Development and characterization of concentric capillary nebulizer used in inductively coupled plasma analysis /

A simple, low-cost concentric capillary nebulizer (CCN) was developed and evaluated for ICP spectrometry. The CCN could be operated at sample uptake rates of 0.050-1.00 ml min'^ and under oscillating and non-oscillating conditions. Aerosol characteristics for the CCN were studied using a laser Fraunhofter diffraction analyzer. Solvent transport efficiencies and transport rates, detection limits, and short- and long-term stabilities were evaluated for the CCN with a modified cyclonic spray chamber at different sample uptake rates. The Mg II (280.2nm)/l\/lg 1(285.2nm) ratio was used for matrix effect studies. Results were compared to those with conventional nebulizers, a cross-flow nebulizer with a Scott-type spray chamber, a GemCone nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber, and a Meinhard TR-30-K3 concentric nebulizer with a cyclonic spray chamber. Transport efficiencies of up to 57% were obtained for the CCN. For the elements tested, short- and long-term precisions and detection limits obtained with the CCN at 0.050-0.500 ml min'^ are similar to, or better than, those obtained on the same instrument using the conventional nebulizers (at 1.0 ml min'^). The depressive and enhancement effects of easily ionizable element Na, sulfuric acid, and dodecylamine surfactant on analyte signals with the CCN are similar to, or better than, those obtained with the conventional nebulizers. However, capillary clog was observed when the sample solution with high dissolved solids was nebulized for more than 40 min. The effects of data acquisition and data processing on detection limits were studied using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The study examined the effects of different detection limit approaches, the effects of data integration modes, the effects of regression modes, the effects of the standard concentration range and the number of standards, the effects of sample uptake rate, and the effect of Integration time. All the experiments followed the same protocols. Three detection limit approaches were examined, lUPAC method, the residual standard deviation (RSD), and the signal-to-background ratio and relative standard deviation of the background (SBR-RSDB). The study demonstrated that the different approaches, the integration modes, the regression methods, and the sample uptake rates can have an effect on detection limits. The study also showed that the different approaches give different detection limits and some methods (for example, RSD) are susceptible to the quality of calibration curves. Multicomponents spectral fitting (MSF) gave the best results among these three integration modes, peak height, peak area, and MSF. Weighted least squares method showed the ability to obtain better quality calibration curves. Although an effect of the number of standards on detection limits was not observed, multiple standards are recommended because they provide more reliable calibration curves. An increase of sample uptake rate and integration time could improve detection limits. However, an improvement with increased integration time on detection limits was not observed because the auto integration mode was used.

Modulation of muscle contraction by a FMRFamide-related peptide

A FMRFamide-like neuropeptide with the sequence "DRNFLRF-NH2" was recently isolated from pericardial organs of crayfish (Mercier et aI., Peptides, 14, 137-143, 1993). This neuropeptide, referred to as "DF2'" has already been shown to elicit cardioexcitation and to enhance synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions. Possible effects ofDF2 on muscle were investigated using superficial extensor muscles of the abdomen of the crayfish, Procambarus clar/ai. These muscles are of the tonic type and generate slow contractions that affect posture. DF2, at concentrations of 10-8 M or higher, increased muscle tonus and induced spontaneous, rhythmic contractions. These effects were antagonized by 5 rnM Mn2+ but not by lO-7M tetrodotoxin (TTX). Thus, they represent direct actions on muscle cells (rather than effects on motor neurons) and are likely to involve calcium influx. In contrast, deep abdominal extensor muscles, responsible for rapid swimming movements, and superficial flexor muscles do not generate contractions in response to the peptide. 2 Spontaneous contractions were also induced in the superficial extensor muscles by decreasing the temperature to II-13°C. Such contractions were also TTX-insensitive and they were antagonized by adding calcium channel blockers (Mn2+, Cd2+ or Ni2+) or by removing calcium from the bathing solution. This suggests that the spontaneous contractions depend on an influx of calcium from the extracellular solution. N-type and L-type voltage dependent calcium channel blockers did not reduce the effect of the peptide or the spontaneous contractions suggesting that calcium influx is not through N- or L-type calcium channels.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in response to skeletal muscle contraction at two stimulation frequencies in pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 knockout mice

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) plays an important role in regulating carbohydrate oxidation in skeletal muscle. PD H is deactivated by a set of PD H kinases (PD K 1-4) with PDK2 and 4 being the predominant isoforms in skeletal muscle. PDK2 is highly sensitive to pyruvate inhibition, and is the most abundant isoform, while PDKI and 4 protein content are normally lower. This study examined the PDK isoform content and PDHa activation in muscle at rest and 10 and 40 Hz stimulation from PDK2 knockout (PDK2KO) mice to delineate the role of PDK2 in activating the PDH complex during low and moderate intensity muscle contraction. PDHa activity was lower in PDK2KO mice during contraction while total PDK actitvity was -4 fold lower. PDK4 protein was not different, however PDKI partially compensated for the lack of PDK2 and was -56% higher than WT. PDKI is a very potent inhibitor of the PDH complex due to its phosphorylation site specificity and allosteric regulation. These results suggest that the site specificity and allosteric regulatory properties of the individual PDK isoforms are more important than total PDK activity in determining transformation of the complex and PDHa activity during acute muscle contraction.

Changes in mitochondrial PLIN3 and PLIN5 protein content in rat skeletal muscle following acute contraction and endurance training

Surrounding lipid droplets in skeletal muscle are the perilipin (PLIN2-5) family of proteins, regulating lipid droplet metabolism. During exercise lipid droplets provide fatty acids to the mitochondria for oxidation while increasing their proximity to each other. Whether PLIN3 and PLIN5 associate with mitochondria following contraction has not been examined. To determine whether contraction altered mitochondrial PLIN3 and PLIN5 content, sedentary and endurance trained rats underwent acute contraction. The main outcomes are; 1) mitochondrial PLIN3 content is unaltered while mitochondrial PLIN5 content is increased following an acute contraction 2) mitochondrial PLIN3 content is higher in endurance trained rats when compared to sedentary and mitochondrial PLIN5 content is similar in both conditions 3) only PLIN5 mitochondrial content is increased similarly in both groups following acute contraction. This work highlights the dynamics of these two PLIN proteins, which may have roles not only on the lipid droplet but also on the mitochondria.

Mode of action of a Drosophila FMRFamide in inducing muscle contraction

Drosophila melanogaster is a model system for examining the mechanisms of action of neuropeptides. DPKQDFMRFamide was previously shown to induce contractions in Drosophila body wall muscle fibres in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The present study examined the possible involvement of a G-protein-coupled receptor and second messengers in mediating this myotropic effect after removal of the central nervous system. DPKQDFMRFamide-induced contractions were reduced by 70% and 90%, respectively, in larvae with reduced expression of the Drosophila Fmrf receptor (FR) either ubiquitously or specifically in muscle tissue, compared with the response in control larvae in which expression was not manipulated. No such effect occurred in larvae with reduced expression of this gene only in neurons. The myogenic effects of DPKQDFMRFamide do not appear to be mediated through either of the two Drosophila myosuppressin receptors (DmsR-1 and DmsR-2). DPKQDFMRFamide-induced contractions were not reduced in Ala1 transgenic flies lacking activity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CamKII), and were not affected by the CaMKII inhibitor KN-93. Peptide-induced contractions in the mutants of the phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) gene (norpA larvae) and in IP3 receptor mutants were similar to contractions elicited in control larvae. The peptide failed to increase cAMP and cGMP levels in Drosophila body wall muscles. Peptide-induced contractions were not potentiated by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and were not antagonized by inhibitors of cAMP-dependent or cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Additionally, exogenous application of arachidonic acid failed to induce myogenic contractions. Thus, DPKQDFMRFamide induces contractions via a G-protein coupled FMRFamide receptor in muscle cells but does not appear to act via cAMP, cGMP, IP3, PLC, CaMKII or arachidonic acid.

Higher PLIN5 but not PLIN3 content in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria following acute in vivo contraction in rat hindlimb

Contraction-mediated lipolysis increases the association of lipid droplets and mitochondria, indicating an important role in the passage of fatty acids from lipid droplets to mitochondria in skeletal muscle. PLIN3 and PLIN5 are of particular interest to the lipid droplet–mitochondria interaction because PLIN3 is able to move about within cells and PLIN5 associates with skeletal muscle mitochondria. This study primarily investigated: 1) if PLIN3 is detected in skeletal muscle mitochondrial fraction; and 2) if mitochondrial protein content of PLIN3 and/or PLIN5 changes following stimulated contraction. A secondary aim was to determine if PLIN3 and PLIN5 associate and whether this changes following contraction. Male Long Evans rats (n = 21;age, 52 days; weight = 317 6 g) underwent 30 min of hindlimb stimulation (10 msec impulses, 100 Hz/3 sec at 10–20 V; train duration 100 msec). Contraction induced a ~50% reduction in intramuscular lipid content measured by oil red-O staining of red gastrocnemius muscle. Mitochondria were isolated from red gastrocnemius muscle by differential centrifugation and proteins were detected by western blotting. Mitochondrial PLIN5 content was ~1.6-fold higher following 30 min of contraction and PLIN3 content was detected in the mitochondrial fraction, and unchanged following contraction. An association between PLIN3 and PLIN5 was observed and remained unaltered following contraction. PLIN5 may play a role in mitochondria during lipolysis, which is consistent with a role in facilitating/regulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. PLIN3 and PLIN5 may be working together on the lipid droplet and mitochondria during contraction-induced lipolysis.

Force potentiation as a modulator of contractile performance: Implications for control of skeletal muscle force and energetics of work

This thesis investigated the modulation of dynamic contractile function and energetics of work by posttetanic potentiation (PTP). Mechanical experiments were conducted in vitro using software-controlled protocols to stimulate/determine contractile function during ramp shortening, and muscles were frozen during parallel incubations for biochemical analysis. The central feature of this research was the comparison of fast hindlimb muscles from wildtype and skeletal myosin light chain kinase knockout (skMLCK-/-) mice that does not express the primary mechanism for PTP: myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. In contrast to smooth/cardiac muscles where RLC phosphorylation is indispensable, its precise physiological role in skeletal muscle is unclear. It was initially determined that tetanic potentiation was shortening speed dependent, and this sensitivity of the PTP mechanism to muscle shortening extended the stimulation frequency domain over which PTP was manifest. Thus, the physiological utility of RLC phosphorylation to augment contractile function in vivo may be more extensive than previously considered. Subsequent experiments studied the contraction-type dependence for PTP and demonstrated that the enhancement of contractile function was dependent on force level. Surprisingly, in the absence of RLC phosphorylation, skMLCK-/- muscles exhibited significant concentric PTP; consequently, up to ~50% of the dynamic PTP response in wildtype muscle may be attributed to an alternate mechanism. When the interaction of PTP and the catchlike property (CLP) was examined, we determined that unlike the acute augmentation of peak force by the CLP, RLC phosphorylation produced a longer-lasting enhancement of force and work in the potentiated state. Nevertheless, despite the apparent interference between these mechanisms, both offer physiological utility and may be complementary in achieving optimal contractile function in vivo. Finally, when the energetic implications of PTP were explored, we determined that during a brief period of repetitive concentric activation, total work performed was ~60% greater in wildtype vs. skMLCK-/- muscles but there was no genotype difference in High-Energy Phosphate Consumption or Economy (i.e. HEPC: work). In summary, this thesis provides novel insight into the modulatory effects of PTP and RLC phosphorylation, and through the observation of alternative mechanisms for PTP we further develop our understanding of the history-dependence of fast skeletal muscle function.

Éclatement et contraction lagrangiens et applications

Soit (M, ω) une variété symplectique. Nous construisons une version de l’éclatement et de la contraction symplectique, que nous définissons relative à une sous-variété lagrangienne L ⊂ M. En outre, si M admet une involution anti-symplectique ϕ, et que nous éclatons une configuration suffisament symmetrique des plongements de boules, nous démontrons qu’il existe aussi une involution anti-symplectique sur l’éclatement ~M. Nous dérivons ensuite une condition homologique pour les surfaces lagrangiennes réeles L = Fix(ϕ), qui détermine quand la topologie de L change losqu’on contracte une courbe exceptionnelle C dans M. Finalement, on utilise ces constructions afin d’étudier le packing relatif dans (ℂP²,ℝP²).

Contraction et décontraction des décharges micro-ondes entretenues à la pression atmosphérique

Les colonnes de plasma entretenues par un champ électrique (continu ou alternatif) à haute pression (p > 10 Torr) sont affectées par les phénomènes de contraction (réduction de la section radiale de la décharge) et de filamentation (fragmentation de la section de plasma en plusieurs filaments). La compréhension de ces phénomènes ainsi que le développement d’une méthode pouvant les supprimer demeurent une étape essentielle pour l’optimisation de certains procédés plasma. Dans cette optique, un premier objectif de notre travail était de déterminer les mécanismes à l’origine de la contraction et de la filamentation dans les décharges créées dans des gaz rares. Ainsi, nous avons montré que dans les plasmas micro-ondes contractés la cinétique de la décharge est contrôlée par les ions moléculaires et que la contraction est liée à l’influence du gradient de la température du gaz sur la concentration de ces ions. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que la filamentation apparaît lorsque l’inhomogénéité radiale du champ électrique devient importante. Dans un second temps, nous avons développé une méthode de décontraction et de défilamentation de la décharge, qui consiste à ajouter à une décharge initiale de gaz rare des traces d’un autre gaz rare de plus faible potentiel d’ionisation. Dans le cas des plasmas décontractés, nous avons démontré que la cinétique de la décharge n’est plus contrôlée par les ions moléculaires, ce qui confirme bien l’importance de ces ions dans la description de la contraction. Pour terminer, nous avons étendu à la pression atmosphérique la technique d’absorption optique de mesure de densité des états métastables et résonnants à l’aide d’une lampe spectrale, ce qui n’avait été réalisé jusqu’ici que pour des pressions inférieures à 10 Torr. Ces états jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’ionisation des décharges contractées alors que dans les décharges décontractées leur désexcitation par les atomes du gaz adjuvant est l’étape fondamentale du processus de changement de cinétique menant à la décontraction.

Rééducation périnéale et pelvienne : guérir une contraction à la fois

Travail d'intégration réalisé dans le cadre du cours PHT-6113.

Characterizing cortical myosin mini-filament regulation, length and its macroscopic implications in cytokinetic dynamics.

Au cours de la cytokinèse, le génome dédoublé est compartimentalisé en deux cellules filles. L’anneau contractile, une structure dynamique, est constitué d’actine, myosine (NMY-II) et d’autres protéines accessoires. NMY-2 est le seul moteur protéique impliqué dans la contraction de l’anneau durant la cytokinèse. Depuis longtemps, il a été considéré que celle-ci glissait le long des filaments d’actine grâce à sa capacité de traction. Récemment, plusieurs études ont découvert que son activité réticulante joue un rôle en cytokinèse et il est connu que la NMY-2 peut s’assembler en filaments bipolaires à partir de dimères. Ainsi, nous postulons que leur dimension (nombre de moteurs ATPasiques) pourrait dicter leur contribution en activité motrice et réticulante. Afin de déterminer la composition des filaments corticaux de NMY-2, nous avons utilisé une technique d'imagerie de molécules individuelles à l’aide de la microscopie TIRF. J’ai trouvé à travers l’analyse statistique de la distribution des NMY-2 mesurés que les filaments sont assemblés à deux dimensions constantes: Des filaments composés de 20 dimères et 30 dimères. La kinase Rho est une activatrice de NMY-2 nécessaire pour les niveaux physiologiques de NMY-2 sur l’anneau contractile, pour des cinétiques et fermeture concentrique de l’anneau. La déplétion de RhoK augmente l’abondance relative des filaments de 20 dimères. Ainsi, RhoK pourrait réguler le recrutement de la NMY et aussi l’assemblage des filaments corticaux de NMY-2. De plus, à l’aide de la microscopie confocale à temps réel, j’ai trouvé que lors de la déplétion de RhoK, il se produit une réduction du recrutement et du délai d’initiation du sillon, une fermeture lente et une augmentation significative de la concentricité de l’anneau. De plus, j’ai mesuré des défauts dans l’organisation corticale de l’anneau contractile en patch. La déplétion de MRCK-1 n’affecte pas l’initiation du sillon, les cinétiques de fermeture, ou la fermeture concentrique de l’anneau. Paradoxalement, la déplétion de MRCK-1 augmente le recrutement cortical de NMY-2, mais quand depleté simultanément avec Rho-K il diminue NMY-2 à l’équateur comparé à la déplétion seule de Rho-K. De plus, la double déplétion, conduit à un phénotype de concentricité de l’anneau, suivie d’un recentrage.

Electronic structure of few-electron concentric double quantum rings

The ground state structure of few-electron concentric double quantum rings is investigated within the local spin density approximation. Signatures of inter-ring coupling in the addition energy spectrum are identified and discussed. We show that the electronic configurations in these structures can be greatly modulated by the inter-ring distance: At short and long distances the low-lying electron states localize in the inner and outer rings, respectively, and the energy structure is essentially that of an isolated single quantum ring. However, at intermediate distances the electron states localized in the inner and the outer ring become quasidegenerate and a rather entangled, strongly-correlated system is formed.

Optical response of two-dimensional few-electron concentric double quantum rings: A local-spin-density-functional theory study

We have investigated the dipole charge- and spin-density response of few-electron two-dimensional concentric nanorings as a function of the intensity of a erpendicularly applied magnetic field. We show that the dipole response displays signatures associated with the localization of electron states in the inner and outer ring favored by the perpendicularly applied magnetic field. Electron localization produces a more fragmented spectrum due to the appearance of additional edge excitations in the inner and outer ring.

Matching Interest Points Using Projective Invariant Concentric Circles

We present a new method to perform reliable matching between different images. This method exploits a projective invariant property between concentric circles and the corresponding projected ellipses to find complete region correspondences centered on interest points. The method matches interest points allowing for a full perspective transformation and exploiting all the available luminance information in the regions. Experiments have been conducted on many different data sets to compare our approach to SIFT local descriptors. The results show the new method offers increased robustness to partial visibility, object rotation in depth, and viewpoint angle change.

Global and dominance with concentric hierarchical stimuli and orientation classification task. 'Dominancia global y local con est??mulos conc??ntricos y tareas de clasificaci??n de la orientaci??n'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Resumen tambi??n en ingl??s