Literaturas magrebinas de express��o francesa: o desafio identit��rio de traduzir o(s) outro(s)

A interroga����o sobre o estatuto da l��ngua na qual se escreve �� um imperativo para os escritores dos chamados ���espa��os exc��ntricos��� divididos entre a heran��a da l��ngua do colonizador e a diversidade dos m��ltiplos idiomas locais. Escrever nesse contexto �� travar um enfrentamento direto com quest��o da l��ngua, visto que o escritor estabelece com a ���l��ngua liter��ria���, que nem sempre �� sua l��ngua materna nem sua l��ngua nacional, rela����es extremamente complexas. No caso espec��fico dos escritores magrebinos de l��ngua francesa, podemos afirmar que suas escritas liter��rias funcionam como uma esp��cie de tradu����o do mundo ��rabe no Ocidente, como uma mise-en-sc��ne escritural na tentativa de resgatar o passado colonial, as dilacera����es subjetivas e as rupturas identit��rias. Desta forma, a partir da an��lise da obra La m��moire tatou��e: autobiographie d���un d��colonis�� (1971), do escritor marroquino AbdelKebir Khatibi, procuraremos mostrar como as quest��es pol��ticas e identit��rias inscrevem-se na tessitura do liter��rio com o intuito de traduzir o outro numa dimens��o que ultrapassa os efeitos de ordem lingu��stica para se configurarem como um ato de tradu����o entre as culturas, os povos e, como diria Khatibi, entre as espiritualidades.

O Monolinguismo do Outro O caso do poeta politradutor Armand Robin

Este trabalho aborda a quest��o da puls��o politradut��ria mediante a an��lise de sua manifesta����o na obra do poeta tradutor bret��o Armand Robin (1912 - 1961). Essa puls��o, vinculada a uma visada metaf��sica na obra de Antoine Berman (A prova do estrangeiro, 2002) - definida como a busca rom��ntica da l��ngua pura -, �� reavaliada atentando para os aspectos filos��ficos e psicanal��ticos mais evidentes. Em conson��ncia com a teoria de Jacques Derrida (Le monolinguisme de l'autre, 1996), este estudo sugere que o politradutor Robin - que traduziu poemas de aproximadamente vinte e duas l��nguas para o franc��s - na verdade n��o"tinha" v��rias l��nguas, n��o era pluril��ngue no sentido que convencionalmente conhecemos, mas tinha apenas uma l��ngua e que n��o era a sua. O fato de considerar este poeta como um monol��ng��e af��sico singulariza e redimensiona a problem��tica em torno da puls��o do traduzir: a repeti����o do gesto tradut��rio desvela o excesso da busca de outras l��nguas, o que aponta paradoxalmente para um modo de velar o trauma relacionado �� l��ngua materna af��sica (no sentido derridiano do termo). Esse duplo gesto de puls��o-repuls��o se manifesta no poliglotismo e na politradu����o: traduzir permanentemente permite que Robin suporte na paix��o a dor da abdica����o de escrever a pr��pria obra.

Imagens da literatura brasileira traduzida: an��lise de capas

Da escrivaninha do autor ��s prateleiras das livrarias, todo texto ���veste-se���, orna-se de acess��rios, at�� tornar-se o objeto-livro, ser oferecido ao p��blico e ser lido/consumido pelo leitor. Essas transforma����es, ocorridas em sua maioria na fase da editora����o, podem ou n��o contar com a participa����o e, sobretudo, com o aval do autor. Quanto maior o sucesso ou prest��gio da obra ou do escritor, mais pr��ximo o autor parece estar das decis��es de um lan��amento e mais afastado de todos os seus desdobramentos: reedi����es, posteriores edi����es populares ou de bolso, tradu����es. A an��lise paratextual, mais especificamente a an��lise das capas de livros, permite-nos observar, quanto �� publica����o de literatura brasileira no exterior, que o mercado editorial estrangeiro adota com frequ��ncia, como vem ocorrendo h�� d��cadas, a op����o com forte apelo ao exotismo tropical: paisagens cariocas, frutas coloridas, bi��tipos negro ou mesti��o. Em algumas ocasi��es, entretanto, notamos a preocupa����o na correspond��ncia tem��tica ou de g��nero com a obra. Em ambos os casos os resultados podem ser surpreendentes, bem sucedidos ou provocar malentendidos e interpreta����es amb��guas. Propomos neste trabalho a aprecia����o e a an��lise de alguns desses casos em autores de literatura brasileira traduzidos e consagrados no exterior como escritores de literatura policial e suas vertentes: Rubem Fonseca, Patr��cia Melo, Garcia-Roza e Tony Bellotto, come��ando por Rubem Fonseca.

A tradu����o da identidade lingu��stica afro-americana em Invisible Man, de Ralph Ellison: quest��es de integra����o racial e negritude no uso do ingl��s vernacular afro-americano

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da padroniza����o visando �� interoperabilidade: o caso das organiza����es de sa��de na cidade de Mar��lia- S��o Paulo

P��s-gradua����o em Ci��ncia da Informa����o - FFC

Inova����o, novos conceitos ampliados: oportunidades para empresas

This article describes the evolution of Innovaton concepts, specifically Technological Innovation. It seeks to demonstrate that this conceptual evolution opens new paths for the development of Innovations and for the creation of Competitive Opportunities. It presents a model for searching and assessing the risk of these innovations regarding the adopted Technologies and the targeted market. A traditional tool for the Adoption of Innovations is introduced to be used in risk assessment. We seek to propose a strategy to search for, to identify and to assess innovations based on the involvement of the entire organization, by means of activities guided by creativity. Important aspects regarding the process of adopting Innovations are described to demonstrate the importance of the "time" dimension, as well as to contribute for the Innovation search practice.

Efeitos agudos do exerc��cio resistido, aer��bio cont��nuo e intervalado na press��o intraocular de indiv��duos fisicamente ativos e normotensos

Apesar de pouco explorado, a pr��tica de atividade f��sica promove redu����o da Press��o Intraocular (PIO). O objetivo foi verificar o efeito de diferentes tipos de exerc��cio na PIO. Quinze volunt��rios foram submetidos a 3 sess��es de 30min de exerc��cios resistidos (3 x 8 repeti����es a 80%1RM), aer��bio cont��nuo (60% da Frequ��ncia Card��aca de Reserva [FCR]), aer��bio intervalado (2min a 50% alternando com 1min a 80% da FCR). PIO foi mensurada antes (M1), durante (M2-15min), imediatamente ap��s a sess��o (M3) e na recupera����o (5min [R1] e 10min [R2]). Como procedimento estat��stico foi utilizado ANOVA. Houve redu����o da PIO nas 3 sess��es de exerc��cio (M2 e M3). Na recupera����o, PIO permaneceu reduzida ap��s 5min (R1) em todos os modelos. Por��m, aos 10min (R2) estava menor que M1 apenas na sess��o de exerc��cio intervalado. Os resultados sugerem que o exerc��cio intervalado �� mais efetivo que o cont��nuo e resistido na redu����o da PIO.

Extratos vegetais na germina����o de sementes de Baccharis dracunculifolia e Plantago lanceolata

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Price risk management in the copper market using commodity derivatives and options strategies

Metals price risk management is a key issue related to financial risk in metal markets because of uncertainty of commodity price fluctuation, exchange rate, interest rate changes and huge price risk either to metals��� producers or consumers. Thus, it has been taken into account by all participants in metal markets including metals��� producers, consumers, merchants, banks, investment funds, speculators, traders and so on. Managing price risk provides stable income for both metals��� producers and consumers, so it increases the chance that a firm will invest in attractive projects. The purpose of this research is to evaluate risk management strategies in the copper market. The main tools and strategies of price risk management are hedging and other derivatives such as futures contracts, swaps and options contracts. Hedging is a transaction designed to reduce or eliminate price risk. Derivatives are financial instruments, whose returns are derived from other financial instruments and they are commonly used for managing financial risks. Although derivatives have been around in some form for centuries, their growth has accelerated rapidly during the last 20 years. Nowadays, they are widely used by financial institutions, corporations, professional investors, and individuals. This project is focused on the over-the-counter (OTC) market and its products such as exotic options, particularly Asian options. The first part of the project is a description of basic derivatives and risk management strategies. In addition, this part discusses basic concepts of spot and futures (forward) markets, benefits and costs of risk management and risks and rewards of positions in the derivative markets. The second part considers valuations of commodity derivatives. In this part, the options pricing model DerivaGem is applied to Asian call and put options on London Metal Exchange (LME) copper because it is important to understand how Asian options are valued and to compare theoretical values of the options with their market observed values. Predicting future trends of copper prices is important and would be essential to manage market price risk successfully. Therefore, the third part is a discussion about econometric commodity models. Based on this literature review, the fourth part of the project reports the construction and testing of an econometric model designed to forecast the monthly average price of copper on the LME. More specifically, this part aims at showing how LME copper prices can be explained by means of a simultaneous equation structural model (two-stage least squares regression) connecting supply and demand variables. A simultaneous econometric model for the copper industry is built: {���(Q_t^D=e^((-5.0485))���P_((t-1))^((-0.1868) )������GDP���_t^((1.7151) )���e^((0.0158)������IP���_t ) @Q_t^S=e^((-3.0785))���P_((t-1))^((0.5960))���T_t^((0.1408))���P_(OIL(t))^((-0.1559))������USDI���_t^((1.2432))������LIBOR���_((t-6))^((-0.0561))@Q_t^D=Q_t^S )��� P_((t-1))^CU=e^((-2.5165))������GDP���_t^((2.1910))���e^((0.0202)������IP���_t )���T_t^((-0.1799))���P_(OIL(t))^((0.1991))������USDI���_t^((-1.5881))������LIBOR���_((t-6))^((0.0717) Where, Q_t^D and Q_t^Sare world demand for and supply of copper at time t respectively. P(t-1) is the lagged price of copper, which is the focus of the analysis in this part. GDPt is world gross domestic product at time t, which represents aggregate economic activity. In addition, industrial production should be considered here, so the global industrial production growth that is noted as IPt is included in the model. Tt is the time variable, which is a useful proxy for technological change. A proxy variable for the cost of energy in producing copper is the price of oil at time t, which is noted as POIL(t ) . USDIt is the U.S. dollar index variable at time t, which is an important variable for explaining the copper supply and copper prices. At last, LIBOR(t-6) is the 6-month lagged 1-year London Inter bank offering rate of interest. Although, the model can be applicable for different base metals' industries, the omitted exogenous variables such as the price of substitute or a combined variable related to the price of substitutes have not been considered in this study. Based on this econometric model and using a Monte-Carlo simulation analysis, the probabilities that the monthly average copper prices in 2006 and 2007 will be greater than specific strike price of an option are defined. The final part evaluates risk management strategies including options strategies, metal swaps and simple options in relation to the simulation results. The basic options strategies such as bull spreads, bear spreads and butterfly spreads, which are created by using both call and put options in 2006 and 2007 are evaluated. Consequently, each risk management strategy in 2006 and 2007 is analyzed based on the day of data and the price prediction model. As a result, applications stemming from this project include valuing Asian options, developing a copper price prediction model, forecasting and planning, and decision making for price risk management in the copper market.

Comparison of accuracy captured by different controlled languages in oral pathology diagnoses.

This project was comparing the accuracy of capturing the oral pathology diagnoses among different coding systems. 55 diagnoses were selected for comparison among 5 coding systems. The results of accuracy in capturing oral diagnoses are: AFIP (96.4%), followed by Read 99 (85.5%), SNOMED 98 (74.5%), ICD-9 (43.6%), and CDT-3 (14.5%). It shows that the currently used coding systems, ICD-9 and CDT-3, were inadequate, whereas the AFIP coding system captured the majority of oral diagnoses. In conclusion, the most commonly used medical and dental coding systems lack terms for the diagnosis of oral and dental conditions.

Identifying the semantics of eligibility criteria of clinical trials based on relevant medical ontologies

An important objective of the INTEGRATE project1 is to build tools that support the efficient execution of post-genomic multi-centric clinical trials in breast cancer, which includes the automatic assessment of the eligibility of patients for available trials. The population suited to be enrolled in a trial is described by a set of free-text eligibility criteria that are both syntactically and semantically complex. At the same time, the assessment of the eligibility of a patient for a trial requires the (machineprocessable) understanding of the semantics of the eligibility criteria in order to further evaluate if the patient data available for example in the hospital EHR satisfies these criteria. This paper presents an analysis of the semantics of the clinical trial eligibility criteria based on relevant medical ontologies in the clinical research domain: SNOMED-CT, LOINC, MedDRA. We detect subsets of these widely-adopted ontologies that characterize the semantics of the eligibility criteria of trials in various clinical domains and compare these sets. Next, we evaluate the occurrence frequency of the concepts in the concrete case of breast cancer (which is our first application domain) in order to provide meaningful priorities for the task of binding/mapping these ontology concepts to the actual patient data. We further assess the effort required to extend our approach to new domains in terms of additional semantic mappings that need to be developed.

Desarrollo de un servicio de enlace entre HL7 RIM y terminolog��as m��dicas

Hoy d��a, en la era post gen��mica, los ensayos cl��nicos de c��ncer implican la colaboraci��n de diversas instituciones. El an��lisis multic��ntrico y retrospectivo requiere de m��todos avanzados para garantizar la interoperabilidad sem��ntica. En este escenario, el objetivo de los proyectos EURECA e INTEGRATE es proporcionar una infraestructura para compartir conocimientos y datos de los ensayos cl��nicos post gen��micos de c��ncer. Debido en gran parte a la gran complejidad de los procesos colaborativos de las instituciones, provoca que la gesti��n de una informaci��n tan heterog��nea sea un desaf��o dentro del ��rea m��dica. Las tecnolog��as sem��nticas y las investigaciones relacionadas est��n centradas en b��squeda de conocimiento de la informaci��n extra��da, permitiendo una mayor flexibilidad y usabilidad de los datos extraidos. Debido a la falta de est��ndares adoptados por estas entidades y la complejidad de los datos procedentes de ensayos cl��nicos, una capacidad sem��ntica es esencial para asegurar la integraci��n homog��nea de esta informaci��n. De otra manera, los usuarios finales necesitar��n conocer cada modelo y cada formato de dato de las instituciones participantes en cada estudio. Para proveer de una capa de interoperabilidad sem��ntica, el primer paso es proponer un\Common Data Model" (CDM) que represente la informaci��n a almacenar, y un \Core Dataset" que permita el uso de m��ltiples terminolog��as como vocabulario compartido. Una vez que el \Core Dataset" y el CDM han sido seleccionados, la manera en la que realizar el mapping para unir los conceptos de una terminolog��a dada al CDM, requiere de una mecanismo especial para realizar dicha labor. Dicho mecanismo, debe definir que conceptos de diferentes vocabularios pueden ser almacenados en determinados campos del modelo de datos, con la finalidad de crear una representaci��n com��n de la informaci��n. El presente proyecto fin de grado, presenta el desarrollo de un servicio que implementa dicho mecanismo para vincular elementos de las terminolog��as m��dicas SNOMED CT, LOINC y HGNC, con objetos del \Health Level 7 Reference Information Model" (HL7 RIM). El servicio propuesto, y nombrado como TermBinding, sigue las recomendaciones del proyecto TermInfo del grupo HL7, pero tambi��n se tienen en cuenta cuestiones importantes que surgen al enlazar entre las citadas terminologas y el modelo de datos planteado. En este proceso de desarrollo de la interoperabilidad sem��ntica en ensayos cl��nicos de c��ncer, los datos de fuentes heterog��neas tienen que ser integrados, y es requisito que se deba habilitar una interfaz de acceso homog��neo a toda esta informaci��n. Para poder hacer unificar los datos provenientes de diferentes aplicaciones y bases de datos, es esencial representar todos estos datos de una manera can��nica o normalizada. La estandarizaci��n de un determinado concepto de SNOMED CT, simplifica las recomendaciones del proyecto TermInfo del grupo HL7, utilizadas para poder almacenar cada concepto en el modelo de datos. Siguiendo este enfoque, la interoperabilidad sem��ntica es conseguida con ��xito para conceptos SNOMED CT, sean o no post o pre coordinados, as�� como para las terminolog��as LOINC y HGNC. Los conceptos son estandarizados en una forma normal que puede ser usada para unir los datos al \Common Data Model" basado en el RIM de HL7. Aunque existen limitaciones debido a la gran heterogeneidad de los datos a integrar, un primer prototipo del servicio propuesto se est�� utilizando con ��xito en el contexto de los proyectos EURECA e INTEGRATE. Una mejora en la interoperabilidad sem��ntica de los datos de ensayos cl��nicos de c��ncer tiene como objetivo mejorar las pr��cticas en oncolog��a.

Dise��o e implementaci��n de una herramienta para el reconocimiento autom��tico de t��rminos compuestos dentro de vocabularios biom��dicos

En los vocabularios biom��dicos actuales m��s utilizados, suelen existir mecanismos de composici��n de t��rminos a partir de t��rminos pre-existentes. Estos mecanismos de composici��n aumentan la potencia de los lenguajes que los poseen pero parten con la desventaja de la posibilidad de representar un mismo concepto con diferentes conceptos base, lo que incluye un componente de ambig��edad en los mismos. Este trabajo de fin de grado consiste en la realizaci��n de una herramienta que permita reconocer t��rminos de estos vocabularios biom��dicos complejos, es decir, vocabularios con t��rminos compuestos por otros t��rminos como puede ser el caso de SNOMED. Con la consecuci��n de este proyecto, obtendremos una herramienta capaz de identificar las ambig��edades presentes en la representaci��n de estos conceptos compuestos y representar de una forma homog��nea dichos conceptos. Para favorecer la interoperabilidad y accesibilidad de la herramienta se ha decidido ofrecerla mediante una interfaz web accesible desde cualquier dispositivo o lugar con acceso a internet. ---ABSTRACT---In the latest and most used biomedical languages, we usually and term composition operations from existing terms. These mechanisms increase the utility of those terminologies they belong to. Despite this, these operations present a disadvantage, that is, the possibility of representing the same concept with diferent base concepts which introduces a certain degree of ambiguity in those complex terms. The objective of this final degree project consists in developing a tool that allows recognizing terms from those complex biomedical vocabularies, that is, terminologies with terms comprised of simpler terms such as SNOMED. By completing this project, we obtained a tool capable of identifying the present ambiguities in the representation of those composite concepts and represent them in a homogenous format. To facilitate the interoperability and accessibility of the tool it was decided to other it through a web interface loadable from any place or device with access to the internet.

Desarrollo de un proceso de normalizaci��n sem��ntica de bases de datos en ensayos cl��nicos

El trabajo se enmarca dentro de los proyecto INTEGRATE y EURECA, cuyo objetivo es el desarrollo de una capa de interoperabilidad sem��ntica que permita la integraci��n de datos e investigaci��n cl��nica, proporcionando una plataforma com��n que pueda ser integrada en diferentes instituciones cl��nicas y que facilite el intercambio de informaci��n entre las mismas. De esta manera se promueve la mejora de la pr��ctica cl��nica a trav��s de la cooperaci��n entre instituciones de investigaci��n con objetivos comunes. En los proyectos se hace uso de est��ndares y vocabularios cl��nicos ya existentes, como pueden ser HL7 o SNOMED, adapt��ndolos a las necesidades particulares de los datos con los que se trabaja en INTEGRATE y EURECA. Los datos cl��nicos se representan de manera que cada concepto utilizado sea ��nico, evitando ambig��edades y apoyando la idea de plataforma com��n. El alumno ha formado parte de un equipo de trabajo perteneciente al Grupo de Inform��tica de la UPM, que a su vez trabaja como uno de los socios de los proyectos europeos nombrados anteriormente. La herramienta desarrollada, tiene como objetivo realizar tareas de homogenizaci��n de la informaci��n almacenada en las bases de datos de los proyectos haciendo uso de los mecanismos de normalizaci��n proporcionados por el vocabulario m��dico SNOMED-CT. Las bases de datos normalizadas ser��n las utilizadas para llevar a cabo consultas por medio de servicios proporcionados en la capa de interoperabilidad, ya que contendr��n informaci��n m��s precisa y completa que las bases de datos sin normalizar. El trabajo ha sido realizado entre el d��a 12 de Septiembre del a��o 2014, donde comienza la etapa de formaci��n y recopilaci��n de informaci��n, y el d��a 5 de Enero del a��o 2015, en el cu��l se termina la redacci��n de la memoria. El ciclo de vida utilizado ha sido el de desarrollo en cascada, en el que las tareas no comienzan hasta que la etapa inmediatamente anterior haya sido finalizada y validada. Sin embargo, no todas las tareas han seguido este modelo, ya que la realizaci��n de la memoria del trabajo se ha llevado a cabo de manera paralela con el resto de tareas. El n��mero total de horas dedicadas al Trabajo de Fin de Grado es 324. Las tareas realizadas y el tiempo de dedicaci��n de cada una de ellas se detallan a continuaci��n: ��� Formaci��n. Etapa de recopilaci��n de informaci��n necesaria para implementar la herramienta y estudio de la misma [30 horas. ��� Especificaci��n de requisitos. Se documentan los diferentes requisitos que ha de cumplir la herramienta [20 horas]. ��� Dise��o. En esta etapa se toman las decisiones de dise��o de la herramienta [35 horas]. ��� Implementaci��n. Desarrollo del c��digo de la herramienta [80 horas]. ��� Pruebas. Etapa de validaci��n de la herramienta, tanto de manera independiente como integrada en los proyectos INTEGRATE y EURECA [70 horas]. ��� Depuraci��n. Correcci��n de errores e introducci��n de mejoras de la herramienta [45 horas]. ��� Realizaci��n de la memoria. Redacci��n de la memoria final del trabajo [44 horas].---ABSTRACT---This project belongs to the semantic interoperability layer developed in the European projects INTEGRATE and EURECA, which aims to provide a platform to promote interchange of medical information from clinical trials to clinical institutions. Thus, research institutions may cooperate to enhance clinical practice. Different health standards and clinical terminologies has been used in both INTEGRATE and EURECA projects, e.g. HL7 or SNOMED-CT. These tools have been adapted to the projects data requirements. Clinical data are represented by unique concepts, avoiding ambiguity problems. The student has been working in the Biomedical Informatics Group from UPM, partner of the INTEGRATE and EURECA projects. The tool developed aims to perform homogenization tasks over information stored in databases of the project, through normalized representation provided by the SNOMED-CT terminology. The data query is executed against the normalized version of the databases, since the information retrieved will be more informative than non-normalized databases. The project has been performed from September 12th of 2014, when initiation stage began, to January 5th of 2015, when the final report was finished. The waterfall model for software development was followed during the working process. Therefore, a phase may not start before the previous one finishes and has been validated, except from the final report redaction, which has been carried out in parallel with the others phases. The tasks that have been developed and time for each one are detailed as follows: ��� Training. Gathering the necessary information to develop the tool [30 hours]. ��� Software requirement specification. Requirements the tool must accomplish [20 hours]. ��� Design. Decisions on the design of the tool [35 hours]. ��� Implementation. Tool development [80 hours]. ��� Testing. Tool evaluation within the framework of the INTEGRATE and EURECA projects [70 hours]. ��� Debugging. Improve efficiency and correct errors [45 hours]. ��� Documenting. Final report elaboration [44 hours].

Analysis of the suitability of existing medical ontologies for building a scalable semantic interoperability solution supporting multi-site collaboration in oncology

Semantic interoperability is essential to facilitate efficient collaboration in heterogeneous multi-site healthcare environments. The deployment of a semantic interoperability solution has the potential to enable a wide range of informatics supported applications in clinical care and research both within as ingle healthcare organization and in a network of organizations. At the same time, building and deploying a semantic interoperability solution may require significant effort to carryout data transformation and to harmonize the semantics of the information in the different systems. Our approach to semantic interoperability leverages existing healthcare standards and ontologies, focusing first on specific clinical domains and key applications, and gradually expanding the solution when needed. An important objective of this work is to create a semantic link between clinical research and care environments to enable applications such as streamlining the execution of multi-centric clinical trials, including the identification of eligible patients for the trials. This paper presents an analysis of the suitability of several widely-used medical ontologies in the clinical domain: SNOMED-CT, LOINC, MedDRA, to capture the semantics of the clinical trial eligibility criteria, of the clinical trial data (e.g., Clinical Report Forms), and of the corresponding patient record data that would enable the automatic identification of eligible patients. Next to the coverage provided by the ontologies we evaluate and compare the sizes of the sets of relevant concepts and their relative frequency to estimate the cost of data transformation, of building the necessary semantic mappings, and of extending the solution to new domains. This analysis shows that our approach is both feasible and scalable.