612 resultados para Countryside
Resumo:
This paper summarises a meeting which discussed the ecology and conservation of Llangorse Lake in South Wales. The meeting was organised by the British Ecological Society (Aquatic Ecology Group), in association with the Countryside Council for Wales (CCW), Brecon Beacon National Park Authority (BBNPA) and Environment Agency Wales. It took place on 22 October 1998.
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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as transformações socioespaciais ocorridas em Angra dos Reis e Parati no período que compreende os anos de 1960/70 a 2010. Para isso, discutiu-se o conceito de espaço geográfico considerando obras dos autores Milton Santos, Doreen Massey e Roberto Lobato Corrêa, buscando identificar as concepções destes sobre o conceito em questão e de que maneira as transformações ocorrem nos espaços, alterando sua forma e conteúdo de maneira singular e diversa. A possibilidade do acontecer diferente, da não linearidade dos espaços no tempo e de que a multiplicidade abre caminho para inúmeros arranjos diferenciados, permitem concluir que os espaços são diferentes, ainda que considerado todo o movimento globalizante do qual fazem parte. Para analisar as transformações, utilizou-se imagens de satélite (Landsat 2 e 5) dos anos de 1977, 1990 e 2010 a fim de gerar mapas de onde foi possível verificar a expansão das áreas urbanas. Em conjunto, trabalhou-se com dados econômicos e populacionais de censos produzidos pelo IBGE, dados da EMATER e outros utilizados na elaboração de quadros e tabelas sobre a estrutura socioeconômica dos municípios. Foram selecionadas fotografias antigas fornecidas pelo IPHAN, IBGE e outras fontes para ilustrar as transformações apresentadas. Trabalhou-se com as interações espaciais e os fluxos, apontados por Roberto Lobato Corrêa e Milton Santos, respectivamente, para entender como as organizações espaciais de cada município vão se modificando, na medida em que as interações também se transformam. Por meio de um resgate histórico, retrocedendo um pouco no tempo para o século XIX, buscou-se compreender como o ouro, o café, a ferrovia e o porto explicam, em parte, essa dinâmica diferenciada de transformação. E no decorrer das décadas do século XX, foram identificados os principais elementos que originaram as mudanças analisadas no período escolhido, sendo as usinas nucleares, o estaleiro naval, a rodovia BR-101, o turismo e o terminal de petróleo da Petrobrás. Ao falar da expansão urbana discutiu-se sobre o espaço rural e a sua hibridização, assumindo novas configurações com a incorporação de valores, formas, comportamentos e práticas urbanas.
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Este trabalho é um estudo sobre a mistura que se estabelece entre informação meteorológica e entretenimento nos quadros da previsão do tempo de dois telejornais nacionais das Organizações Globo: Jornal Nacional JN (canal aberto Rede Globo) e Rural Notícias RN (canal fechado Canal Rural). A recepção dos programas sobre o tempo é analisada a partir de entrevistas abertas, com 40 espectadores de ambos os noticiários, habitantes da cidade e do campo. Também por meio de entrevistas, são avaliadas as representações da produção, privilegiando as denominadas moças do tempo, Flávia Freire (JN) e Lilian Lima (RN). Auxiliam na identificação do entretenimento, nos espaços da meteorologia, a observação do surgimento do consumidor moderno, a extensão do consumo ao lazer, o divertimento pela televisão, o tempo como assunto para conversa, as representações do corpo na cultura brasileira e traços da educação na transmissão meteorológica no Telejornalismo do país. Assim, são analisados os formatos dos quadros do tempo, suas funções aparentes, formatações, imagem corporal construída de suas apresentadoras e o público-alvo de cada telejornal. Esses principais pontos são relacionados com o pensamento de autores que estudam comunicação, tempo, hedonismo, utilitarismo, consumo, representações sociais, corpo, educação e pedagogia. A previsão da meteorologia aparece com várias funções, sendo dominantes a ênfase no cotidiano, em ambos os jornais; o foco no lazer, sobretudo no Jornal Nacional; e o destaque para o vínculo com a produção rural em sentido amplo, no caso do Rural Notícias.
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Dois romances escritos em países e em contextos históricos distintos aparecem como um retrato da situação do campo através do tempo em Brasil e Portugal. O processo de união dos homens em torno de um motivo comum, a oportunidade de sobrevivência na terra através da garantia do trabalho, se transforma na luta desses contra a alienação e, posteriormente, contra a força armada que protege o Estado e o grande proprietário. As questões que envolvem a terra transcendem o caráter comumente telúrico uma vez que essa é também personagem efetivamente ativo na vida dos homens do campo. Também personagem múltiplo é esse homem, representado pelas figuras do sertanejo baiano e o camponês alentejano: guardam em si a ambiguidade da fragilidade do corpo que, justamente, se torna em sua maior força. O movimento para a luta transforma homens e terra, muda a História. Esse processo é visto e traduzido por Euclides da Cunha em Os sertões e por José Saramago em Levantado do chão. A campanha de Canudos e as lutas pelo direito ao trabalho no campo português são próximas, desse modo, por representarem ambos, sob a perspectiva dos narradores desses dois romancistas, uma análise das injustiças cometidas pelo poder do Estado contra os que nada possuem e o levantar desses por seus direitos, pela transformação do estado de coisas
Resumo:
Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, cujo objetivo é analisar a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) através da perspectiva do seu usuário, verificando o grau de correspondência entre os serviços oferecidos pela ESF e a proposta oficial, norteadora da Estratégia. Neste intuito, realizamos entrevistas com usuários cadastrados na Unidade de Saúde da Família - Centro, no município de Piraí, interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Na busca do arcabouço teórico, nos aprofundamos em temas como qualidade dos serviços de saúde, Sistema Único de Saúde, no Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e Saúde da Família. Ao analisarmos os resultados, dividimos os achados em três categorias. São elas: caracterizando os sujeitos; utilização dos serviços de saúde à luz do acesso, acolhimento e vínculo e, por fim, a percepção do usuário: avaliação, crítica, elogio e sugestão. Ao fim da pesquisa, concluímos que, como todo serviço, necessita ser avaliado e monitorado, levando em consideração as críticas e elogios abordados, buscando melhor qualificação. Acreditamos que repensar o modelo de atenção à saúde, dentro da perspectiva para qual aponta a estratégia saúde da família, implica em assegurar correspondência entre os serviços de saúde e as expectativas e valores socioculturais da população usuária.
Resumo:
A pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé-RJ. A instalação de empresas e a geração de empregos modificou a dinâmica populacional do município e região, atraindo migrantes e aumentando a urbanização e sua orientação. O aumento financeiro do orçamento municipal a partir das atividades petrolíferas reestruturou a economia, que antes era baseada nas atividades sucroalcooleira, agropecuária, pesca e comércio, para atividades industriais e prestação de serviços, comércio, turismo de negócios. Essas mudanças tornaram o município dependente da atividade petrolífera. As transformações ocorreram não apenas no distrito sede de Macaé, mas também nos outros distritos, que tiveram um aumento populacional, diminuição da atividade agrícola, intensificação das relações campo-cidade. A potencialidade turística da região serrana de Macaé é grande, mas pouco aproveitada, exceto no Sana. A pesquisa analisa essa potencialidade como forma de fortalecimento do rural. O trabalho é apresentado a partir de análise bibliográfica e trabalho de campo. Por fim, a dissertação considera que as implicações da atividade petrolífera em Macaé atingiram primeiramente e intensamente o distrito sede, expandindo-se também para os outros distritos e sua área rural, provocando transformações no setor agrário em direção a um novo rural ou de urbanidades no rural
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A presente dissertação propõe um diálogo entre a história social dos movimentos rurais e a história social do Direito e para tanto investigamos a trajetória dos trabalhadores rurais da lavoura canavieira de Campos dos Goytacazes e as lutas empreendidas por estes, em meios institucionais ou não, pelos seus direitos trabalhistas entre os anos de 1945 à 1964. A trajetória da organização sindical dos trabalhadores rurais de Campos dos Goytacazes, o processo de proletarização vivenciado pelos canavieiros campistas a partir dos anos 1940 e a mobilização destes em greves e paralisações foram analisados no sentindo de resgatar a formação de uma identidade política entre a classe trabalhadora rural campista no decorrer do período democrático. Paralelamente, a análise dos dissídios individuais e coletivos promovidos pelo proletariado rural de Campos dos Goytacazes nos acórdãos julgados pelo Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 1Região teve como objetivo evidenciar a existência de uma cultura jurídica entre os canavieiros campistas e seus representantes legais que permitia a estes elaborarem apropriações da legislação trabalhista tornando legítimos direitos sociais que aparentemente eram lhe negados, bem como observar os limites de demandas como justiça e igualdade numa sociedade classista.
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It is generally recognized that BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics) has the potential to become a major source of renewable energy in the urban environment. The actual output of a PV module in the field is a function of orientation, total irradiance, spectral irradiance, wind speed, air temperature, soiling and various system-related losses. In urban areas, the attenuation of solar radiation due to air pollution is obvious, and the solar spectral content subsequently changes. The urban air temperature is higher than that in the surrounding countryside, and the wind speed in urban areas is usually less than that in rural areas. Three different models of PV power are used to investigate the effect of urban climate on PV performance. The results show that the dimming of solar radiation in the urban environment is the main reason for the decrease of PV module output using the climatic data of urban and rural sites in Mexico City for year 2003. The urban PV conversion efficiency is higher than that of the rural PV system because the PV module temperature in the urban areas is slightly lower than that in the rural areas in the case. The DC power output of PV seems to be underestimated if the spectral response of PV in the urban environment is not taken into account based on the urban hourly meteorological data of Sao Paulo for year 2004. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaics) has progressed in the past years and become an element to be considered in city planning. BIPV has influence on microclimate in urban environments and the performance of BIPV is also affected by urban climate. The effect of BIPV on urban microclimate can be summarized under the following four aspects. The change of absorptivity and emissivity from original building surface to PV will change urban radiation balance. After installation of PV, building cooling load will be reduced because of PV shading effect, so urban anthropogenic heat also decreases to some extent. Because PV can reduce carbon dioxide emissions which is one of the reasons for urban heat island, BIPV is useful to mitigate this phenomena. The anthropogenic heat will alter after using BIPV, because partial replacement of fossil fuel means to change sensible heat from fossil fuel to solar energy. Different urban microclimate may have various effects on BIPV performance that can be analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, BIPV performance may decline with the increase of air temperature in densely built areas because many factors in urban areas cause higher temperature than that of the surrounding countryside. Secondly, the change of solar irradiance at the ground level under urban air pollution will lead to the variation of BIPV performance because total solar irradiance usually is reduced and each solar cell has a different spectral response characteristic. The thermal model and performance model of ventilated BIPV according to actual meteorologic data in Tianjin(China) are combined to predict PV temperature and power output in the city of Tianjin. Then, using dynamic building energy model, cooling load is calculated after BIPV installation. The calculation made based in Tianjin shows that it is necessary to pay attention to and further analyze interaction between them to decrease urban pollution, improve BIPV Performance and reduce colling load. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.
Resumo:
以典型黄土丘陵沟壑区——延安市赵庄村为例,选取土地利用动态度、土地利用趋势状态指数、土地利用景观指数等指标,对村庄尺度上的土地利用变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,6 a来,研究区土地利用发生了较大的变化,主要以耕地的减少和未利用土地的增加等变化为主;未利用土地、居住及建设用地、林地、灌草地以不同程度增加,其动态度大小依次为43.92%,15.35%,0.33%,0.17%;而耕地、果园、水域则以不同程度减小,动态度大小依次为7.45%,3.79%,0.20%;耕地、果园、水域呈"落势"状态,而未利用土地、居住及建设用地、林地、灌草地呈"涨势",朝着规模增大的趋势发展;斑块数与斑块密度增加,优势度指数与偏离度指数减小,多样性指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数都有不同程度的增大。
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根据宁夏南部山区发展城镇建设,城郊型农村建设社会主义新农村的重点并结合本地实际如何进行生态建设发展模式的选择.
Resumo:
按照新的生态和经济建设思路 ,必须研究与之相适应的农村经济发展战略。笔者在学习江总书记和朱总理重要指示的基础上 ,通过对陕北农村抽样调查及其现状特征的分析 ,研究了陕北丘陵区农村经济发展的战略思路、布局和措施
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山坡生产型植物路建设带动沟坡开发是人们争取生存空间,缓和土地压力,建设生态农业的重要途径,也是现阶段农村经济发展的基础。根据现阶段农村建设能力和技术经济条件及实现山川秀美现实需求,提出了适合该地区植物路建设勘测设计方法与综合防护技术体系。
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As powerful tools to study the lithosphere dynamics, the effective elastic thickness (Te) as well as the envelope of yielding stress of lithosphere have been attracted great attention of geoscientists in the past thirty years. The oceanic lithosphere, contrary to the continental lithosphere, has more fruits for its simple structures and evolution process. In continent, the lithosphere commonly is complex and variable in the rheological, thermal structures, and has a complicated history. Therefore, the application of the effective elastic thickness in continent is still a subject to learn in a long time. Te, with the definition of the thickness of an elastic plate in theory flexured by the equal benging of the real stress in the lithosphere plate (Turcotte, 1982), marks the depth of transition between elastic and fluid behaviors of rocks subjected to stress exceeding 100 MPa over the geological timescales (McNutt, 1990). There are three methods often adapted: admittance or isostatic response function, coherence and forwarding. In principle, the models of Te consist of thermal-rheological, non-linear Maxwell, non-linear work hardening and rheological layered models. There is a tentative knowledge of Te that it is affected by the following factors: crustal thickness, crust-mantle decoupling, plate bending, boundary conditions of plate (end forces and bending moments), stress state, sedimentary layer, faulting effect, variation in the mountain belts' strike, foreland basin, inheritance of tectonic evolution, convection of mantle, seismic depth and lithosphere strength. In this thesis, the author introduces the geological sketch of the Dabie collisional orogenic belt and the Hefei Basin. The Dabie Mts. is famous for the ultra-high pressure metamorphism. The crustal materials subducted down to the depth of at least 100 km and exhumed. So that the front subjects arise such as the deeply subduction of continent, and the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction. In a geological journey at June of 1999, the author found the rarely variolitic basaltic andesite in the Dabie Mts. It occurs in Susong Group, near Zhifenghe Countryside, Susong County, Anhui Province. It is just to the south of the boundary between the high-grade Susong melange and the ultra-high grade South Dabie melange. It has a noticeable knobby or pitted appearance in the surface. The size of the varioles is about 1-4 mm. In hand-specimen and under microscope, there are distinct contacts between the varioles and the matrice. The mineralogy of the varioles is primarily radiate plagioclase, with little pyroxene, hornblende and quartz. The pyroxene, hornblende and quartz are in the interstices between plagioclase. The matrix is consisted of glass, and micro-crystals of chlorite, epidote and zoisite. It is clearly subjected and extensive alteration. The andesite has an uncommon chemical composition. The SiO_2 content is about 56.8%, TiO_2 = 0.9%, MgO = 6.4%, (Fe_2O_3)_(Total) = 6.7% ~ 7.6%, 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe) = 64.1 ~ 66.2. Mg# is significantly high. The andesite has higher abundances of large-lithophile trace elements (e.g. K, Ba, Sr, LREE), e.g. La/Nd = 5.56-6.07, low abundances of high-strength-field elements (HFSE, e.g. Ta, Nb, P, Ti), particularly Ta and Nb strongly depleted. These are consistent with the characteristics of subducted-related magmas (Pearcce, 1982; Sun and McDonaugh, 1989). In the spider diagram of trace elements, from Ce to right hand, the abundances of elements decrease quickly, showing a characteristic of the continental margins (Pearce, 1982). There has a strongly enrichment of light-rare-earth elements, with a significant diffraction of REEs (the mean value of (La/Yb)_N is 32.84). No Eu anomaly, but there are anomaly high (La/Yb)_N = 28.63-36.74, (La/Y)_N = 70.33 - 82.84. The elements Y and Yb depleted greatly, Y < 20 ppm, Y_N = 2.74-2.84, Yb_N = 2.18 - 2.35. From the La-(La/Sm) diagram, the andesite is derived from partial melting. But the epsilone value of Nd is -18.7 ~ -19.2, so that the material source may be the mantle materials affected by the crustal materials. The Nd model age is 1.9 Ga indicating that the basaltic andesite was resulted from the post-collisional crust-mantle interaction between the subducted Yangze carton and the mantle of Sino-Korea carton. To obtain the Te of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, the author applies the coherence method in this thesis. The author makes two topography-gravity profiles (profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th)) across the Dabie Mts. and the Hefei Basin, and calculates the auto-coherence, across coherence, power spectrum, across power spectrum of the topography and gravity of the two profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles. From the relationships between the coherence and the wave-number of profiles 7~(th) and 9~(th), it is obtained that the characteristic wavelengths respectively are 157 km and 126 km. Consequently the values of effective elastic thickness are 6.5 km and 4.8 km, respectively. However, the Te values merely are the minimum value of the lithosphere because the coherencemethod in a relative small region will generate a systemic underestimation. Why there is a so low Te value? In order to check the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts., the authore tries to outline the yielding-stress envelope of the lithosphere. It is suggested that the elastic layers in the crust and upper mantle are 18 km and 35 km, respectively. Since there exist a low viscosity layer about 3-5 km thickness, so it is reasonable that the decoupling between the crust and mantle occurred. So the effective thickness of the lithosphere can be estimated from the two elastic layers. Te is about 34 km. This is the maximum strength of the lithosphere. We can make an approximately estimation about the strength of the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts.: Te is about 20-30 km. The author believes that the following factors should be responsible for the low Te value: (1) the Dabie Mts. has elevated strongly since K_3-J_1. The north part of the Dabie Mts. elevates faster than the south part today; (2) there occur large active striking faults in this area. And in the east, the huge Tan-Lu striking fault anyway tends to decrease the lithosphere strength; (3) the lithosphere beneath the Dabie Mts. is heter-homogeneous in spatio-temporal; (4) the study area just locates in the adjacent region between the eastern China where the lithosphere thickness is significantly reduced and the normal western China. These factors will decrease the lithosphere strength.
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In the period of college, an individual matures rapidly in all aspects. College engineering students are the important parts of undergraduates. The state of an individual’s mental health may affect and even decide his future life and work. The level of the student’s self-concept and the kind of coping styles the students adopt are directly related to their mental health. So, it is significant to study the psychological stress, coping and self-concept of college engineering students for the mental health education and research of college engineering students. Based on overviews of former research, with the China College Student Psychological Stress Scale, the Coping Styles Scale and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, 559 college engineering students were investigated to explore the characteristics of and the relationship between the psychological stress, coping styles and self-concept of college engineering students. The results showed: 1. The stresses of learning, living and daily hassles were the main psychological stresses of college engineering students. There were significant differences in psychological stress between students from the countryside and those from urban areas, between needy students and non-needy students, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between male and female, between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 2. The coping styles of solving problem, seeking help and rationalization were the main coping styles of college engineering students. There were significant differences in the coping styles between needy students and non-needy students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between students from the countryside and from urban areas, between male and female, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 3. The self-concept of college engineering students was positive in general. There were significant differences in self-concept between students from the countryside and those from urban areas, between male and female, between needy students and non-needy students, between single-parent students and non-single-parent students, among students from different grades, with different academic achievements and of different postgraduate targets, between student party members and non-party members, between student cadres and non-cadres. However, there were no significant differences between those from single-child families and from multiple-child families. 4. The psychological stress had significantly negative correlation to the immature coping styles, and had partial correlation to the mature coping styles. Coping style has significant predictability on psychological stress. 5. The positive factors of the self-concept had significantly negative correlation to psychological stress, but self-criticism had positive correlation to psychological stress. There are significant differences between high self-concept students and low self-concept students for psychological stress. Self-concept has significant predictability on psychological stress. 6. The positive factors of the self-concept had significantly negative correlation to the coping styles of self-blame, illusion, avoidance, and rationalization, but had significantly positive correlation to the coping style of solving problem and seeking help. Self-criticism had significantly negative correlation to the coping styles of self-blame, illusion, avoidance, and rationalization. There are significant differences between high self-concept students and low self-concept students for coping styles. Self-concept has significant predictability on coping styles. 7. The self-concept of college engineering students had an effect on psychological stress by coping styles. However, the effect by the immature coping styles was higher than that to the mental health directly, and the effect by the mature and mixed coping styles was slighter than that to the mental health directly. According to the results, improving the college engineering students’ self-concept level and establishing right self-concept, developing the middle school student’ active coping styles and overcoming the negative coping styles are essential and important to the college engineering students’ mental health and provide useful clues for the psychological education of the college engineering students.