基于C8051的运动控制卡研制和应用

本文针对排爆机器人手臂多关节联动控制的需要,开发了一种具有高集成度的基于C8051单片机和CAN总线的运动控制卡。介绍了运动控制卡的原理及实施方案,同时给出了运动控制卡在机器人平台的应用实例。在排爆机器人平台上的应用表明该运动控制卡具有较高的精度及很好的可靠性和实时性。

基于多传感器的可变形机器人自主控制方法研究

将GPS、电子罗盘、倾角仪、码盘传感器等应用到可变形机器人自主运动控制中.针对可变形机器人自身结构特点,提出了一种基于多传感器信息融合的可变形机器人在野外环境中自主控制的方法.该方法主要实现了在非结构环境中机器人的自主变形、自主避障和自主导航定位等功能.实验验证了该方法的有效性.

具有万向机构的蛇形机器人运动控制

设计了一种能够使蛇形机器人运动更灵巧、奇异点更少和运动能力更强的机构 ,对具有三个自由度的新型蛇形机器人单元进行了改进 ,在单元上增加被动轮机构 ,使其具有万向机构的特点。该单元不仅能够用被动轮驱动机器人运动 ,而且增加了类似于主动轮的驱动机构 ,克服了被动轮驱动能力弱的缺点 ,增强了机器人的运动能力。在分析非完整约束的基础上 ,对蛇形机器人的运动学和冗余度进行分析 ,提出了控制该类蛇形机器人运动的分解矩阵方法和分组交替运动法。

被动柔顺式月面巡视探测器轮-地交互及运动控制研究

月面巡视探测器（简称月球车）是一类在月面环境下执行巡视探测、科学考察及样品采样等任务的空间机器人，是我国月球探测二期工程中执行月面探测任务的关键载体。月球车行走能力事关我国探月二期工程的成败，开展在复杂地形下移动能力和地形通过能力的研究，是目前移动机器人研究中的前沿课题，是月面巡视任务的关键技术之一。本论文的选题具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。 月面环境的特殊性使月球车进行长距离、大范围的巡视任务面临一系列问题，包括地形对月球车移动性的影响、移动能力、地形通过能力、地形适应能力、安全性等。本文以月球车保持复杂地形下的高移动能力和地形通过能力为研究目标，以一种典型的被动柔顺式月球车为对象，从月球车与环境地形具有整体不可分离性的角度，将机器人与环境地形看成是相互作用的整体，深入研究了轮-地交互关系、软硬地形上的轮-地接触模型、环境地形给月球车带来的影响、软硬地形上的月球车建模、参数估计及运动控制等问题。根据对月球车移动性能影响程度之不同，本文从硬质地形与松软地形两个方面来考察环境地形的物理属性和轮-地交互关系。在硬质地形上，主要考虑地形平坦与不平坦对机器人移动的影响及其控制，六个驱动轮的速度协调控制，车轮打滑（前滑、侧滑、转向滑移）对机器人的建模、分析及控制的影响。在松软地形上，主要考虑轮-地接触关系，土壤特性对移动的影响及其控制。在大量阅读国内外文献并归纳总结的基础上，重点开展了如下几方面的研究： （1）在硬质不平坦地形下，引入轮-地几何接触角概念以反映地形不平坦时轮-地接触点在轮缘上位置的变化，去掉了通常采用的车轮纯滚动假设，考虑车轮滑移（包括侧滑、侧滑以及转向滑移），并结合月球车被动柔顺式移动机构的特点，提出了一种基于速度闭链的运动学建模方法，进行了基于整车模型的月球车速度协调控制研究。该运动学建模方法基于轮心处的速度投影建立整体运动学模型，物理概念清晰、便于实时运动学正反解计算。 （2）针对运动学模型中轮-地几何接触角难以直接测量的问题，提出了两种在线估计方法：误差计算法和卡尔曼滤波估计法。这两种方法均基于月球车整体运动学模型，只需要车轮内部传感器的测量信息，就能在线估计轮-地几何接触角。 （3）由于车轮滑移的影响，采用航位推算方法进行月球车状态估计以及里程计计算存在较大误差。本文提出了基于整体运动学模型的车体运动状态估计方法，并在月球车样机上对车体速度估计、航向角估计、里程计实时计算等方法进行了大量实验研究，验证了算法的有效性。 （4）针对松软地形上刚性轮与地形的交互建模问题，提出了一种基于Guass-Legendre数值积分和Newton-Raphson数值解法的地形参数实时估计方法。以月壤参数的变化范围为参考空间，通过数值仿真将不同地形参数对轮-地接触力的影响进行比较，进而选取对轮-地接触力有较大影响的地形参数进行在线估计，仿真和实验结果均表明估计算法是有效的。 （5）松软地形上常规的速度控制效果差，本文开展了月球车准静力学建模及牵引力控制算法研究，提出了两种牵引力控制算法。对月球车准静力学模型进行简化，提出了一种基于目标优化、考虑车体姿态变化的牵引力控制算法。利用上一章在线估计出的地形参数，对车轮滑移率进行最优估计，提出了一种基于最优滑移率的牵引力控制算法，并进行了仿真验证。

移动机器人运动控制研究

如果将机器人看作是一种能够扩展人类工作能力的有效工具，那么人类在认识和改造世界的过程中就不能没有机器人。移动机器人是机器人家族中的一个重要的分支，也是进一步扩展机器人应用领域的重要研究发展方向，因此对移动机器人运动控制的研究，一直都得到学者们的普遍关注。本文针对近年来在移动机器人运动控制方面的两大研究热点问题----非完整约束轮式移动机器人的控制问题和多机器人协调运动问题----基于仿生策略，分别进行了系统而深入的研究。前者因系统存在非完整运动约束，而使其运动控制问题具有极大的挑战性，而后者则由于问题本身的复杂性、不确定性，从而给问题的求解带来困难。主要研究结果如下：1. 针对一类非完整约束轮式移动机器人，本文从仿人驾车思想出发，提出了一种基于人工场进行导向与控制的非连续位姿镇定新方法。该方法不仅考虑到系统动力学参数变化及扰动影响，而且还兼顾实际系统速度和输出力矩的饱和限制，其扩展后的控制律既可实现平面内任意点-点镇定，还可在仅知期望位姿的情况下，实现任意轨迹和路径的跟踪。控制器不仅设计简单、鲁棒性强、收敛速度快，而且基于人工场的控制思想，对所有轮式移动机器人控制器的设计，都具有指导意义，因而具有一定的普遍性。2. 基于仿人理性决策原则，本文通过对传统遗传算法进行改造，提出进化含义更丰富、能够增强对极值搜索的进化算法----理性遗传算法。它将种群内部对知识与经验的继承和学习，更有效地结合在遗传算法之中，有效地降低了原有随机遗传操作在进化过程中存在操作错误，并很好地体现了自然进化过程中确定性与随机性对立统一的辨证思想。理论分析和仿真实验结果，验证了算法的合理性和有效性。3. 针对确知环境下的多机器人协调运动行为优化问题，本文提出基于理性遗传算法的协调运动行为合成与优化的方法。通过对算法及其实际实现效果的分析，说明理性遗传算法的应用，增加了算法的完备性，路径规划与运动合成相分离的思想，有效地降低了规划算法的时间复杂度，而神经网络函数逼近技术的应用，克服了机器人运动行为表达的困难。4. 针对不确知环境下的多机器人协调运动问题，本文基于仿生行为决策规则及仿生行为协调策略，提出一种新的多机器人协调运动行为综合算法。该算法的实现是建立在如下的认知基础之上，即生物系统的优化反应机制和运动行为的可分解性。它为此类问题的解决提供了一个新的思路。理论分析和仿真实验结果的一致性，使算法的有效性和合理性得到了证明。

载人潜水器及其运动控制

介绍了载人潜水器的构成及推进器的布置,在此基础上导出了载人潜水器的推力分配方程。阐述了载人潜水器的运动控制。最后,将运动控制系统在载人潜水器半物理仿真平台上进行了验证,运动控制效果良好。

履带式移动机器人行动规划技术的研究

本文以８６３－５１２型号项目为背景，从运动特性、运动描述、运动控制以及运动规划等几个方面研究履带式移动机器人的行动规划技术；首先从理论上分析了履带式移动机器人的内在运动传递机理，指出了其区别于轮式移动载体的独特的运动特性，尤其是在其转向特性方面，得出了履带式移动机器人运动角速度几乎不可控原理、原地转弯转不准问题、以及履带式车辆行动规划时所要遵循的规则等重要结论，针对履带式移动机器人的纵向运动控制问题，讨论了其速度控制模型，提出了一种速度测量与控制的简单、准确、可靠的方法。在磺向运动方面，提出了一种基于ＦＭ－ＬＩＫＥ和ＡＭ－ＬＩＫＥ相结合的复合控制技术，解决了难度较大的方向控制问题。最后提供了实验结果，证明了上述方法与结论的正确性。上述方法与结论，作为８６３－５１２某型号任务的一部分，业已通过验收。

全方位六足步行机器人运动规划的相对运动算法

本文提出了步行机器人运动控制算法。该方法以相对运动学原理为基础,把机体的运动规划问题转化为腿的足端轨迹规划问题,从而使步行机器人运动控制问题得到大大简化.并应用该方法对全方位三角步态算法及稳定性进行分析求解.

海绵卷绕真空磁控溅射镀膜过程中的传动控制

根据磁控溅射中海绵的传动特性,建立了传动控制的数学模型,采用带有矢量的变频调速器实现了海绵卷绕真空镀膜过程中的张力控制,满足了磁控溅射中海绵卷绕的传动要求。

A Binocular, Foveated Active Vision System

This report documents the design and implementation of a binocular, foveated active vision system as part of the Cog project at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The active vision system features a three degree of freedom mechanical platform that supports four color cameras, a motion control system, and a parallel network of digital signal processors for image processing. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, we present results from four sample visual-motor tasks.

Constitutive model for localized Lüders-like stress-induced martensitic transformation and super-elastic behaviors of laser-welded NiTi wires

The application of the shape memory alloy NiTi in micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMSs) is extensive nowadays. In MEMS, complex while precise motion control is always vital. This makes the degradation of the functional properties of NiTi during cycling loading such as the appearance of residual strain become a serious problem to study, in particular for laser micro-welded NiTi in real applications. Although many experimental efforts have been put to study the mechanical properties of laser welded NiTi, surprisingly, up to the best of our understanding, there has not been attempts to quantitatively model the laser-welded NiTi under mechanical cycling in spite of the accurate prediction required in applications and the large number of constitutive models to quantify the thermo-mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys. As the first attempt to fill the gap, we employ a recent constitutive model, which describes the localized SIMT in NiTi under cyclic deformation; with suitable modifications to model the mechanical behavior of the laser welded NiTi under cyclic tension. The simulation of the model on a range of tensile cyclic deformation is consistent with the results of a series of experiments. From this, we conclude that the plastic deformation localized in the welded regions (WZ and HAZs) of the NiTi weldment can explain most of the extra amount of residual strain appearing in welded NiTi compared to the bare one. Meanwhile, contrary to common belief, we find that the ability of the weldment to memorize its transformation history, sometimes known as ‘return point memory’, still remains unchanged basically though the effective working limit of this ability reduces to within 6% deformation.

1-D constitutive model for evolution of stress-induced R-phase and localized Lüders-like stress-induced martensitic transformation of super-elastic NiTi wires

NiTi alloys have been widely used in the applications for micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS), which often involve some precise and complex motion control. However, when using the NiTi alloys in MEMS application, the main problem to be considered is the degradation of functional property during cycling loading. This also stresses the importance of accurate prediction of the functional behavior of NiTi alloys. In the last two decades, a large number of constitutive models have been proposed to achieve the task. A portion of them focused on the deformation behavior of NiTi alloys under cyclic loading, which is a practical and non-negligible situation. Despite of the scale of modeling studies of the field in NiTi alloys, two experimental observations under uniaxial tension loading have not received proper attentions. First, a deviation from linearity well before the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) has not been modeled. Recent experiments confirmed that it is caused by the formation of stress-induced R phase. Second, the influence of the well-known localized Lüders-like SIMT on the macroscopic behavior of NiTi alloys, in particular the residual strain during cyclic loading, has not been addressed. In response, we develop a 1-D phenomenological constitutive model for NiTi alloys with two novel features: the formation of stress-induced R phase and the explicit modeling of the localized Lüders-like SIMT. The derived constitutive relations are simple and at the same time sufficient to describe the behavior of NiTi alloys. The accumulation of residual strain caused by R phase under different loading schemes is accurately described by the proposed model. Also, the residual strain caused by irreversible SIMT at different maximum loading strain under cyclic tension loading in individual samples can be explained by and fitted into a single equation in the proposed model. These results show that the proposed model successfully captures the behavior of R phase and the essence of localized SIMT.

Flexible management of bandwidth and redundancy in fieldbuses

Os sistemas distribuídos embarcados (Distributed Embedded Systems – DES) têm sido usados ao longo dos últimos anos em muitos domínios de aplicação, da robótica, ao controlo de processos industriais passando pela aviónica e pelas aplicações veiculares, esperando-se que esta tendência continue nos próximos anos. A confiança no funcionamento é uma propriedade importante nestes domínios de aplicação, visto que os serviços têm de ser executados em tempo útil e de forma previsível, caso contrário, podem ocorrer danos económicos ou a vida de seres humanos poderá ser posta em causa. Na fase de projecto destes sistemas é impossível prever todos os cenários de falhas devido ao não determinismo do ambiente envolvente, sendo necessária a inclusão de mecanismos de tolerância a falhas. Adicionalmente, algumas destas aplicações requerem muita largura de banda, que também poderá ser usada para a evolução dos sistemas, adicionandolhes novas funcionalidades. A flexibilidade de um sistema é uma propriedade importante, pois permite a sua adaptação às condições e requisitos envolventes, contribuindo também para a simplicidade de manutenção e reparação. Adicionalmente, nos sistemas embarcados, a flexibilidade também é importante por potenciar uma melhor utilização dos, muitas vezes escassos, recursos existentes. Uma forma evidente de aumentar a largura de banda e a tolerância a falhas dos sistemas embarcados distribuídos é a replicação dos barramentos do sistema. Algumas soluções existentes, quer comerciais quer académicas, propõem a replicação dos barramentos para aumento da largura de banda ou para aumento da tolerância a falhas. No entanto e quase invariavelmente, o propósito é apenas um, sendo raras as soluções que disponibilizam uma maior largura de banda e um aumento da tolerância a falhas. Um destes raros exemplos é o FlexRay, com a limitação de apenas ser permitido o uso de dois barramentos. Esta tese apresentada e discute uma proposta para usar a replicação de barramentos de uma forma flexível com o objectivo duplo de aumentar a largura de banda e a tolerância a falhas. A flexibilidade dos protocolos propostos também permite a gestão dinâmica da topologia da rede, sendo o número de barramentos apenas limitado pelo hardware/software. As propostas desta tese foram validadas recorrendo ao barramento de campo CAN – Controller Area Network, escolhido devido à sua grande implantação no mercado. Mais especificamente, as soluções propostas foram implementadas e validadas usando um paradigma que combina flexibilidade com comunicações event-triggered e time-triggered: o FTT – Flexible Time- Triggered. No entanto, uma generalização para CAN nativo é também apresentada e discutida. A inclusão de mecanismos de replicação do barramento impõe a alteração dos antigos protocolos de replicação e substituição do nó mestre, bem como a definição de novos protocolos para esta finalidade. Este trabalho tira partido da arquitectura centralizada e da replicação do nó mestre para suportar de forma eficiente e flexível a replicação de barramentos. Em caso de ocorrência de uma falta num barramento (ou barramentos) que poderia provocar uma falha no sistema, os protocolos e componentes propostos nesta tese fazem com que o sistema reaja, mudando para um modo de funcionamento degradado. As mensagens que estavam a ser transmitidas nos barramentos onde ocorreu a falta são reencaminhadas para os outros barramentos. A replicação do nó mestre baseia-se numa estratégia líder-seguidores (leaderfollowers), onde o líder (leader) controla todo o sistema enquanto os seguidores (followers) servem como nós de reserva. Se um erro ocorrer no nó líder, um dos nós seguidores passará a controlar o sistema de uma forma transparente e mantendo as mesmas funcionalidades. As propostas desta tese foram também generalizadas para CAN nativo, tendo sido para tal propostos dois componentes adicionais. É, desta forma possível ter as mesmas capacidades de tolerância a falhas ao nível dos barramentos juntamente com a gestão dinâmica da topologia de rede. Todas as propostas desta tese foram implementadas e avaliadas. Uma implementação inicial, apenas com um barramento foi avaliada recorrendo a uma aplicação real, uma equipa de futebol robótico onde o protocolo FTT-CAN foi usado no controlo de movimento e da odometria. A avaliação do sistema com múltiplos barramentos foi feita numa plataforma de teste em laboratório. Para tal foi desenvolvido um sistema de injecção de faltas que permite impor faltas nos barramentos e nos nós mestre, e um sistema de medida de atrasos destinado a medir o tempo de resposta após a ocorrência de uma falta.

Autonomous Surface Vehicle Docking Manoeuvre with Visual Information

This work presents a hybrid coordinated manoeuvre for docking an autonomous surface vehicle with an autonomous underwater vehicle. The control manoeuvre uses visual information to estimate the AUV relative position and attitude in relation to the ASV and steers the ASV in order to dock with the AUV. The AUV is assumed to be at surface with only a small fraction of its volume visible. The system implemented in the autonomous surface vehicle ROAZ, developed by LSA-ISEP to perform missions in river environment, test autonomous AUV docking capabilities and multiple AUV/ASV coordinated missions is presented. Information from a low cost embedded robotics vision system (LSAVision), along with inertial navigation sensors is fused in an extended Kalman filter and used to determine AUV relative position and orientation to the surface vehicle The real time vision processing system is described and results are presented in operational scenario.

Invasive neural prosthesis for neural signal detection and nerve stimulation

This paper specifically examines the implantation of a microelectrode array into the median nerve of the left arm of a healthy male volunteer. The objective was to establish a bi-directional link between the human nervous system and a computer, via a unique interface module. This is the first time that such a device has been used with a healthy human. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy, compatibility, and long term operability of the neural implant in allowing the subject to perceive feedback stimulation and for neural activity to be detected and processed such that the subject could interact with remote technologies. A case study demonstrating real-time control of an instrumented prosthetic hand by means of the bi-directional link is given. The implantation did not result in infection, and scanning electron microscope images of the implant post extraction have not indicated significant rejection of the implant by the body. No perceivable loss of hand sensation or motion control was experienced by the subject while the implant was in place, and further testing of the subject following the removal of the implant has not indicated any measurable long term defects. The implant was extracted after 96 days. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.