Bättre folk, bättre smak? : Suomenruotsalaisten maku ja kulttuuripääoma

The aim of my thesis, which consists of five original articles and a summarizing chapter, is to study the identity, lifestyle and cultural taste of the Finnish Swedes, i.e. the Swedish-speaking language minority in Finland, from a qualitative point of view. The Finnish Swedes are a somewhat special minority, first of all because of their wide-ranging language rights guaranteed by the constitution, and secondly because of the common image that Finnish Swedes represent a more legitimate or better lifestyle and taste than the Finnish-Speaking Finns. This conception is corroborated by the fact that, in comparison to the language majority, the Swedish-speakers have better health, employment, income and so on according to a number of quantitative studies. My research data is composed of twenty-six focus group interviews conducted among a geographically and socio-economically wide range of Swedish-speaking Finns. Group sizes ranged from 3 to 11 people. In the interviews, culture was approached through a framework of seven topics: music, cinema, television, arts, reading, eating and clothing. In each focus group interview, two subfields of culture were discussed along with a short section about cultural events and participation and definitions on good and bad taste. After discussing culture and taste, there was a final discussion on the Finnish Swede identity. The main theoretical framework of my thesis comes from Pierre Bourdieu (1979) and his followers: I am asking whether the status of being a Swedish-speaker can be used as a means of distinction. The main research questions are the following: (1) How does the Swedish-speaking minority look studied in the light of extensive qualitative data and in a framework of lifestyle and taste? (2) What kind of differences in lifestyle, taste and linguistic identity are there between different Finnish Swedes and how do those connect with socio-economical position, place of residence or age? I also ask how belonging to the language minority might work as a tool for cultural distinction and how different Swedish-speaking groups take use of it. My main research question is (3) whether mother tongue is a remarkable factor of lifestyle or cultural taste in contemporary Finland.

Uloimmalla rannalla : Luotsi- ja majakkamiesperheet asemayhdyskunnissaan

The subject of the present research is historical lighthouse and maritime pilot stations in Finland. If one thinks of these now-abandoned sites as an empty stage, the dissertation aims to recreate the drama that once played out there. The research comprises three main themes. The first, the family problematic, focuses on the relationship between the family members concerned and the public service positions held, as well as the islands on which these people were stationed. The role of the male actors becomes apparent through an examination of the job descriptions of pilots and lighthouse keepers, but the role of the wives appears more problematic: running a household and the insularity of the community came with their own challenges, and the husbands were away for much of the time. In this context the children emerge as crucial. What was their role in the family of a public official? What were the effects of having to move to the mainland for school? The second theme is the station community. A socioecological examination is undertaken which defines the islands as plots allowing the researcher to study the social behaviours of the isolated communities in question. The development of this theme is based on interpretations of interviews revealing starkly opposed views on the existing neighbourly relations. The premise is that social friction is inevitable among people living within close proximity of each other, and the study proceeds to become an analysis that seeks to uncover the sociocultural strategies designed to control the risks of communal living either by creating distance between neighbours or by enhancing their mutual ties. In connection with this, the question of why some neighbourhoods were open and cooperative while others were restrained and quarrelsome is addressed. Finally, the third main theme discusses the changes in piloting and lighthouse keeping that took place increasingly numerous towards the end of the 20th century. How did individuals react to the central management s technocratic strivings and rationalisations, such as the automation of lighthouses and the intense downsizing of the network of pilot stations? How was piloting, previously very comprehensive work, splintered into specialisations, and how did the entire occupation of lighthouse keeping lose its status before completely disappearing, as the new technology took over?

Esteettinen kokemus kulttuurisiltana : Soile Yli-Mäyryn taide kiinalaisen, japanilaisen ja suomalaisen yleisön kokemana

AESTHETIC EXPERIENCE AS A BRIDGE ACROSS CULTURES Soile Yli-Mäyry s art as experienced by Chinese, Japanese and Finnish audiences This study focuses on surveying and analysing experiences of Soile Yli-Mäyry s art in eleven different countries. Questionnaires were translated into nine different languages. In addition, interviews were conducted on the experiences of Chinese, Japanese and Finnish art audiences concerning a painting called Sun Wind . The study was mainly inspired by John Dewey s ideas of art as an interactive communication where the artist, the piece and those who experience it make up an interactive process. In this process experience is a meeting point with both individual and communal characteristics. The data was collected in conjunction with exhibitions in 1997−2005. The survey was carried out in eleven countries (Finland, United States, Brazil, China, Taiwan, Japan, India, Israel, Argentina, Germany and Switzerland). The survey data was made up of 2,563 returned questionnaires. The interviews in China, Japan and Finland were about the same painting Sun Wind , which was transported from Finland to Japan (Tokyo) and China. A total of 89 people were interviewed in Shanghai Art Museum, 30 people in Port-Ginza Gallery, Tokyo and 45 people in Soile Yli-Mäyry s Gallery in Finland. Three hypotheses that were turned into research questions directed the study: 1. Are there differences/ similarities between culturally different communities in the meanings attributed to experiences, e.g. according to emotional dimensions, or do experiences focus more on reflecting on one s own life or meanings attributed to the world around us? What kinds of experiential dimensions are there in different countries? Do similar, analogous experiences that transcend cultural barriers emerge in culturally different countries such as China, Japan and Finland? 2. Does the data display different types of experiencing subjects which are typical to a subject s own country or are they experiences that can be compared to those generated by an ideal landscape , where the art touches the subconscious and collective selfhood, being thus transnational and timeless? Closer analysis focuses on audience experiences in China, Japan and Finland (interviews, textual survey data). 3. Are the experiences and interpretations of experts similar/different to those of larger audiences? The survey data has been analysed with the help of cross-tabulation. After content analysis of the interviews and textual survey data, different ways of experiencing subjects were sketched by country (China, Japan, Finland). The types were both similar and dissimilar. The most important types were social/ecological (China), therapeutic/reserved (Japan) and narrative/projecting (Finland). There were differences in how experiences were emphasised: the Chinese public approached their experiences from the viewpoint of pragmatism and utility, where they could obtain new ideas for their own work or experiencing the exhibition gave courage to approach their own lives from a new perspective. In turn, the Japanese public experienced the art from a therapeutic angle and from a very reserved perspective, which Dylan Evans (2001, 13−17) has described as typical to Japanese culture. The experiences of the Finnish audience were strongly therapeutic and narrative. The people projected their emotions onto the piece and in a concrete manner forged them into a story. The partly similar results of this study in China, Japan and Finland demonstrate that the art displayed in the exhibitions contain images of the beginning or elements connected to the beginning of life, which touch the subconscious in the way an ideal landscape would. Experiencing the meaningfulness of one s own life through art is a common thread and a bridge across cultures that unites the experiences of the audiences of this study, be they Taoists, Confucians, Buddhists or Maoists in China, Shinto followers, Zen Buddhists in Japan or Evangelist-Lutherans in Finland. Keywords: experience, reception, bridge across cultures, types of experiencing subjects, experiential process, ideal landscape, elementality

Lastenhoitoa ja digiboksin viritystä - Sukupolvien välinen käytännön auttaminen suurten ikäluokkien perheissä.

Pro gradu -työni selvittää tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat siihen, että suuret ikäluokat antavat käytännön apua lapsilleen, sekä sitä, miten suuret ikäluokat tätä apua antavat. Tarkastelen työssäni myös aikuisten lasten vanhemmilleen ja isovanhemmilleen antamaa käytännön apua. Perhesukupolvien välinen vuorovaikutus on aiheena ajankohtainen nyt, kun suomalaiset suuret ikäluokat ovat jäämässä tai jo jääneet eläkkeelle. Sukupolvien tutkimuksen avulla voidaan ennustaa, voidaanko perhevastuiden, kuten esimerkiksi hoidon ja hoivavastuun, jatkumiseen yli perhesukupolvien luottaa. Tutkielmani aineistona käytän kyselyaineistoa, joka kerättiin Helsingin yliopiston yhteiskuntapolitiikan laitoksella vuonna 2009 päättyneessä Sukupolvien ketju -hankkeessa. Neljä vuotta kestänyt Suomen Akatemian rahoittama Sukupolvien ketju -hanke tutki sukupolvien välistä vuorovaikutusta. Tilastokeskuksen toteuttamaan Sukupolvien ketju -postikyselyyn vastasi keväällä 2007 yhteensä 1 115 suurten ikäluokkien edustajaa ja 1 435 suurten ikäluokkien edustajan lasta. Sukupolvien ketju -aineiston laajuus mahdollistaa monenlaisten eri vertailujen tekemisen. Työni teoreettisessa osuudessa käsittelen perhekäsityksiä ja näissä käsityksissä tapahtuneita muutoksia. Valotan myös sukupolven käsitettä ja sen erilaisia merkityksiä sekä varsinaista auttamista ja perhesukupolvien välistä vaihtoa. Analysoin aineistoa PASW Statistics 18 -ohjelmalla (aiemmin SPSS). Aineiston kuvailussa käytän frekvenssijakaumia ja varsinaisessa analysoinnissa ristiintaulukoita ja logistista regressioanalyysia. Suurten ikäluokkien jäsenistä kaksi kolmesta auttaa lapsiaan. Tutkimusaineistossani suurten ikäluokkien käytännön avun antamista lapsilleen selittävät yksittäisinä tekijöinä siviilisääty, lasten lukumäärä, lastenlasten lukumäärä, kotitalouden kuukausitulot, lasten asumisetäisyys, viikoittainen yhteydenpito lapsiin, koettu terveydentila sekä vanhempien koulutus. Yhdeksän eri selittäjän vaikutusta käytännön auttamiseen samanaikaisesti tutkineen logistisen regressiomallini tulosten perusteella todennäköisimmin lapsiaan käytännössä auttaa keskiasteen koulutuksen saanut suuriin ikäluokkiin kuuluva nainen. Suurten ikäluokkien lasten vanhemmilleen antamaa käytännön apua puolestaan selittivät logistisessa regressioanalyysissa lasten lukumäärä sekä viikoittainen yhteydenpito vanhempiin. Suurten ikäluokkien lasten vanhemmilleen antamaa käytännön apua selitti lisäksi sukupuoli. Miehillä oli jopa viisinkertainen todennäköisyys auttaa vanhempiaan käytännössä verrattuna naisiin. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa käytännön avun antamisen on havaittu olevan toiseen suuntaan sukupuolittunutta kuin tämän tutkimuksen tuloksissa. Pyytävätkö suuret ikäluokat modernia apua teknisten laitteiden asentamiseen ja virittämiseen enemmän juuri pojiltaan? Selittäisikö tämä aikuisten poikien suurempaa todennäköisyyttä auttaa käytännössä? Tällä hetkellä, kun suuret ikäluokat ovat vielä hyväkuntoisia ja aktiivisia, näyttää auttamisen pääpaino kulkevan suurilta ikäluokilta heidän lapsilleen. Tulevaisuus näyttää, auttavatko suurten ikäluokkien lapset samalla tavalla omia lapsiaan. Entä riittääkö suurille ikäluokille auttajia? Perhepoliittisissa puheissa ja toimenpiteissä pitäisi joka tapauksessa ottaa huomioon paremmin myös kasvava ikääntyvien ihmisten joukko.

Wegener's granulomatosis in Finland in 1981-2000

Objectives: Wegener s granulomatosis (WG) is a vasculitis with a predilection for the airways and kidneys. An increasing incidence and improved prognosis of WG has been shown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnostic delay, risk of dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency and mortality of WG in 1981-2000. Patients and methods: Data was retrieved from the Finnish hospital discharge register and hospital case reports. Patients diagnosed with WG in 1981-2000 were included, and their demographic and clinical data recorded. The patients were crossed with the national kidney dialysis register and the national mortality statistics. Results: A total of 492 patients (243 ♂ , 249 ♀) were diagnosed at a mean age of 54 years (SD 18). The incidence increased from 1.9 to 9.3/ million/ year. The median diagnostic delay decreased from 17 to 4 months. Patients presented most often with symptoms of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) (45%), lung (36%), musculoskeletal system (22%) and kidney (11%). Initial lung involvement, constitutional symptoms, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and high ELK scores [(number of simultaneously involved organ groups (ENT, Lung, Kidney)] were associated with a shorter diagnostic delay. Medical treatment of WG patients remained similar in the 1980s and 1990s. Almost 90% of patients received cyclophosphamide (CYC) and more than 90% glucocorticoid medication at some point during the course of the disease. Eighty-four patients (17%) needed dialysis. Initial renal involvement and elevated serum creatinine values were related to an increased risk of dialysis-dependent kidney disease. In two-thirds of the patients, renal impairment was reversible. Dialysis became chronic (>3 months) in 32 patients (6.5%). Nineteen patients (3.9%) received a kidney transplant. Altogether 203 patients (99 men, 104 women) died before 30 June 2005. WG was the underlying cause of death in 37%. The crude one-year and five-year survival rates were 83.3% and 74.2%, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio was 3.43 (95% CI = 2.98 to 3.94). Older age and elevated creatinine level at diagnosis predicted shorter survival. ENT symptoms at presentation and treatment with CYC were associated with better outcome. There was no additional risk associated with male gender or with either of the decades (1981-1990 and 1991-2000) Conclusions: In 1981-2000, the incidence of WG increased ca. 4.5-fold and diagnostic delay decreased to ca. one-fourth, reflecting increased recognition of the disease and improved diagnostic means. WG patients are at great risk of developing dialysis-dependent renal insufficiency and an increased risk of dying. During the study period the treatment of WG did not change markedly, nor did the prognosis improve.

Isoisän ja lapsenlapsen suhde perhemuodostelmassa

Tarkastelen pro gradu -työssäni elettyä isoisyyttä sekä erityisesti isoisän ja lapsenlapsen suhdetta. Sukupolvien väliset suhteet ja isovanhemmuus ovat 2000-luvulla nousseet uudenlaisen mielenkiinnon kohteeksi yhteiskuntaa ja perhettä kohdanneiden muutosten myötä. Valtaosa isovanhemmuutta koskevaa tietoa on johdettu isoäitejä koskevista tutkimuksista, tästä syystä tutkielmassa tuodaan esiin isoisien näkemyksiä ja perhesuhteita. Tutkielmassa käytetään konfigurationaalista näkökulmaa, joka kytkeytyy sosiologiseen perhe- ja läheissuhteiden tutkimukseen ja saksalaissosiologi Norbert Eliasin teoreettiseen ja empiiriseen työhön. Tässä kontekstissa perhe nähdään merkityksellisenä suhteiden ja sidosten muodostamana kokonaisuutena ja ihmiset sekä heidän minänsä sidoksissa muotoutuvana ja niihin uponneena. Elettyä isoisyyttä sekä isoisän ja lapsenlapsen suhdetta pyritään näin ollen ymmärtämään laajemman perhesuhteiden muodostelman ja siinä vaikuttavan dynamiikan kautta. Tutkielman keskeinen kysymys on, miten isoisät ovat eläneet isoisyyttään ja millainen on isoisän ja lapsenlapsen suhde? Millaiseen perhesuhdemuodostelmaan tämä suhde ja isoisän kokemus siitä paikantuu? Entä mikä merkitys perhesuhdemuodostelmaan kuuluvilla muilla ihmisillä on siihen, millaiseksi kunkin isoisän eletty isoisyys on muotoutunut? Konfigurationaalisen näkökulman lisäksi työssä on hyödynnetty sukupolvien välisiin perhesuhteisiin, kriittiseen perhetutkimukseen ja temaattiseen isovanhemmuus- sekä miestutkimukseen liittyvää taustakirjallisuutta. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu yhdentoista isoisän puolistrukturoidusta teemahaastattelusta sekä heidän perhesuhteitaan koskevasta suhdeaineistosta. Tutkielmassa on liikuttu näiden kahden aineistotyypin välillä eli haastateltavan haastattelupuheessa tuottaman kuvauksen ja kulttuuristen merkitysten rinnalla on kerätty strukturoitua tietoa isoisien perhesuhteista. Kahdentasoisen aineiston analyysimenetelminä on käytetty teemoittelua sekä suhdemuodostelmien analyysia, jonka avulla on pyritty erittelemään haastateltavien suhdemuodostelmien rakenteita ja ominaisuuksia sekä niiden vaikutusta isoisän ja lapsenlapsen välisen suhteen ja eletyn isoisyyden muotoutumiseen. Analyysin perusteella isoisyys on merkittävä elämänvaihe haastateltavien elämässä, johon liittyy läheisyyttä, hoivaa ja pienistä lapsenlapsista huolenpitoa. Isoisänä olo on lisännyt haastateltavien itsearvostusta ja hyvinvointia ja lapsenlapset ovat tuoneet tunteen elämän jatkuvuudesta. Isoisien suhdetta lapsenlapseen luonnehtii vahvasti läsnäolon ja osallisuuden moraalinen velvoite, joka ilmenee konkreettisesti tiiviinä tapaamisina, yhdessäolona ja toimintana sekä avunantona lapsenlapselle. Läsnäolon moraalinen velvoite määrittyy lopulta aineiston valossa taustallaoloksi. Isoisät ovat läsnä, mutta taustalla olevina tukijoina. Lapsen perhe-elämän autonomiaa tulee kunnioittaa ja käydä neuvottelua sopivasta osallisuuden asteesta. Aineistosta piirtyy tässä yhteydessä esiin ambivalenssi eli puuttumattomuuden ja osallisuuden normi; isoisän läsnäolon ja taustallaolon välinen raja lapsen perheessä ei ole selkeästi määriteltävissä. Tutkielman keskeisin tulos on, että isoisyys sekä isoisän ja lapsenlapsen välinen suhde on vahvasti suhteissa muotoutuva. Isoisien perhemuodostelmissa vaikuttavat moninaiset sidokset. Erilaiset riippuvuudet ja kytkökset ovat keskeisinä väliin tulevina ja vaikuttavina tekijöitä isoisän ja lapsenlapsen välisessä suhteessa sekä eletyn isoisyyden kokemuksellisuudessa. Menneet ja nykyiset perhesuhteet joko ehkäisevät, edistävät tai tasapainottavat isoisän ja lapsenlapsen suhdetta. Erityisesti välisukupolven vaikutus isoisyyteen ja isoisän ja lapsenlapsen välisen suhteen muotoutumiseen on keskeinen. Tulokset osoittavat, että isoisien perhesuhdemuodostelmat eivät ole yksittäisten suhteiden tai kahdenvälisten neuvottelujen summa. Kyse on laajemmasta isoisille merkityksellisestä perhe- ja sukuyhteydestä, jonka piiriin kuuluvat myös heikoimmat ja konfliktien värittämät suhteet. Tietyt ihmiset kuuluvat yhteen ja tämä laajempi sukuyhteys mahdollistaa isoisille pitkäkestoiset ihmissuhteet ja pitää kasassa heikoimmatkin sidokset. Isoisät uusintavat näin sukulaisuutta järjestelmänä, jossa kokonaisuutta suojellaan sen moninaisuudesta huolimatta.

Playing Games on Sets and Models

The most prominent objective of the thesis is the development of the generalized descriptive set theory, as we call it. There, we study the space of all functions from a fixed uncountable cardinal to itself, or to a finite set of size two. These correspond to generalized notions of the universal Baire space (functions from natural numbers to themselves with the product topology) and the Cantor space (functions from natural numbers to the {0,1}-set) respectively. We generalize the notion of Borel sets in three different ways and study the corresponding Borel structures with the aims of generalizing classical theorems of descriptive set theory or providing counter examples. In particular we are interested in equivalence relations on these spaces and their Borel reducibility to each other. The last chapter shows, using game-theoretic techniques, that the order of Borel equivalence relations under Borel reduciblity has very high complexity. The techniques in the above described set theoretical side of the thesis include forcing, general topological notions such as meager sets and combinatorial games of infinite length. By coding uncountable models to functions, we are able to apply the understanding of the generalized descriptive set theory to the model theory of uncountable models. The links between the theorems of model theory (including Shelah's classification theory) and the theorems in pure set theory are provided using game theoretic techniques from Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games in model theory to cub-games in set theory. The bottom line of the research declairs that the descriptive (set theoretic) complexity of an isomorphism relation of a first-order definable model class goes in synch with the stability theoretical complexity of the corresponding first-order theory. The first chapter of the thesis has slightly different focus and is purely concerned with a certain modification of the well known Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé games. There we (me and my supervisor Tapani Hyttinen) answer some natural questions about that game mainly concerning determinacy and its relation to the standard EF-game

Crystal and Molecular Structure of Sclerophytin F Methyl Ether from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi

new cembranoid diterpene was isolated from the soft coral Ckdiella h p f ifrom Minicoy Island (India), and its structure was established by X-ray crystallography to be sclerophytin F methyl ether (21 with the R absolute configuration at all six epimeric centers,assuming a configuration similar to that of sclerophytin C. Compound 2 may be an artifact of the isolation process.

An Enantiospecific Approach to Tetraquinane Diterpenes Crinipellins: Synthesis of Norcrinipellins

An enantiospecific approach to the synthesis of tetraquinane diterpene crinipellins is described. The cyclopentane ring in campholenaldehyde was identified as the B ring. Two rhodium carbenoid CH insertion reactions for the construction of A and C rings and an intramolecular Michael addition reaction for the D ring of crinipellins were employed as key strategies for the enantiospecific synthesis of norcrinipellins.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation: insights, application toward cyclopentanoid and cycloheptanoid molecules, and the total synthesis of several daucane sesquiterpenes

The asymmetric construction of quaternary stereocenters is a topic of great interest in the organic chemistry community given their prevalence in natural products and biologically active molecules. Over the last decade, the Stoltz group has pursued the synthesis of this challenging motif via a palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation using chiral phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligands. Recent results indicate that the alkylation of lactams and imides consistently proceeds with enantioselectivities substantially higher than any other substrate class previously examined in this system. This observation prompted exploration of the characteristics that distinguish these molecules as superior alkylation substrates, resulting in newfound insights and marked improvements in the allylic alkylation of carbocyclic compounds.

General routes to cyclopentanoid and cycloheptanoid core structures have been developed that incorporate the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation as a key transformation. The unique reactivity of α-quaternary vinylogous esters upon addition of hydride or organometallic reagents enables divergent access to γ-quaternary acylcyclopentenes or cycloheptenones through respective ring contraction or carbonyl transposition pathways. Derivatization of the resulting molecules provides a series of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic systems that can serve as valuable intermediates for the total synthesis of complex natural products.

The allylic alkylation and ring contraction methodology has been employed to prepare variably functionalized bicyclo[5.3.0]decane molecules and enables the enantioselective total syntheses of daucene, daucenal, epoxydaucenal B, and 14-p-anisoyloxydauc-4,8-diene. This route overcomes the challenge of accessing β-substituted acylcyclopentenes by employing a siloxyenone to effect the Grignard addition and ring opening in a single step. Subsequent ring-closing metathesis and aldol reactions form the hydroazulene core of these targets. Derivatization of a key enone intermediate allows access to either the daucane sesquiterpene or sphenobolane diterpene carbon skeletons, as well as other oxygenated scaffolds.

Relação entre biomarcadores inflamatórios, de adesão celular, de estresse oxidativo, de lesão endotelial, remodelamento tecidual e vascular e os diferentes estágios da doença venosa crônica primária (classes clínicas CEAP C0a, C2, C3, C4)

A doença venosa crônica (DVC) é uma desordem complexa que compreende sinais e sintomas que variam das telangiectasias às úlceras ativas. A DVC é classificada de acordo com aspectos clínicos, etiológicos, anatômicos e fisiopatológicos (CEAP) em sete classes variando de C0 à C6. A principal causa da DVC é a hipertensão venosa que altera o fluxo venoso e, consequentemente, a força de cisalhamento que induz alterações fenotípicas nas células endoteliais que passam a expressar mediadores pró-inflamatórios e pró-trombóticos, que levam à adesão de leucócitos, ao aumento do estresse oxidativo, da permeabilidade vascular e do dano endotelial e ao remodelamento tecidual e vascular.Em virtude dos inúmeros mecanismos e da diversidade de moléculas envolvidas na patogênese e progressão da DVC, é essencial conhecer a interação entre elas e também saber quais são as moléculas (biomarcadores) que se correlacionam positivamente ou negativamente com a gravidade da doença. Foram avaliados os níveis de Interleucina-6 (IL-6), sL-selectina, sE-selectina, sP-selectina, molécula de adesão intercelular-1solúvel (sICAM-1), molécula de adesão das células vasculares-1 solúvel (sVCAM-1), ativador tecidual do plasminogênio (tPA), atividade do inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio-1 (PAI-1), trombomodulina solúvel (sTM), fator de von Willebrand (vWF), metaloproteinase de matriz (MMP)-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, inibidor tecidual das MMPs -1 (TIMP-1), angiopoietina-1 e -2, sTie-2 e s-Endoglina e fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) no sangue coletado da veia braquial de 173 mulheres com DVC primária divididas em grupos C2, C3, C4 e C4 menopausadas (C4m) e de 18 voluntárias saudáveis (grupo C0a). Foram também analisados os níveis urinários de ent-prostaglandina F2α nesses grupos. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas com relação às concentrações sanguíneas e urinárias de sE-selectina, sP-selectina, sICAM-1, atividade de PAI-1, MMP-3, razão TIMP-1/MMP-3, angiopoietin-2, razão angiopoietina-1/angiopoietina-2, s-Endoglina e ent-prostaglandina F2α entre os grupos estudados, possivelmente devido à alta variabilidade na concentração desses biomarcadores entre as participantes do mesmo grupo. Entretanto, as concentrações sanguíneas de IL-6 sL-selectina, sVCAM-1, tPA, vWF, sTM, MMP2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, razão TIMP-1/MMP-2, razão TIMP-1/MMP-9, angiopoietina-1 e VEGF foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos. Não foi identificado nenhum biomarcador que se correlacionasse diretamente ou inversamente com a progressão da DVC, provavelmente devido à diversidade de fatores envolvidos e à complexa interação entre eles durante o curso da doença.

Impacts of climate change and variability on fish value chains in Uganda

This study examines the vulnerability of fish pr oduction in Uganda, particularly as it r elates to the predicted impacts from climate change, using the concept of the value chain. The value chain approach has been recommended as a useful tool to study specific challenges facing a sector resulting from various drivers of change, including climate. Critically, such analyses can reveal context-specific response strategies to enhance a sector (Jacinto and Pomer oy 2010). The specific purpose of the study was to identify curr ent and potential impacts of climate change and corresponding adaptation strategies in fish value chains. The study builds upon information fr om earlier value chain analyses on fisheries and aquaculture production in Uganda to provide a more in-depth understanding of issues facing the fish industry, in particular, those to be incorporated in the CGIAR Resear ch Program Livestock and Fish.

肝素钠粗品工业化高效生产工艺的探讨

文从原料的选用、工艺的综合应用和后产品的处理等方面对肝素钠粗品的生产进行了探讨。 结果显示，二次盐解可提高收率16．5％，二次吸附提高19．3％，三次洗脱增加13．o％，4℃沉淀和冷冻干 燥分别减少活性损失1．4％和1．O％，在沉淀剂YNB 99一l和NazS03的保护下，后产品肝素钠的酸化处理 收率可达98％。

The influence of turbine stator well coolant flow rate and passage configuration on cooling effectiveness

Market competitiveness for aero engine power plant dictates that improvements in engine performance and reliability are guaranteed a priori by manufacturers. The requirement to accurately predict the life of engine components makes exacting demands of the internal air system, which must provide effective cooling over the engine duty cycle with the minimum consumption of compressor section air. Tests have been conducted at the University of Sussex using a turbine test facility which comprises a two stage turbine with an individual stage pressure ratio of 1.7:1. Main annulus air is supplied by an adapted Rolls-Royce Dart compressor at up to 440 K and 4.8 kg s-1. Cooling flow rates ranging from 0.71 to 1.46 Cw, ent, a disc entrainment parameter, have been used to allow ingress or egress dominated stator well flow conditions. The mechanical design of the test section allows internal cooling geometry to be rapidly re-configured, allowing the effect of jet momentum and coolant trajectory to be investigated. An important facet to this investigation is the use of CFD to model and analyse the flow structures associated with the cavity conditions tested, as well as to inform the design of cooling path geometry. This paper reports on the effectiveness of stator well coolant flow rate and delivery configurations using experimental data and also CFD analysis to better quantify the effect of stator well flow distribution on component temperatures. Copyright © 2011 by Rolls-Royce plc.

Experimental investigation of turbine stator well rim seal, reingestion and interstage seal flows using gas concentration techniques and displacement measurements

Gas turbine engine performance requires effective and reliable internal cooling over the duty cycle of the engine. Life predictions for rotating components subject to the main gas path temperatures are vital. This demands increased precision in the specification of the internal air system flows which provide turbine stator well cooling and sealing. This in turn requires detailed knowledge of the flow rates through rim seals and interstage labyrinth seals. Knowledge of seal movement and clearances at operating temperatures is of great importance when prescribing these flows. A test facility has been developed at the University of Sussex, incorporating a two stage turbine rated at 400 kW with an individual stage pressure ratio of 1.7:1. The mechanical design of the test facility allows internal cooling geometry to be rapidly re-configured, while cooling flow rates of between 0.71 CW, ENT and 1.46 C W, ENT, may be set to allow ingress or egress dominated cavity flows. The main annulus and cavity conditions correspond to in cavity rotational Reynolds numbers of 1.71×106< Reφ <1.93×106. Displacement sensors have been used to establish hot running seal clearances over a range of stator well flow conditions, allowing realistic flow rates to be calculated. Additionally, gas seeding techniques have been developed, where stator well and main annulus flow interactions are evaluated by measuring changes in gas concentration. Experiments have been performed which allow rim seal and re-ingestion flows to be quantified. It will be shown that this work develops the measurement of stator well cooling flows and provides data suitable for the validation of improved thermo-mechanical and CFD codes, beneficial to the engine design process. Copyright © 2011 by Rolls-Royce plc.