRACT: The work presented in this master thesis, consisted of evaluating the potential use of different adsorbents materials, like activated carbon (AC) prepared by chemical activation with KOH, from recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and materials with ordered mesoporous structure such as MCM-41 and SBA-15, for removing acid 4-chlorine-2-metilfenoxiacétic and methylene blue from aqueous phase. We had prepared three microporous materials, PET-200-700, PET-2-700ox (AC oxidized) and PET-2-700red (reduced AC), two materials consisting exclusively of mesopores, Si-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-41-50 and two materials containing mainly mesopores, but also having some microporosity, such as Si-SBA-15 and Ti-SBA-15-50. The textural characterization of the adsorbents was inferred by nitrogen adsorption at 77K and X-ray diffraction. Three methods were used to analyse the isotherms, namely, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and alpha-s (as). The chemical characterization of AC was performed using the elementary analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and determination of the point of zero charge. Concerning the AC, the three present almost the same externa! surface area, PET-2-700 has a high micropore volume and PET-2-700ox shows the largest pore size diameter. On the other hand, PET-2-700ox had a strong acid character, PET-2-700 exhibits just a slightly acid character and PET-2-700red presents alkaline properties. The AE analysis allows confirming the high carbon content of theses AC, with PET-2-700red exhibiting the highest carbon proportion. The results from the structural characterization of the mesoporous materials, had disclosed the attainment of materials with high quality, defined by the raised regularity and uniformity of the porous structure. The analysis of the textural parameters allowed inferring that the four studied mesoporous materials possess high superficial area. The SBA-15 type materials present higher values of total porous volume and pores size diameter as the MCM-41. Also, the titanium incorporation did not lead to a significant loss of quality of the materials substituted in relation to the corresponding silica samples. The adsorption studies in liquid phase allow evaluating the possibility of using the different adsorbents for the MCPA and the MB removal. The kinetic studies had allowed to state the equilibrium time as 72 hours and a higher adsorption capacity was achieved in an acid medium. The influence of the pH of the medium, on the MCPA adsorption was evaluated. The MCPA and MB isotherms were analysed based on the Langmuir and Freundlich equation, the representations presented an excellent linearity, indicating the applicability of these equations to these systems. Also, it allows concluded that PET-2-700 had a higher adsorption capacity for MCPA, 1.42 mmol/g, and PET-2-700ox had a higher adsorption capacity for MB, 1.43 mmol/g. The AC used presented high removal percentages for MCPA and MB. Concerning the mesoporous materials prepared in this work, the percentage removal for the pollutants in study was relatively low, and evidencing that at the moment these mesoporous materials do not constitute a viable alternative to the AC. However, an astute funcionalisation of the same ones can, eventually provide an increase of the adsorption capacity.

A new post-metallocene-ti catalyst with maltolate bidentade ligand: an investigation in heterogeneous polymerization reactions in different mesoporous supports

A new titanium catalyst easily synthesized from ethylmaltol bidentate chelator ligand was studied in homogeneous and heterogeneous ethylene polymerization. The dichlorobis(3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyrone)titanium(IV) complex was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), UV-Vis and elemental analysis. Theoretical study by density functional theory (DFT) showed that the complex chlorines exhibit cis configuration, which is important for the activity in olefin polymerization. The complex was supported by two methods, direct impregnation or methylaluminoxane (MAO) pre-treatment, in five mesoporous supports: MCM-41 (micro and nano), SBA-15 and also the corresponding modified Al species. All the catalytic systems were active in ethylene polymerization and the catalytic activity was strongly influenced by the method of immobilization of the catalyst and the type of support.

Heterogeneous oxidation of pyrimidine and alkyl thioethers in ionic liquids over mesoporous Ti or Ti/Ge catalysts

Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of a series of thioethers (2-thiomethylpyrimidine, 2-thiomethyl-4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidine, 2-thiobenzylpyrimidine, 2-thiobenzyl-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, thioanisole, and n-heptyl methyl sulfide) was performed in ionic liquids by using MCM-41 and UVM-type mesoporous catalysts containing Ti, or Ti and Ge. A range of triflate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, lactate and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquids were used. The oxidations were carried out by using anhydrous hydrogen peroxide or the urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct and showed that ionic liquids are very effective solvents, achieving greater reactivity and selectivity than reactions performed in dioxane. The effects of halide and acid impurities on the reactions were also investigated. Recycling experiments on catalysts were carried out in order to evaluate Ti leaching and its effect on activity and selectivity.

Novel microporous silicates and mesoporous MCM materials derivatised with inorganic and organometallic complexes

Os materiais microporosos e mesoporosos são potenciais catalisadores heterogéneos. Os zeólitos e outros materiais microporosos do tipo zeolítico tradicionais, têm átomos tetracoordenados no esqueleto. Nos últimos anos, um vasto número de titanossilicatos contendo Ti(IV) hexacoordenado e Si(IV) tetracoordenado, com estruturas tridimensionais, têm sido alvo de grande interesse. Um dos objectivos desta tese foi preparar silicatos microporosos, contendo átomos metálicos com número de coordenação superior a quatro, e possuindo quer novas estruturas quer propriedades físicas e químicas interessantes. Neste contexto, foi preparado um novo ítriossilicato de sódio, AV-1, análogo do raro mineral montregianite, Na4K2Y2Si16O38·10H2O. Este material é o primeiro sólido microporoso que contem quantidades estequiométricas de sódio (e ítrio) no esqueleto. Foi, também, sintetizado um silicato de cério, AV-5, análogo estrutural do mineral montregianite com potencial aplicação em optoelectrónica. Nesta tese é, ainda, descrita a síntese e caracterização estrutural de um silicato de cálcio hidratado, AV-2, análogo do raro mineral rhodesite (K2Ca4Na2Si16O38.12H2O). Na continuação do trabalho desenvolvido em Aveiro na síntese de novos titanossilicatos surgiu o interesse de preparar novos zirconossilicatos microporosos por síntese hidrotérmica. Foram preparados dois novos materiais análogos dos minerais petarasite Na5Zr2Si3O18(Cl,OH)·2H2O (AV-3) e kostylevite, K2Si3O9·H2O (AV-8). Foram, também, obtidos análogos sintéticos dos minerais parakeldyshite e wadeite, por calcinação a alta temperatura de AV-3 e de umbite sintética. A heterogeneização de complexos organometálicos na superfície de materiais mesoporosos do tipo M41S permite associar a grande actividade catalítica e a presença de sítios activos localizados típicos dos complexos organometálicos, com a robustez e fácil separação, características dos materiais mesoporosos siliciosos. Nesta dissertação relata-se a derivatização dos materiais MCM-41 e MCM-48 através da reacção de [SiMe2{(h5-C5H4)2}]Fe e [SiMe2{(h5-C5H4)2}]TiCl2 com os grupos silanol das superfícies mesoporosas. Os materiais MCMs derivatizados com ansa-titanoceno foram testados na epoxidação de cicloocteno a 323 K na presença de hidrogenoperóxido de t-butilo. Estudou-se a heterogeneização dos sais de complexos com ligação metal-metal [Mo2(MeCN)10][BF4]4, [Mo2(m-O2CMe)2(MeCN)6][BF4]2 e [Mo2(m- O2CMe)2(dppa)2(MeCN)2][BF4]2 via imobilização nos canais do MCM-41. A imobilização dos catalisadores homogéneos na superfície do MCM-41 envolve a saída dos ligandos nitrilo lábeis, preferencialmente em posição axial, através da reacção com os grupos Si-OH da sílica. Verificou-se que a ligação Mo-Mo se mantém intacta nos produtos finais. É provável que estes materiais sejam eficientes catalisadores heterogéneos em reacções de polimerização. As técnicas de caracterização utilizadas nesta tese foram a difracção de raios-X de pós, a microscopia electrónica de varrimento, a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear do estado sólido (núcleos 13C, 23Na e 29Si), as espectroscopias de Raman e infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier, as análises termogravimétricas e as análises de adsorção de água e azoto.

Kinetic evaluation of the pyrolysis of high density polyethylene over H-AlMCM-41 material

The AlMCM-41 material with Si/Al=50 was synthesized by hydrothermal method, using cethyltrimethylammonium as template. The protonic H-AlMCM-41 acid form was obtained by ion exchange with ammonium chloride solution and subsequent calcination. The characterization of the material by several techniques showed that a good-quality MCM-41 material was obtained. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been submitted to thermal degradation alone, and in presence of the exchanged H-AlMCM-41 catalyst at a concentration of 1: 1 in mass (H-AlMCM-41/HDPE). The reactor was connected on line to a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. This process was evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG), from 350 to 600degreesC, under helium dynamic atmosphere, with heating rates of 5.0; 10.0 and 20.0 degreesC/min. From TG curves, the activation energy, calculated using a multiple heating rate integral kinetic method, decreased from 225.5 KJ.mol(-1), for the pure polymer (HDPE), to 184.7 KJ.mol(-1), in the presence of the catalyst (H-AlMCM-41/HDPE).

Effects of mesostructured silica catalysts on the depolymerization of organosolv lignin fractionated from woody eucalyptus

Isolated and purified organosolv eucalyptus wood lignin was depolymerized at different temperatures with and without mesostructured silica catalysts (i.e., SBA-15, MCM-41, ZrO2-SBA-15 and ZrO2-MCM-41). It was found that at 300 oC for 1 h with a solid/liquid ratio of 0.0175/1 (w/v), the SBA-15 catalyst with high acidity gave the highest syringol yield of 23.0% in a methanol/water mixture (50/50, wt/wt). Doping with ZrO2 over these catalysts did not increase syringol yield, but increased the total amount of solid residue. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) also identified other main phenolic compounds such as 1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 1,2-benzenediol, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde. Analysis of the lignin residues with Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated decreases in the absorption bands intensities of OH group, C-O stretching of syringyl ring and aromatic C-H deformation of syringol unit, and an increase in band intensities associated with the guaiacyl ring, confirming the type of products formed.

Esterification of stearic acid with p-cresol over modified Indian bentonite clay catalysts

The esterification of stearic acid with p-cresol using modified Indian bentonite clay catalysts has been reported. The reaction was studied over exchanged clays, acid activated clays, exchanged acid activated clays, aluminium pillared clay, aluminium pillared acid activated clay, molecular sieve Al-MCM-41, zeolite H beta, ZrO2, S-ZrO2, p-TSA, montmorillonite K10, and montmorillonite KSF in o-xylene for 6 h. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and surface area measurements. The acidity was determined by n-butylamine back-titration method and DRIFTS after pyridine adsorption. Acid activated Indian bentonite (AAIB) was found to be a better catalyst compared to other catalysts in the esterification of stearic acid with p-cresol.

Transition metal oxide loaded MCM catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of dyes

Transition metal oxide (TiO2, Pe(2)O(3), CoO) loaded MCM-41 and MCM-48 were synthesized by a two-step surfactant-based process. Nanoporous, high surface area compounds were obtained after calcination of the compounds. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, UV-vis and BET surface area analysis. The catalysts showed high activity for the photocatalytic degradation of both anionic and cationic dyes. The degradation of the dyes was described using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and the associated rate parameters were determined.

Transition metal oxide loaded MCM catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of dyes

Transition metal oxide (TiO2, Pe(2)O(3), CoO) loaded MCM-41 and MCM-48 were synthesized by a two-step surfactant-based process. Nanoporous, high surface area compounds were obtained after calcination of the compounds. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, UV-vis and BET surface area analysis. The catalysts showed high activity for the photocatalytic degradation of both anionic and cationic dyes. The degradation of the dyes was described using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and the associated rate parameters were determined.

稀土/高聚物杂化材料的制备及发光性能的研究

本论文旨在开发能使无机材料和有机材料的功能互补、协同优化的无机/有机复合发光材料的制备方法，并研究其发光性质，以发展一类新型的高性能发光材料。首先基于无机组份与有机组份的物理和化学性质的差异，采用能保持其性质均不改变的低温软化学合成法-溶胶-凝胶技术，无机组份选择具有优良光、热稳定性的SiO_2，有机组份选择具有和无机SiO_2相似折射率和优良力学性能的丙烯酸类如甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)，采用两步溶胶-凝胶法和在交联剂3-(三甲氧基硅)丙基甲基丙烯酸酯(MSMA)存在下快速制备了两种杂化基质材料SiO_2/P(MMA-MSMA)和SiO_2/P(HEMA-MSMA)。由于使用两步溶胶-凝胶法，大大缩短了溶胶的成胶时间，所得杂化材料具有良好的光学透明性。实验结果表明，在基质材料中形成了无机网络和聚合物网络，无机相和有机相之间存在着强的化学键，两相间无明显的界面，即形成了互穿网络，粒子的尺寸在100 nm以内，属于纳米材料。由于原位聚合物与无机SiO_2基质同时生成，不仅使杂化基质材料具有一定的韧性，而且可有效降低无机SiO_2凝胶基质的热聚集和光损耗，是制备复合发光材料的优良基质材料。由于TiO_2基质具有较低的声子能量(可降低发光组份的非辐射跃迁几率)，也是一种良好的基质材料。研究了在DMF存在下透明TiO_2凝胶基质的快速制备方法。由于DMF上的氮原子可和Ti-OH上羟基形成氢键，从而大大降低了钛酸丁酯的水解速率，避免了钛酸丁酯直接水解时沉淀的出现，通过调节DMF的用量，可以在不同时间内制备透明的TiO_2凝胶。凝胶经热处理后，其结构从无定型态转变为锐钛矿相，经800℃热处理后己全部转变为会红石相。此制备方法不仅快速，而且比现有的溶胶-凝胶法制备金红石相TiO_2的温度至少降低了200℃。基于高分子聚合物聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)具有良好的成膜性能，采用旋转涂敷法制备了SiO_2/PVB杂化膜，通过调节溶胶的粘度和匀胶的速度，可以制备不同厚度的薄膜，为杂化发光膜的制备提供了依据。基于1,1,4,4-四苯基-1,3-丁二烯(TPB)在蓝光波段其有优良的发光性能，制备了掺杂TPB的SiO_2凝胶，并研究其在溶胶-凝胶过程中光谱性质的变化。由于凝胶基质的“笼保护”效应，掺杂于溶胶-凝胶基质中的TPB具有较高的热稳定性，其热分解温度达460℃。TPB具有较高的猝灭浓度，相对于它的氯仿溶液，TPB在凝胶基质中猝灭浓度提高2～3个数量级。另外，在凝胶基质中比其在氯仿溶液中具有较长的荧光寿命，这对于此类发光材料的实用化具有重要意义。基于基质的组成、微结构及化学环境，可影响发光组份之间的相互作用和能量传递规律，制备了双掺UO_2~(2+)和Eu~(3+)的TiO_2凝胶。由于在TiO_2凝胶基质中Eu~(3+)的激发光谱和UO_2~(2+)的发射光谱具有较大的光谱重叠，研究了它们之间的能量传递机制。实验结果表明，在TiO_2凝胶中，存在着UO_2~(2+)向Eu~(3+)的能量传递过程，其能量转移效率和能量转移速率随Eu~(3+)浓度的增大而增大。通过对Stern-Volmer曲线的分析，得出Eu~(3+)对UO_2~(2+)荧光的猝灭机制主要为稳态猝灭机制，此研究为丌发新的发光材料提供了科学依据。为克服传统溶胶-凝胶法制备光功能材料时预先掺杂法的缺点和局限，缩短制备光功能材料的周期，基于溶胶-凝胶水解、缩聚的特点和稀土配合物的形成规律，首次提出应用两步溶胶-凝胶法于SiO_2基质中快速原位合成了稀土配合物的方法。它是即在用盐酸作为酸性催化剂水解一定时间的溶胶中，加入六次甲基四胺作为碱性催化剂。六次甲基四胺的加入，一方面，加快了凝胶的形成，另一方面，使溶胶的介质逐步适合配合物的形成，最终在凝胶基质的形成中原位合成了稀土配合物。由于采用两步溶胶-凝胶法，缩短了凝胶时间，可在数小时内制备出透明含原位配合物的湿凝胶。采用荧光光谱、吸收光谱、IR光谱及荧光寿命测量等手段，对原位合成稀土配合物的过程进行了跟踪表征。实验结果表明，对于水杨酸-Tb~(3+)配合物的原位合成，在溶胶阶段无配合物的形成，此时，水杨酸向Tb~(3+)的能量传递属于分子间能量传递过程，即扩散控制的碰撞过程；在湿凝胶中，Tb~(3+)与水杨酸形成了配合物，在紫外光激发下，通过水杨酸向Tb~(3+)的分子内能量转移，发出Tb~(3+)强烈的特征荧光。此复合光功能材料制备技术，具有一定的创新性和实用价值。应用上述两步溶胶一凝胶法于SiO_2及SiO_2/聚合物杂化基质中快速原位合成了稀土β-二酮、芳香羧酸及杂环配体phen配台物，并制备了稀土配合物SiO_2/PVB杂化发光薄膜。原位稀土配合物在紫外光激发下发出其相应稀土离子的特征谱线，和纯配合物相比，其激发光谱变为-不对称的宽带，发射光谱表现出较少的劈裂：山于杂化基质的保护作用，原位合成的稀土配合物具有较好的光稳定性和热稳定性；由于原位合成的配合物被固定于基质的微孔中，在IR光谱上，其相关振动吸收较弱；配合物的名义掺杂在0.6 mol%时，发光强度随掺杂浓度的增加而增加，无浓度猝灭现象；SEM表明，含有原位合成的配合物的材料，具有一定的均匀性，粒子尺寸在纳米级范围。为发展多种无机基质稀土有机配合物光功能材料的复合技术，拓宽无机/有机光功能材料的制备方法，首次采用离子交换法将稀土配合物Eu(DBM)_3phen和Tb(AA)_3phen嵌入到层状化合物α-磷酸氢锆(α-ZrP)中，制备了嵌有稀土配合物的组装体，并研究了组装体的光物理性质。基于层状化合物的结构特点，首先将对甲氧基苯胺(PMA)嵌入层状化合物中，得到预组装体，使层间距变大，然后再通过离子交换的方式，制得含有稀土配合物的组装体。XRD光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱证明配合物组装进了层状化合物中。在紫外光激发下，组装体发出相应稀土离子的特征谱线；和纯配合物粉末相比，其激发光谱发生一定的蓝移，而其发射光谱则表现出较少的劈裂；由于基质的保护作用，组装体中的配合物具有较高的荧光寿命和发光效率。研究、制备了改性MCM-41与稀土配合物Eu(DBM)_3phen的复合组装体发光材料，并研究了组装体的发光性质。由于羟基的高能振动将极大地猝灭稀土离子的荧光发射，所以采用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、N-[(3-三乙氧基硅)]丙基乙二胺和4-(三乙氧基硅)丁氰三种硅烷化试剂对介孔分子筛MCM-41内壁羟基进行了修饰。组装体在紫外光激发下发出稀土离子的特征谱线，经氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性后的组装体，其发光强度约为未改性MCM-41前组装体的9倍，说明了经改性后，减少了基质中的羟基含量，降低了因羟基的高能振动而引起的非辐射跃迁几率，提高了组装体的荧光强度；对不同的改性剂的改性效果的研究表明，经4-(三乙氧基硅)丁氰改性、N-[(3-三乙氧基硅)]丙基乙二胺改性和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性MCM-41改性后的的组装体的荧光强度依次增加，同时，稀土离子在其中的荧光寿命也依次增加。以上复合技术为研究和开发具有高效、长寿命的复合发光材料提供了新的可能。为满足不同条件下材料的要求，选择具有优良发光性能的稀土配合物，将其引入P(MAA-St)共聚物的合成过程中，制备了质轻、透明性好的掺杂有稀土配合物的透明发光树脂，并研究了发光树脂的光物理性质。透明发光树脂具有良好的透光性，密度在1.2 g/cm~3；在紫外光照射下，树脂发出稀土离子强烈的特征荧光，在掺杂浓度不大于4wt%时，发光强度随掺杂浓度的增大而增大。稀土配合物在发光树脂中较其在乙醇溶液中具有较长的荧光寿命。与其相应的纯配合物的乙醇溶液相比，稀土配合物在发光树脂中的周围环境极性增大，格位对称性升高。