Archipel suivi de L'étrangère en son royaume : la psyché du lieu chez Marguerite Duras

À partir de courts récits, la narratrice reconstitue le passé d’une famille. Le personnage central, une petite fille, est la narratrice qui retrace les événements qui ont mené à l’éclatement de la cellule familiale. Cette histoire autobiographique est rédigée au « elle » dans un souci de se distancier de ce passé. La petite fille a grandi et la narratrice qu’elle est devenue se réapproprie son héritage : la possibilité d’écrire cette histoire. Dans l’œuvre de Marguerite Duras, les lieux sont souvent sollicités pour participer à la narration des événements. Dans La pute de la côte normande et Écrire, deux œuvres autobiographiques rédigées au « je », les lieux sont ceux du quotidien. Ceux-ci sont révélateurs de la psychologie de l’auteure et se mêlent à la préoccupation d’écrire. Ainsi, Marguerite Duras, ses lieux et son écriture se retrouvent-ils liés par le langage de l’auteure, lequel témoigne du vide laissé par la mort de son père.

Les fonctions de la dialectique chez Aristote selon Topiques I,2

Le but de ce mémoire est d’expliciter en détail et de voir la portée d'un passage bien précis du traité des Topiques, ouvrage où Aristote tente d'élaborer une méthode qui permettra de raisonner de manière dialectique. Dans le deuxième chapitre du premier livre (I, 2), il énonce de manière succincte trois utilités que le traité en question peut procurer à celui qui possède et maîtrise adéquatement cette méthode. En premier lieu, la dialectique servirait de gymnastique intellectuelle pour former l'esprit et lui donner plus de souplesse dans ses raisonnements. Dans un second temps, elle serait utile dans les rencontres de tous les jours avec autrui parce qu’elle permettrait de discuter et d'argumenter sur un sujet donné avec le premier venu. Enfin, il semble également que la dialectique soit utile pour les «connaissances de caractère philosophique», en ce sens qu'elle permettrait de développer les apories et ultimement, d'établir les principes ou les notions premières de chaque science. Dans ce travail, je me propose donc d’examiner chacune de ces prétendues utilités afin de voir comment, et dans quelle mesure, nous pouvons réellement affirmer que la dialectique s’avère profitable pour chacun des services énumérés en Topiques I, 2.

Entrevues auprès d’enfants qui dévoilent une agression sexuelle : examen du processus d’enquête et du parcours judiciaire des dossiers

Cette étude a été rendue possible grâce aux bourses doctorales accordées à la première auteure par les organismes suivants : le Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines (CRSH), la Chaire interuniversitaire Marie-Vincent sur les agressions sexuelles envers les enfants (CIMV), l’Équipe violence sexuelle et santé (ÉVISSA) et le Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS). Cette étude a également été soutenue par une subvention de recherche accordée par le Bureau d’aide aux victimes d’actes criminelle (BAVAC) du ministère de la justice du Québec accordée à Mireille Cyr.

Une maison à soi : la favela et l'écriture de Carolina Maria de Jesus

Ce mémoire porte sur le rapport entre la maison et la littérature dans l’œuvre de Carolina Maria de Jesus, notamment dans son livre Quarto de despejo. Étant une écrivaine pauvre issue d’une favela de São Paulo, son œuvre déborde de réflexions, témoignages et vécus qui nous révèlent la relation intrinsèque entre écrire et bâtir, la littérature et la maison et entre l’habitation et l’écriture. Il s’agit dans ce mémoire d’accompagner de près les pas de Carolina bâtissant cette œuvre tout à fait inattendue, vu ses conditions matérielles et intellectuelles (elle vivait misérablement dans un barracão, et n’avait que deux ans d’instruction); il est question ici, également, de suivre la construction de ses demeures, d’abord le barracão où elle habitait qui a été édifié avec ses propres mains, ensuite la maison en brique qu’elle a pu acheter grâce au succès de son livre et, principalement, la vraie maison à soi qui s’avère être son écriture, ses mots, le mouvement double et inséparable de bâtir et écrire qui a dicté sa vie et son œuvre. Pour trouver le vocabulaire juste pour cette approche difficile, les mots du poète Edmond Jabès nous accompagneront tout au long de notre parcours, ainsi que la pensée perçante du philosophe Gaston Bachelard.

¿Pueden pensar las máquinas? Una evaluación del problema de la inteligencia artificial mediante el equilibrio refractivo

Revisión del problema de la filosofía de la Inteligencia Artificial a la vista del Equilibrio refractivo. La revisión del problema se lleva a cabo para mostrar como "¿pueden pensar las máquinas?" sólo se ha evaluado en los terminos humanos. El equilibrio refractivo se plantea como una herramienta para definir conceptos de tal modo que la experiencia y los preceptos se encuentren en equilibrio, para con él construir una definición de pensar que no esté limitada exclusivamente a "pensar tal y como lo hacen los humanos".

Diferencias en la experiencia subjetiva entre depresión unipolar y bipolar

En la depresión unipolar el estado de ánimo predominante es la tristeza y la experiencia corporal es de un cuerpo que se siente más cómodo con la quietud que con la actividad, parecido a la pereza de la vida cotidiana. En la depresión bipolar el estado de ánimo predominante es de apagamiento emocional. La experiencia corporal es de un cuerpo pesado, cansado, un elemento que se interpone entre los deseos de actuar y la realización de las acciones y que se vuelve un obstáculo para el movimiento. Además, en la depresión bipolar hay mayor bradipsíquia, dificultad para concentrarse y desesperanza que en la unipolar. Se realizó una investigación de tipo cualitativo, exploratorio, de las experiencias subjetivas (de primera persona) de un grupo de pacientes con depresión unipolar y bipolar. Se utilizó entrevistas en profundidad de orientación fenomenológica.

I Don`t Want to Present the ECAES! Quality of Education in Health Careers

This paper makes a reflection about a panorama of higher education quality, and referring to that it reviews and discusses what should be ongoing, what was made in history and what is today in curse, that is the basic strategies used by the government to improve higher education. An emphasis is made on higher education quality tests (ECAES, in Spanish) for health careers, in order to solve some doubts in students and teachers about those tests. My excuses to the reader for often using first person and some references of personal interviews or unprinted conferences.

Una taxonomía de la primera persona del plural

En este artículo se busca elaborar filosóficamente el concepto nosotros. Metodológicamente, se utiliza al constructivismo filosófico de Deleuze y Guattari. Se parte de una taxonomía comprensiva de la pragmática del pronombre de primera persona plural ‘nosotros’, y luego señalando juegos de oposiciones que brindan consistencia interna y externa al concepto. Se muestra que el pronombre implica múltiples usos que permiten tratarlo como una herramienta discursiva que afecta el campo de lo social.

On collective intentions: collective action in economics and philosophy

Philosophers and economists write about collective action from distinct but related points of view. This paper aims to bridge these perspectives. Economists have been concerned with rationality in a strategic context. There, problems posed by “coordination games” seem to point to a form of rational action, “team thinking,” which is not individualistic. Philosophers’ analyses of collective intention, however, sometimes reduce collective action to a set of individually instrumental actions. They do not, therefore, capture the first person plural perspective characteristic of team thinking. Other analyses, problematically, depict intentions ranging over others’ actions. I offer an analysis of collective intention which avoids these problems. A collective intention aims only at causing an individual action, but its propositional content stipulates its mirroring in other minds.

The reception of T. S. Bayer’s 'Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani' (1738)

Theophilus (Gottlieb) Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) is usually credited as the first person in modern times to address the history of the Greeks in Bactria in a serious way. Bayer’s Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani, brings together numismatic and historical research. He describes two Graeco-Bactrian coins which he was able to examine first hand, and collects and comments upon the Classical historical sources on the Greek kingdoms of Bactria and India. It was published in St. Petersburg in 1738, where Bayer, a German, held an academic position. In this short article, I am interested in two questions surrounding the Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani. First (and relatively briefly), how Bayer conducted his research without first hand access to source material and without himself travelling in Bactria – or indeed further east than St. Petersburg. Secondly, the way in which Bayer’s scholarship was received by some of his contemporaries and by later writers, outside the field of Bactrian studies.

Anton Nyström's Defense of Homosexuality

In 1919 Anton Nyström became the first person in Sweden to publish a comprehensive defense of homosexuality. He believed that its classification as a mental illness was erroneous and that Sweden's law against homosexual sex was both irrational and cruel. Nyström was a physician whose work in the medical area dealt primarily with dermatology, psychiatry and human sexuality; however he was also a prolific historian, who took a staunchly anti-Christian view in his analysis of how Christianity affected European culture, especially in the area of sexual morality. In fact, much of Nyström's medical texts dealing with human sexuality consisted of anti-Christian cultural and historical commentary. The object of this "C-uppsats" is to analyze Nyström's pamphlet, Om Homosexualitet och Hermafroditi: Belysning af Missförstådda Existenser and illustrate how its defensive structure was consistent with the pattern used by the author in his other books and articles on human sexuality. Specifically, that irrational and neurotic Christian beliefs caused both mental and physical suffering and were the source of deleterious forms of morality. Additionally, this paper will also show that the solution Nyström had for the problem of negative and erroneous attitudes towards homosexuality was to replace the sodomitic view of homosexuality with one based upon a more rational and naturalistic belief system, the basis of which could be found in the pre-Christian cultures of Europe, most especially in Greece. This new conception was to be constructed primarily out of historical example and cultural analyses. For Nyström, history writing was used both as a weapon to fight the source of negative attitudes towards homosexuality, as well as a tool that could be used to build a positive cultural model which would be beneficial for homosexuals.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, cognitivo-comportamentais e neurofisiológicos do sonho lúcido

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a mental state in which the subject is aware of being dreaming while dreaming. The prevalence of LD among Europeans, North Americans and Asians is quite variable (between 26 and 92%) (Stepansky et al., 1998; Schredl & Erlacher, 2011; Yu, 2008); in Latin Americans it is yet to be investigated. Furthermore, the neural bases of LD remain controversial. Different studies have observed that LD presents power increases in the alpha frequency band (Tyson et al., 1984), in beta oscillations recorded from the parietal cortex (Holzinger et al., 2006) and in gamma rhythm recorded from the frontal cortex (Voss et al., 2009), in comparison with non-lucid dreaming. In this thesis we report epidemiological and neurophysiological investigations of LD. To investigate the epidemiology of LD (Study 1), we developed an online questionnaire about dreams that was answered by 3,427 volunteers. In this sample, 56% were women, 24% were men and 20% did not inform their gender (the median age was 25 years). A total of 76.5% of the subjects reported recalling dreams at least once a week, and about two-thirds of them reported dreaming always in the first person, i.e. when the dreamer observes the dream from within itself, not as another dream character. Dream reports typically depicted actions (93.3%), known people (92.9%), sounds/voices (78.5%), and colored images (76.3%). The oneiric content was related to plans for upcoming days (37.8%), and memories of the previous day (13.8%). Nightmares were characterized by general anxiety/fear (65.5%), feeling of being chased (48.5%), and non-painful unpleasant sensations (47.6%). With regard to LD, 77.2% of the subjects reported having experienced LD at least once in their lifetime (44.9% reported up to 10 episodes ever). LD frequency was weakly correlated with dream recall frequency (r = 0.20, p <0.001) and was higher in men (χ2=10.2, p=0.001). The control of LD was rare (29.7%) and inversely correlated with LD duration (r=-0.38, p <0.001), which is usually short: to 48.5% of the subjects, LD takes less than 1 minute. LD occurrence is mainly associated with having sleep without a fixed time to wake up (38.3%), which increases the chance of having REM sleep (REMS). LD is also associated with stress (30.1%), which increases REMS transitions into wakefulness. Overall, the data suggest that dreams and nightmares can be evolutionarily understood as a simulation of the common situations that happen in life, and that are related to our social, psychological and biological integrity. The results also indicate that LD is a relatively common experience (but not recurrent), often elusive and difficult to control, suggesting that LD is an incomplete stationary stage (or phase transition) between REMS and wake state. Moreover, despite the variability of LD prevalence among North Americans, Europeans and Asians, our data from Latin Americans strengthens the notion that LD is a general phenomenon of the human species. To further investigate the neural bases of LD (Study 2), we performed sleep recordings of 32 non-frequent lucid dreamers (sample 1) and 6 frequent lucid dreamers (sample 2). In sample 1, we applied two cognitive-behavioral techniques to induce LD: presleep LD suggestion (n=8) and light pulses applied during REMS (n=8); in a control group we made no attempt to influence dreaming (n=16). The results indicate that it is quite difficult but still possible to induce LD, since we could induce LD in a single subject, using the suggestion technique. EEG signals from this one subject exhibited alpha (7-14 Hz) bursts prior to LD. These bursts were brief (about 3s), without significant change in muscle tone, and independent of the presence of rapid eye movements. No such bursts were observed in the remaining 31 subjects. In addition, LD exhibited significantly higher occipital alpha and right temporo-parietal gamma (30-50 Hz) power, in comparison with non-lucid REMS. In sample 2, LD presented increased frontal high-gamma (50-100 Hz) power on average, in comparison with non-lucid REMS; however, this was not consistent across all subjects, being a clear phenomenon in just one subject. We also observed that four of these volunteers showed an increase in alpha rhythm power over the occipital region, immediately before or during LD. Altogether, our preliminary results suggest that LD presents neurophysiological characteristics that make it different from both waking and the typical REMS. To the extent that the right temporo-parietal and frontal regions are related to the formation of selfconsciousness and body internal image, we suggest that an increased activity in these regions during sleep may be the neurobiological mechanism underlying LD. The alpha rhythm bursts, as well as the alpha power increase over the occipital region, may represent micro-arousals, which facilitate the contact of the brain during sleep with the external environment, favoring the occurrence of LD. This also strengthens the notion that LD is an intermediary state between sleep and wakefulness

A fala do interior paulista no cenário da sociolinguística brasileira: panorama da concordância verbal e da alternância pronominal

Como parte das pesquisas sociolinguísticas desenvolvidas no interior do projeto ALIP (Amostra Linguística do Interior), privilegiamos, neste artigo, a apresentação de resultados gerais decorrentes da investigação de três fenômenos variáveis na fala do interior paulista: (i) a concordância verbal de primeira pessoa do plural; (ii) a concordância verbal de terceira pessoa do plural; (iii) a alternância pronominal entre as formas de codificação da primeira pessoa do discurso do plural nós e a gente. Assumindo os preceitos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística laboviana, mostramos, por meio de comparações interdialetais, como tais fenômenos variáveis se inserem no cenário mais amplo da pesquisa sociolinguística sobre o português brasileiro. Os resultados permitem constatar aproximações e distanciamentos entre a fala do interior paulista e de outras variedades do português brasileiro, o que põe à mostra a importância da descrição de mais essa variedade, ainda pouco conhecida no cenário sociolinguístico brasileiro.

O enigma filosófico da identidade pessoal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Duas diferentes perspectivas para o estudo da consciência na Filosofia contemporânea da mente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)