A classroom-based investigation of reciprocal teaching at the grade seven level

This study assessed the effectiveness of a reciprocal teaching program as a method of teaching reading comprehension, using narrative text material in a t.ypical grade seven classroom. In order to determine the effectiveness of the reciprocal teaching program, this method was compared to two other reading instruction approaches that, unlike rcciprocal teaching, did not include social interaction components. Two intact grade scven classes, and a grade seven teacher, participated in this study. Students were appropriately assigned to three treatment groups by reading achievement level as determined from a norm-referenced test. Training proceeded for a five week intervention period during regularly scheduled English periods. Throughout the program curriculum-based tests were administered. These tests were designed to assess comprehension in two distinct ways; namely, character analysis components as they relate to narrative text, and strategy use components as they contribute to student understanding of narrative and expository text. Pre, post, and maintenance tests were administered to measure overall training effects. Moreover, during intervention, training probes were administered in the last period of each week to evaluate treatment group performance. AU curriculum-based tests were coded and comparisons of pre, post, maintenance tests and training probes were presented in graph form. Results showed that the reciprocal group achieved some improvement in reading comprehension scores in the strategy use component of the tests. No improvements were observed for the character analysis components of the curriculum-based tests and the norm-referenced tests. At pre and post intervention, interviews requiring students to respond to questions that addressed metacomprehension awareness of study strategies were administered. The intelviews were coded and comparisons were made between the two intelVicws. No significant improvements were observed regarding student awareness of ten identified study strategies . This study indicated that reciprocal teaching is a viable approach that can be utilized to help students acquire more effective comprehension strategies. However, the maximum utility of the technique when administered to a population of grade seven students performing at average to above average levels of reading achievement has yet to be determined. In order to explore this issue, the refinement of training materials and curriculum-based measurements need to be explored. As well, this study revealed that reciprocal teaching placed heavier demands on the classroom teacher when compared to other reading instruction methods. This may suggest that innovative and intensive teacher training techniques are required before it is feasible to use this method in the classroom.

Effets de l’enseignement réciproque sur la compréhension en lecture d’élèves allophones immigrants nouvellement arrivés en situation de grand retard scolaire au secondaire

Le présent mémoire expose les effets de l’enseignement réciproque sur la compréhension en lecture en français langue seconde d’élèves allophones immigrants nouvellement arrivés en situation de grand retard scolaire, scolarisés dans des classes d’accueil au secondaire. Deux groupes expérimentaux et un groupe contrôle ont pris part à la recherche. Deux modèles d’intervention en enseignement réciproque ont été proposés aux groupes expérimentaux, soit une intervention traditionnelle ou une intervention qui favorise l’ouverture aux langues maternelles. Un questionnaire administré en grand groupe ainsi que des entretiens individuels menés auprès de 11 élèves sous forme d’études de cas ont permis de mesurer les effets des interventions et de présenter des portraits de lecteurs. Les résultats au questionnaire valident que les interventions ont eu des effets significatifs sur la compréhension en lecture des élèves des groupes expérimentaux comparativement aux élèves du groupe contrôle. De plus, les 11 études de cas vont dans le même sens et révèlent que les élèves des groupes expérimentaux, au post-test, se sont améliorés dans la mise en place des stratégies cognitives et métacognitives. Finalement, lorsque les deux groupes expérimentaux sont comparés entre eux, les deux présentent des gains significatifs sur le plan de la compréhension en lecture. Cependant, le groupe ayant participé à des interventions avec une ouverture aux langues maternelles présente des changements de perceptions plus positifs et explicites à l’égard de la relation, en lecture, entre les langues.

Effets des apprentissages de la langue écrite effectués par la typologie textuelle dans l’apprentissage multilingue (le coréen, l’anglais et le français) chez l’apprenant coréen

On s’accorde aujourd’hui sur la nécessité de la dimension textuelle dans l’enseignement de la langue écrite. L’objectif de notre recherche est de mettre à l’essai une démarche pédagogique visant à enseigner la compréhension/expression écrite en prenant appui sur la typologie textuelle et en adoptant une approche stratégique. Compte tenu que les Coréens apprennent le français comme deuxième langue étrangère après l’apprentissage de l’anglais, nous menons notre recherche dans un contexte d’apprentissage multilingue (le coréen, le français et l’anglais). Nous effectuons notre recherche à Montréal. Nous sélectionnons vingt- et-un apprenants coréens âgés de 14 à 15 ans en passant des entrevues sur les caractéristiques de leurs expériences scolaires et leurs apprentissages des langues. Ils possèdent tous un bagage éducatif solide en anglais mais leurs niveaux de français sont variés (i.e. sept sujets débutants, sept intermédiaires et sept avancés). Notre recherche se base sur trois expérimentations. Dans la première, nous nous intéressons notamment au rôle de la typologie textuelle auprès des débutants, dont les caractéristiques sont représentatives des apprenants coréens qui sont grammaticalement et lexicalement faibles en français. Nous mobilisons les connaissances textuelles par le biais des textes en anglais puis nous mesurons si les participants peuvent les utiliser dans les textes en français. Nous vérifions cette utilisation en comparant les résultats de la perception du fonctionnement de l’écrit en français avant et après la mobilisation des connaissances textuelles. Les donnés empiriques révèlent que les apprenants coréens qui n’ont pas encore maîtrisé les compétences de base réussissent à percevoir le fonctionnement de l’écrit en français grâce à leurs connaissances textuelles préalablement mobilisées en anglais.Dans notre deuxième expérimentation, nous examinons l’effet de l’enseignement de la typologie textuelle sur la lecture stratégique dans l’apprentissage multilingue. Nous offrons le cours de lecture stratégique avec un texte en français et examinons l’effet de cette pratique. En comparant les résultats de la compréhension avant et après le cours, nous vérifions que le cours de lecture stratégique est efficace non seulement sur la perception du fonctionnement de l’écrit, mais également sur l’apprentissage de la grammaire et du vocabulaire. Nous vérifions également l’influence translinguistique du français vers l’anglais. Dans la troisième expérimentation, nous examinons l’effet de l’enseignement de la typologie textuelle sur le processus de production écrite en français. Nous recueillons les productions des participants avant et après le cours de l’écriture. Nous les analysons avec les mêmes grilles de codage concernant la forme typologique et le sens culturel. Nous observons que les scripteurs qui ont l’occasion de mobiliser explicitement leurs connaissances textuelles peuvent obtenir des performances plus élevées concernant la forme typologique ainsi que le sens culturel après le processus de production. Nous en concluons que la didactique effectuée à partir de la typologie textuelle a toute sa pertinence dans l’apprentissage multilingue et que l’approche stratégique peut stimuler la mise en place de la typologie textuelle pour appréhender la langue écrite au niveau textuel tant en lecture qu’en écriture.

Influence d’un atelier de prise de notes sur la capacité d’étudiants du collégial à restituer les idées principales d’un texte de philosophie : une vision contrastive étudiants – professeurs de philosophie.

Cette recherche avait pour but de déterminer quelle était l’influence de l’administration d’un atelier de prise de notes dans le cadre du premier cours de philosophie du collégial qui se donnait au début de la deuxième session des apprenants. Elle se situait dans le cadre d’une recherche intervention et le point de vue des parties prenantes, à savoir les apprenants et les enseignants, était recueilli de façon qualitative. Les premiers, forts d’une expérience d’une session au niveau collégial, ont exprimé le besoin de suivre une formation formelle liée à la prise de notes, quand bien même celle-ci leur demanderait un effort supplémentaire. Les deuxièmes nous ont fait part de leurs préoccupations en ce qui a trait à la qualité des notes de leurs étudiants. Nous avons demandé aux répondants de restituer les thèmes principaux de deux textes équivalents distribués de façon simultanée en fonction des rangées (première rangée – premier texte, deuxième rangée – deuxième texte, etc.), puis nous avons interverti l’ordre de distribution des textes après l’atelier. Lors de l’analyse des résultats, nous avons constaté que les répondants avaient restitué les thèmes dans un ordre d’importance plus approprié après l’atelier qu’avant celui-ci, mais nous avons surtout remarqué une amélioration significative dans l’emploi des stratégies de prise de notes et dans la constance de leur utilisation tout au long du second texte étudié.

Förderung des Leseverständnisses durch Lesestrategien: Eine Interventionsstudie in der Grundschule

Anliegen dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung des Einflusses eines Lesestrategietrainings auf die Entwicklung des Leseverständnisses in den Klassen 2 und 4. In einer experimentellen Studie mit Prä-Post-Test-Design wurde die Wirksamkeit eines 25 Sitzungen umfassenden Trainings der Strategien Vorhersagen, kleinschrittiges Wiederholen und Zusammenfassen den Effekten einer lesefernen Kontrollbedingung gegenübergestellt. Die Lesestrategien wurden peergestützt vermittelt, d. h. in Dyaden aus einem leseschwächeren und einem lesestärkeren Kind. In drei Teilstudien wurden Fragestellungen zur differenzierten Analyse der Trainingswirksamkeit untersucht: (1) Wird die Trainingswirksamkeit durch die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse beeinflusst?, (2) Kann die Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit durch das Lesestrategietraining gefördert werden? und (3) Können leseschwache Kinder von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestärkeren Tutor(inn)en hinsichtlich der Verbesserung ihres Leseverständnisses profitieren?. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation sprechen dafür, dass das eingesetzte peergestützte Lesestrategietraining das Leseverständnis und die Leseflüssigkeit von Zweit- und Viertklässler(inne)n unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen positiv beeinflussen konnte. Die Leseleistungen vor dem Training, die Effizienz der Worterkennungsprozesse und die Rolle im dyadischen Lernen erwiesen sich als relevante Einflussfaktoren für die Wirksamkeit des Strategietrainings. Zweitklässler(innen), die aufgrund guter Prä-Test Leseleistungen die Tutor(inn)enrolle erhielten, konnten ihr Leseverständnis gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung signifikant steigern. Leseschwache Zweitklässler(innen) hingegen schienen nur bei (relativ) effizienten Worterkennungsprozessen die Lesestrategien zur Steigerung ihres globalen Leseverständnisses nutzen zu können, wobei sie keinen Zugewinn aus der dyadischen Zusammenarbeit ziehen konnten. Bei ineffizienten Worterkennungsprozessen hatte das Strategietraining negative Auswirkungen auf das allgemeine Leseverständnis. Anders in Klasse 4: Kinder, die aufgrund unterdurchschnittlicher Leseleistungen im Prä-Test als Tutand(inn)en am Training teilnahmen, verbesserten ihr Leseverständnis und konnten dabei von der Zusammenarbeit mit lesestarken Tutor(inn)en profitieren. Für die Tutor(inn)en in Klasse 4 zeigte sich kein Effekt des Strategietrainings gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe. In beiden Klassenstufen stellte sich im Verlauf des Strategietrainings eine schnellere Entwicklung der Leseflüssigkeit der schwachen Leser(innen) ein. Zusammengefasst erzielte das Training die größten Effekte für gute Leser(innen) in Klasse 2 und schwache Leser(innen) in Klasse 4 – beide Gruppen konnten ihr Leseverständnis praktisch bedeutsam gegenüber Kindern mit gleichen Leseleistungen in der Kontrollbedingung steigern.

Comprensión de lectura y metacognición en jóvenes, una herramienta para el éxito en la comprensión de lectura : estudio descriptivo exploratorio en niños de once a trece años de edad que cursan primero de bachillerato, pertenecientes al Colegio Gimnasio Los Robles de Bogota D.C.

La lectura como actividad cognitiva, implica una serie de procesos y estrategias mentales que el estudiante debe dominar, con el fin de comprender y hacer consciente estas estrategias, utilizándolas como una función instrumental para la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos que en su mayoría se manifiestan como demandas escolares. Actualmente los problemas de comprensión del lectura que presentan los estudiantes jóvenes, se deben a la falta de eficiencia en el empleo de las estrategias durante el proceso de la lectura dejando ver un aprendizaje mecánico y memorístico basado en la decodificación de signos escritos. Es así como la Metacognición se configura como una alternativa de solución, basada en el control que tiene el sujeto de sus destrezas o procesos cognitivos, de pensamiento y de la habilidad para dar y darse cuenta de estos procesos a la hora de leer, a través del manejo de estrategias para cada momento del proceso lector (Baker y Brown, 1981; Flavell, 1976). Por consiguiente el proyecto de comprensión de lectura y metacognición en jóvenes estará dirigido a la enseñanza explicita de las estrategias metacognitivas para mejorar el nivel de comprensión de lectura.

Reading fluency in children who are deaf or hard of hearing

This literature review explores the role of reading fluency in children who are deaf or hard of hearing and the essential role reading fluency plays in reading comprehension. The information gathered in this paper supports the importance of direct instruction of reading fluency with children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Vocabulary is important for some, but not all reading skills

Although there is evidence for a close link between the development of oral vocabulary and reading comprehension, less clear is whether oral vocabulary skills relate to the development of word-level reading skills. This study investigated vocabulary and literacy in 81 children aged 8 to 10 years. In regression analyses, vocabulary accounted for unique variance in exception word reading and reading comprehension, but not text reading accuracy, decoding, or regular word reading. Consistent with these data, children with poor reading comprehension exhibited oral vocabulary weaknesses and read fewer exception words correctly. These findings demonstrate that oral vocabulary is associated with some, but not all, reading skills. Results are discussed in terms of current models of reading development.

Profiling text comprehension impairments in aphasia

Background: Research in aphasia has focused on acquired dyslexias at the single word level, with a paucity of assessment techniques and rehabilitation approaches for individuals with difficulty at the text level. A rich literature from research with paediatric populations and healthy non-brain damaged, skilled adult readers allows the component processes that are important for text reading to be defined and more appropriate assessments to be devised. Aims: To assess the component processes of text reading in a small group of individuals with aphasia who report difficulties reading at the text level. Do assessments of component processes in reading comprehension reveal distinct profiles of text comprehension? To what extent are text comprehension difficulties caused by underlying linguistic and/or cognitive deficits? Methods & Procedures: Four individuals with mild aphasia who reported difficulties reading at the text level took part in a case-series study. Published assessments were used to confirm the presence of text comprehension impairment. Participants completed a range of assessments to provide a profile of their linguistic and cognitive skills, focusing on processes known to be important for text comprehension. We identified the following areas for assessment: reading speed, language skills (single word and sentence), inferencing, working memory and metacognitive skills (monitoring and strategy use). Outcomes & Results: Performance was compared against age-matched adult control data. One participant presented with a trend for impaired abilities in inferencing, with all other assessed skills being within normal limits. The other three had identified linguistic and working memory difficulties. One presented with a residual deficit in accessing single word meaning that affected text comprehension. The other two showed no clear link between sentence processing difficulties and text comprehension impairments. Across these three, data suggested a link between verbal working memory capacity and specific inferencing skills. Conclusions: Successful text reading relies on a number of component processes. In this paper we have made a start in defining those component processes and devising tasks suitable to assess them. From our results, assessment of verbal working memory and inferencing appears to be critical for understanding text comprehension impairments in aphasia. It is possible that rehabilitation input can capitalize on key meta-cognitive skills (monitoring, strategy use) to support functional reading in the face of existing linguistic, text comprehension and memory impairments.

Morphological awareness and reading development in bilingual English-Chinese children in Singapore

Addressing two aspects of morphological awareness – derivational and compound, this study investigates the relationships between morphological awareness and vocabulary and reading comprehension in English-Chinese bilingual primary 3 children in Singapore (N = 76). Comparable tasks in Chinese and English were administered to examine the children’s morphological awareness, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. The results show that morphological awareness is highly related to vocabulary and reading comprehension, with higher correlations between morphological awareness and reading comprehension than between morphological awareness and vocabulary. This indicates that morphological awareness may have direct influence on reading comprehension beyond the mediating effect of vocabulary. Furthermore, the results indicate that children displayed more compound than derivational morphological awareness for Chinese due to the dominance of compound morphology in Chinese. However the children also displayed similar levels of derivational and compound morphological awareness for English despite far more derivatives than compounds in English. The robust cross-linguistic correlations suggest that Chinese compound morphological knowledge plays a facilitating role not only in learning English compounds, but also in learning transparently derived words that do not involve phonological or orthographic shifts.

Structural constraints on pronoun binding and coreference: evidence from eye movements during reading

A number of recent studies have investigated how syntactic and non-syntactic constraints combine to cue memory retrieval during anaphora resolution. In this paper we investigate how syntactic constraints and gender congruence interact to guide memory retrieval during the resolution of subject pronouns. Subject pronouns are always technically ambiguous, and the application of syntactic constraints on their interpretation depends on properties of the antecedent that is to be retrieved. While pronouns can freely corefer with non-quantified referential antecedents, linking a pronoun to a quantified antecedent is only possible in certain syntactic configurations via variable binding. We report the results from a judgment task and three online reading comprehension experiments investigating pronoun resolution with quantified and non-quantified antecedents. Results from both the judgment task and participants' eye movements during reading indicate that comprehenders freely allow pronouns to corefer with non-quantified antecedents, but that retrieval of quantified antecedents is restricted to specific syntactic environments. We interpret our findings as indicating that syntactic constraints constitute highly weighted cues to memory retrieval during anaphora resolution.

Working memory, reading ability and the effects of distance and typicality on anaphor resolution in children

We investigated the time course of anaphor resolution in children and whether this is modulated by individual differences in working memory and reading skill. The eye movements of 30 children (10-11 years) were monitored as they read short paragraphs in which (i) the semantic typicality of an antecedent and (ii) its distance in relation to an anaphor, were orthogonally manipulated. Children showed effects of distance and typicality on the anaphor itself, and also on the word to the right of the anaphor, suggesting that anaphoric processing begins immediately but continues after the eyes have left the anaphor. Furthermore, children showed no evidence of resolving anaphors in the most difficult condition (distant atypical antecedent), suggesting that anaphoric processing that is demanding may not occur online in children of this age. Finally, working memory capacity and reading comprehension skill affect the magnitude and time course of typicality and distance effects during anaphoric processing.

Skicklig läs- och skrivundervisning i åk 1-3 : Om lärares möjligheter och hinder

This study focuses on teachers’ opportunities and obstacles to perform skillful reading and writing instruction. It’s about the ability to accurately identify where students are in their reading and writing process and to help them develop good reading skills. It is also about the ability to recognize signs of difficulties that students may have in their written language development and to know what efforts are needed to help them advance their reading and writing skills. The research is based on teachers’ own statements and survey responses on the external conditions for teaching and on their approach, attitudes and knowledge in reading and writing. The empirical material consists of interviews, surveys and test data. The interview study was conducted with eight teachers. The questionnaire was answered by 249 teachers, while the knowledge test was conducted of 269 teachers and 31 special education teachers. Many of the teachers in this study have lack knowledge in the structure of language and common Swedish spelling rules. Furthermore, it appears that a large part of them are unaccustomed to explaining, in detail, students’ reading development and find it difficult to systematically describe the aspects of daily literacy instruction. The overall picture is that many teachers teach without having tools to reflect on how their education really affects students’ reading and writing. These shortcomings make it difficult to conduct effective literacy instruction. Once students have learned to decode or if they have reading difficulties, many teachers seem to one-sidedly focus on getting students to read more. The consequence could be that those who would need to practice more on the technical basic of reading or comprehension strategies are left without support. Lack of variety and individuality in fluency and comprehension training can challenge the students’ reading and writing development. The teachers in the study, who have the old junior school teacher and elementary teacher education, have the highest amount of knowledge of reading and writing (the test). Good education can provide student teachers with professional skills that they may develop further in their careers. Knowledge of the meaning of phonological and phonemic awareness as well as knowledge of how to count phonemes seem to be important for knowledge of reading and writing (the test). Knowledge of basic reading processes can be obtained by systematic and structured work with students’ linguistic development, and through continuous dialogues with experienced colleagues on how and why questions. This is one important way to work also in teacher training. When essential professional skills are established in the teacher education, in practice students will obtain the school’s learning goals.

Applying SPSE model to the comprehension of text organization by EFL learners

In order to test the effect of discourse organization on reading comprehension, two expository texts having an SPSE (situation- problem solution-evaluation) pattern were adminestered to a group of 30 undergraduate EFL students from Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz who had been screened from among 100 students. These students had scored 60 and over from a language proficiency test having 75 items. The results of the study confirmed that the subjects had relatively more difficulty in recalling the evaluation and the solution sections, and in particular the details of 'solution', than other sections of the expository texts. It is concluded that in addition to language proficiency, other factors such as voice and cognition which contribute to the organization of text and hence to the comprehensibility of it are essential.

Didática do plurilinguismo: efeitos da intercompreensão de línguas românicas na compreensão de textos escritos em português

This exploratory study aims to present some readings as Doyé (2003), Carrasco Perea (2003), Melo Araújo e Sá (2004), Chavagne (2009) and Alas-Martins (2010; 2011) which helped to confirm some ways for showing that a plurilingual environment can enable a trend in improving the understanding of written texts in the mother tongue, and can collaborate on a better perception of the world around a person with all their different nuances. The study describes the methodology and some results of our doctoral research that resulted in the insertion of the experimental discipline called Intercomprehension of Romanic Languages (ILR) in the curriculum in the city of Natal / RN / Brazil, and it was justified because of high functional illiteracy degree among young people up to 15 years old according to the educational data from IBGE research on 2010. The results were verified through an experimental action-research which was characterized by Lewin (1946); Nunan (1992); Thiollent (1994) and Trip (2005) in two schools: Professoara Terezinha Paulino de Lima (municipal school) and Professora Ana Julia de Carvalho Mousinho (State of Rio Grande do Norte), with 95 students from the final years of primary education. The corpus of this research was subjected to a series of condensed techniques like the nonparametric test from Kruskal and Wallis (1952) and the parametric test ANOVA as an effort to provide statistical significance to the analysis of the results indicated in the book of ILR activities. The research presented some skill views about reading comprehension of written texts according to perspective of Ringbow (1987), Giacobbe (1990), Alarcão (1991; 2009a and 2009b), Corder (1992), Castellotti (2001) and Degache (2003), and the possibilities of transfer these skills for learning Portuguese as pointed out by Meissner, Klein and Stegmann (2004); it indicates a positive trend towards the understanding of LM according to analyzing the scores of written tests and texts by participants in solving tasks