998 resultados para Proteção e defesa do consumidor, legislação, Brasil


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Desde o início da década de 1990, quando o Código de Defesa do Consumidor entrou em vigor, diversos fumantes passaram a buscar no judiciário a responsabilização das empresas tabagistas pelos danos advindos do fumo. Acerca desta pretensão dos consumidores, diversos são os debates. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar como a jurisprudência brasileira enfrentou e enfrenta as dificuldades em se estabelecer o nexo causal entre a atividade desenvolvida pelas empresas tabagistas e os danos sofridos pelos fumantes. A escolha pelo estudo do nexo de causalidade no caso da responsabilização das empresas tabagistas decorre do fato de este revelar-se o maior obstáculo para que seja reconhecida a responsabilidade das referidas empresas.

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Esta dissertação apresenta um modelo de análise dogmático para a aplicação do princípio da neutralidade da rede no país, na forma como se encontra regulado pela Lei n. 12.965, conhecida como o Marco Civil da Internet. A metodologia utilizada por este trabalho envolve o mapeamento dos principais debates e tensões que emergem sobre a regulação do tema no Brasil e em outros países, bem como a avaliação dos custos e benefícios envolvidos com diferentes aplicações do princípio da neutralidade da rede. O capítulo 1 traz uma revisão e organização da literatura sobre neutralidade da rede, propondo uma classificação de diferentes correntes e posições de acordo com sua perspectiva regulatória. O capítulo 2 apresenta um mapeamento da matriz institucional por trás da discussão sobre o tema no Brasil, avaliando o arcabouço regulatório, o posicionamento dos atores e de que forma essa matriz exerceu influência na construção colaborativa da redação da neutralidade da rede no Marco Civil. O capítulo 3 oferece um exercício de interpretação dogmática da regra aprovada no Marco Civil, utilizando como métodos diferentes modelos de interpretação. O capítulo 4 continua o exercício hermenêutico proposto no capítulo anterior, analisando de que forma a regulação da neutralidade da rede afeta novos modelos de negócio na camada de infraestrutura da rede, e de que maneira atinge a oferta de planos de acesso à internet que estabeleçam diferentes tarifas de acordo com aplicações específicas. Finalmente, o capítulo 5 utiliza as diversas inferências desenvolvidas nos dois capítulos anteriores para construir m modelo propositivo de como a neutralidade da rede pode ser regulamentada pelo Poder Executivo, à luz do princípio da legalidade.

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The gas retail represents the end of a section of the oil and natural gas derivative chain, for it is at this stage where the commercialization of those merchandises takes place towards the costumers. This process involves an enormous amount of economic agents, which reflects on an activity of great influence on the citizen's everyday. By the time of the gas retail price liberalization, in 2002, there were great expectations towards that measure, for the insertion of that segment in a competitive market was likely to create a decrease in prices. As there was not a drastic drop off in cost, the question was no longer the price itself, but, predominantly, the conduct taken by the economic agents that operate the market. Not in vain, the segment introduces a greater number of different procedures combined with the organs that compose the Brazilian System of Competition Protection. What is understood, however, is that many of these complaints are made in a lightly way, without a proper analysis of the market and its practices, that being why, in this paper, evidences the causes of these complaints and explained what, in fact, occurs in this market. Also, the organs that protect the free initiative in the sector use different methods to assess anticompetitive practices, which are counterproductive on the combat of anticompetitive practice, that being why the present paper analyzes the used methods on a critic perspective, choosing one which is believed to be the most adequate. The present work also tries to present the gas retail prices on a constitutional, free competition, free initiative and consumers defense perspective, analyzing the competition s aspects on the gas market; the shaping of the gas prices; the market boundaries; the anti-competitive practices under the gas market; and analyze the possibility, according to the defined economic standards in the constitutional text of existing a greater control or gas price indexing and/or regulation which limits the distributors and resellers profit on gas. Still, in consequence of this analysis, a study on Natal s market behavior will be developed in its competitive feature. That being said, moreover being a theoretical-descriptive study, data and statistics gathered is used, which will lead, willing to grasp an experiential study on a few aspects of the Potiguar gas retail market

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This dissertation deals with the social function of the contract, based on constitutional principles, especially those relating to fundamental rights. The social function of the contract (general clause) is described in the Civil Code so intentionally generic, no precise criteria to define it. Because of the fluidity of this principle, it is justified its closer study, seeking to assess its various meanings and looking away from the legal uncertainty that an unlimited conceptual vagueness can cause. The social function of the contract arises from a transformation experienced in private law from the inflows received from the Constitutional Law, the result of an evolutionary process by which it became the state structure, leaving the foundations of the classical liberal state and moving toward a vision guided by existential human values that give the keynote of the Welfare State. Arose, then the concern about the effectiveness of fundamental rights in relations between individuals, which is studied from the inapplicability of fundamental rights in private relations (U.S. doctrine of State action), passing to the analysis of the Theory of indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights (of German creation and majority acceptance), reaching the right horizontal efficacy Theory of fundamental rights, prevailing Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence. It has also been investigated the foundations of the social contract, pointing out that, apart from the provisions of the constitutional legislation, that base the principle on screen, there have also been noticed foundations in the Federal Constitution, in devices like the art. 1, III, the dignity of the human person is the north of the relationship between contractors. Also art. 3rd, I CF/88 bases the vision of social covenants, equipping it for the implementation of social solidarity, as one of the fundamental objectives of the Republic. Still on art. 170 of the Constitution it is seen as a locus of reasoning in the social function of the contract, the maintenance of the economic order. It is also studied the internal and external aspects of the social function of the contract, being the first part the one that considers the requirement of respect for contractual loyalty, through the objective good faith, as a result of the dignity of the hirer may not be offended by the other through the contract. On the other hand, the external facet of the social function of the contract, in line with the constitutional mandate of solidarity, indicates the need for contractors to respect the rights of society, namely the diffuse, collective and individual third party. In this external appearance, it is also pointed the notion of external credit protection, addressing the duty of society to respect the contract. There has been shown some notions of the social contract in comparative law. Then, there has been investigated the content of principle study, through their interrelationships with other provisions of private and constitutional law, namely equality, objective good faith, private autonomy and dignity of the human person. We study the application of the social contract in contractual networks as well as the guidance of conservation of contracts, especially those denominated long-term captive contracts, considering the theory of substantive due performance, concluding with an analysis of the social contract in code of Consumer Protection

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Este estudo, de relevância econômico-ambiental, parte do problema do aquecimento global para analisar o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) como uma ferramenta capaz de contribuir para a mitigação dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) por meio do cumprimento de metas de redução de emissões pré estabelecidas pelo Protocolo de Quioto. Examina-se e participação do Brasil como país hospedeiro dos projetos do MDL. Conclui-se que, embora a implementação do MDL diminua o custo global de redução de emissões de gases estufa pelos países desenvolvidos e apóie iniciativas que promovam o desenvolvimento sustentável, a falta de maior especificidade nas regras do mecanismo pode abrir precedentes ao direito de poluir. Entende-se que o mecanismo não deve restringir-se somente ao cumprimento de meta, mas é fundamental que atue como desestimulante da poluição em sua origem, conforme a proposta de sustentabilidade, norte da política ambiental climática.

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Ter acesso à água fluoretada é um reconhecido fator de proteção contra a cárie dentária. No Brasil, a fluoretação da água de abastecimento público tornou-se obrigatória por lei em 1974, seguindo-se a esta regulamentação acentuada expansão da cobertura, sobretudo nas regiões de maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A ampliação dessa cobertura em todo o país é uma das prioridades da política nacional de saúde bucal. Neste artigo, sistematizam-se informações sobre a implantação e expansão da fluoretação no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1956 a 2009, utilizando-se dados secundários obtidos em relatórios técnicos, documentos oficiais e no sistema SISAGUA. Em 2009, a cobertura se estendia por 546 (84,7%) dos 645 municípios paulistas, chegando a 85,1% da população total e a 93,5% da população com acesso à rede de distribuição de água. Tais resultados indicam que a medida está consolidada como parte da política estadual de saúde. No entanto, persiste o desafio de implantar e manter a fluoretação em 99 municípios, beneficiando cerca de 6,2 milhões de habitantes excluídos do benefício.

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Inclui notas explicativas e bibliografia

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Considering the need of communication between public management and society and its citizens, in a way which is more effective and transparent, the aim of this research was to analyze the transparency of public information presented by the managers of the portals of southern Brazil’s Federal Institutes. It is a qualitative and quantitative research, applied as its purpose, and exploratory as its aim. In order to explain the issue from the theoretical frameworks published, it will be used as a procedure the bibliographic research and the further study field research in the six southern Brazil’s Federal Institutes. Therefore, the theoretical framework approaches aspects about public transparency, concepts of information and communication in the public sector, and it presents measurement indexes of public transparency. The data collection with the Institutes sought to measure – in the portals – the level of transparency of the information presented by the managers, applying a search tool which provided the transparency index of eleven categories of the researched items, besides verifying the presence of the required items by Access to Information Law. In the sequence, it sought to verify the Institutes managers’ perception of the aspects which composes the proposed theme, for the purpose of observing how the process of communication between public agencies and the citizen is happening. The main results obtained emphasize, in a general way, a low level of public information propagation, with a lower average of propagation to the information about social, environmental and economic responsibility, and a greater average to the information related to the institution’s general data – from its management structure to its ordinance. It was also observed that no institution which was researched fully comply with the demands of the Access of Information Law. The results about the manager perceptio demonstrate a tendency in publishing the produced information, however, elements such disorganization of information in the portals, lack of standardization of the virtual structure and type of language to use, and lack of procedures of popular participation and interaction in the portals are determiners to bring problems in the access and in the communication with the public. Besides, the short time of institutions’ creation and the short time of the managers assuming their functions must be considered as a reflex of the found results. Therewith, the present study highlighted the importance of Public Transparency theme and it reached a positive result to a scientific and social contribution.

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Este audiolivro foi gravado no aplicativo Balabolka, com o uso da voz Microsoft Heloísa.

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Analisa a implementação do programa previsto no artigo 12 na Convenção sobre os Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência, que cuida notadamente da capacidade legal desses indivíduos, bem como averiguar a necessidade complementação das normas editadas pelo Congresso Nacional.

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