Non-neutral evolution in non-LEE-encoded type III effectors of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli

Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) employ type III secretion system (T3SS) to secrete effector proteins into host cells and regulate their function. Here we have investigated T3SS genes of AEEC for non-neutral evolution. Our analysis revealed non-neutral evolution in three genes (nleE1, nleB2 and nleD) which encode effector proteins. These genes are located outside the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). In general, non-LEE effector genes show greater deviation from neutral evolution than LEE effector genes. These results suggest that effector genes located outside LEE are under greater selection pressure than those present in LEE. (C) 2012 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Intelligent prediction of ground vibration in coal formations using ANN

The present paper details the prediction of blast induced ground vibration, using artificial neural network. The data was generated from five different coal mines. Twenty one different parameters involving rock mass parameters, explosive parameters and blast design parameters, were used to develop the one comprehensive ANN model for five different coal bearing formations. A total of 131 datasets was used to develop the ANN model and 44 datasets was used to test the model. The developed ANN model was compared with the USBM model. The prediction capability to predict blast induced ground vibration, of the comprehensive ANN model was found to be superior.

Prediction of Land Surface Temperature under Cloudy Conditions using Microwave Remote Sensing and ANN

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important variable in climate, hydrologic, ecological, biophysical and biochemical studies (Mildrexler et al., 2011). The most effective way to obtain LST measurements is through satellites. Presently, LST from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor is applied in various fields due to its high spatial and temporal availability over the globe, but quite difficult to provide observations in cloudy conditions. This study evolves of prediction of LST under clear and cloudy conditions using microwave vegetation indices (MVIs), elevation, latitude, longitude and Julian day as inputs employing an artificial neural network (ANN) model. MVIs can be obtained even under cloudy condition, since microwave radiation has an ability to penetrate through clouds. In this study LST and MVIs data of the year 2010 for the Cauvery basin on a daily basis were obtained from MODIS and advanced microwave scanning radiometer (AMSR-E) sensors of aqua satellite respectively. Separate ANN models were trained and tested for the grid cells for which both LST and MVI were available. The performance of the models was evaluated based on standard evaluation measures. The best performing model was used to predict LST where MVIs were available. Results revealed that predictions of LST using ANN are in good agreement with the observed values. The ANN approach presented in this study promises to be useful for predicting LST using satellite observations even in cloudy conditions. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Las mujeres cautivas hispano criollas en la frontera pampeano patagónica y río Cuarto en el período 1736-1879

Desde los tiempos de la conquista en el Río de la Plata, la mujer blanca ha sido prenda de interés para las culturas indígenas. La primera crónica “La Argentina manuscrita”, de Ruy Díaz de Guzmán en el siglo XVII, estaba protagonizada por la cautiva española Lucía Miranda, tomada por la fuerza como esposa por el cacique thimbu Siripo. El despecho del cacique frente al rechazo de Lucía, desencadenó la destrucción del fuerte de Sancti Spiritu.1 En 1798, José de Lavardén pondrá el drama en escena teatral en “Siripo”, nuestra primera obra de teatro nacional.2 El drama de Lucía Miranda, de endeble fundamento histórico, persistió como mito, constituyéndose la cautiva, en un símbolo nacional.

Evaluacion del cultivo de sandia (Citrullus lanatus L) variedad Mickey Lee utilizando sustratos mejorados y determinacion de los coeficientes "kc" y ky", bajo riego. Finca Las Mercedes, Managua, 2009

El presente trabajo de investigación se estableció entre los meses de Marzo– Junio 2009, bajo sistema de riego por aspersión en la finca las Mercedes, ubicada en Managua km 11 carretera norte, 2 km entrada al Carnic en las coordenadas 12°10’14” a 12°08’05” de latitud Norte y 86°10’22” a 86°09’44” longitud Oeste, a una altura de 56 msnm. Con el objetivo de evaluar el cultivo de la sandía (Citrullus lanatus L) bajo tres tipos de fertilizantes orgánicos y un sintético, y obtención de los coeficientes del cultivo “Kc” y de rendimiento “Ky”. Se estableció un bloque completo al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos orgánicos evaluados son: compost a razón de 25 595 kg ha-1 , bocashi 15 087 kg ha-1 y biofertilizante con aplicaciones de 20 000 lt ha-1 y un tratamiento sintético (testigo): fertilizante completo (NPK) formula 12-30-10, a razón de 350 kg ha-1 más urea 46% a razón de 219 kg ha-1 , todos los abonos orgánicos fueron elaborados como parte de la investigación haciendo uso de los distintos materiales que se tienen en la finca para su elaboración. Los resultados de campos se sometió a un análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y separación de medias mediante el uso de la prueba de Diferencias Mínimas Significativas (LSD α=0.05). Utilizando el Software estadístico Infostat versión 2008. Con base a los datos obtenidos se puede afirmar, que no hubo diferencia significativa para las variables de crecimiento, tomadas en momentos diferentes, sin embargo para la variable de rendimiento y sus componentes se encontró diferencia significativas en número de frutos por planta (5.13), diámetro del fruto (15.90 cm), peso del fruto (5.96 lb) y rendimiento (70 020 kg ha-1 ) logrando obtener el mejor resultado cuando el cultivo se fertilizó con sintético, Con respecto a las variables de riego con un volumen de agua de 526.5 mm ha-1 en todo el ciclo del cultivo y tomando en cuenta las etapas fenológicas se le aplicó mayor volumen de agua en la etapa de floración y fructificación que es donde el cultivo requiere mayor cantidad de agua, logrando para todos los tratamientos un coeficiente de cultivo uniforme y curva de Kc siguió el mismo patrón de cualquier cultivo comercial, presentando una fase inicial, de desarrollo, de madurez y senescencia; En el caso de la reducción del coeficiente de rendimiento de la sandía en los tratamientos orgánicos no se debe a un estrés hídrico o limitación de agua durante los periodos de floración y fructificación que son los períodos más sensibles a la sequía, mas bien corresponde al factor de fertilidad ya que el abono orgánico no va dirigido a liberar grandes cantidades de nutrientes para el cultivo de una sola vez.

En las raíces ideológicas de Montoneros : John William Cooke lee a Gramsci en Cuba

Desde 1945 la izquierda argentina no pudo resolver el enigma planteado por el hecho de que la clase obrera era peronista. Varios intentos teóricos fracasaron antes de que John William Cooke hiciera el suyo a mediados de los años sesenta. Influenciado por Gramsci, consideró que la clase obrera es una categoría histórica, por lo que el peronismo era la experiencia histórica de la clase obrera argentina y, como tal, revolucionario. Neutralizó el papel político de Perón convirtiéndolo en el símbolo de la identidad peronista. Por esto, la teoría de Cooke fue clave para que guerrilleros de izquierda se declararan peronistas sin que les importaran las opiniones e intenciones políticas de Perón. Las limitaciones de esa teoría quedaron expuestas cuando el general regresó a la Argentina y fue electo presidente por tercera vez.

Saline water intrusion from deep artesian sources in McGregor Isles area of Lee County, Florida

Upward leakage of saline water from an artesian aquifer below 1,500 feet has caused an increase in chloride concentration in the lower Hawthorn aquifer from less than 1,000 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) to values ranging from about 1,300 to 15,000 mg/1. Similarly the higher temperatures of the intruding water has caused an increase in water temperatures in the aquifer from 82"F to values ranging from 83 to 93"F. The intruding water moves upward either through the open bore hole of deep wells or test holes, or along a fault or fracture system, which has been identified in the area. From these points of entry into the lower Hawthorn aquifer, the saline water spreads laterally toward the south and southeast, but is generally confined to components of the fault system. The saline water moves upward from the lower Hawthorn aquifer into the upper Hawthorn aquifer through the open bore hole of wells, which connect the aquifers. This movement has resulted in an increase in chloride from less than 200 mg/1 in the unaffected parts of the upper Hawthorn aquifer to values commonly ranging from about 300 to more than 3,000 mg/1 in parts of the aquifer affected by upward leakage. The upper Hawthorn aquifer is the principal source of ground-water supply for public water-supply systems in western Lee County. Similar effects have been noted in the water-table aquifer, where chloride increased from less than 100 to concentrations ranging from about 500 to more than 5,000 mg/1. This was caused by the downward infiltration of water discharged at land surface from wells tapping the lower Hawthorn aquifer. The spread of saline water throughout most of the McGregor Isles area is continuing as of 1971. (40 page document)

Interim report on surface water resources and quality of waters in Lee County, Florida

Report seeks to address following questions: 1. Where within Lee County are surface supplies of water located? 2. What are the variations in this supply? 3. What can be done to provide better answers to questions 1 and 2 than are available at the present time? (PDF contains 76 pages.)

¿Quién lee las estadísticas oficiales?

Duración (en horas): De 41 a 50 horas. Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente

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¿Qué lee, exactamente, el que lee una traducción?

Raquel Merino Álvarez, José Miguel Santamaría, Eterio Pajares (eds.)

Evaluating approaches and technologies for monitoring organic contaminants in the aquatic environment, Ann Arbor, MI, July 21-23, 2006: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) convened a workshop on Evaluating Approaches and Technologies for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment in Ann Arbor, MI on July 21-23, 2006. The primary objectives of this workshop were to: 1) identify the priority management information needs relative to organic contaminant loading; 2) explore the most appropriate approaches to estimating mass loading; and 3) evaluate the current status of the sensor technology. To meet these objectives, a mixture of leading research scientists, resource managers, and industry representatives were brought together for a focused two-day workshop. The workshop featured four plenary talks followed by breakout sessions in which arranged groups of participants where charged to respond to a series of focused discussion questions. At present, there are major concerns about the inadequacies in approaches and technologies for quantifying mass emissions and detection of organic contaminants for protecting municipal water supplies and receiving waters. Managers use estimates of land-based contaminant loadings to rivers, lakes, and oceans to assess relative risk among various contaminant sources, determine compliance with regulatory standards, and define progress in source reduction. However, accurately quantifying contaminant loading remains a major challenge. Loading occurs over a range of hydrologic conditions, requiring measurement technologies that can accommodate a broad range of ambient conditions. In addition, in situ chemical sensors that provide a means for acquiring continuous concentration measurements are still under development, particularly for organic contaminants that typically occur at low concentrations. Better approaches and strategies for estimating contaminant loading, including evaluations of both sampling design and sensor technologies, need to be identified. The following general recommendations were made in an effort to advance future organic contaminant monitoring: 1. Improve the understanding of material balance in aquatic systems and the relationship between potential surrogate measures (e.g., DOC, chlorophyll, particle size distribution) and target constituents. 2. Develop continuous real-time sensors to be used by managers as screening measures and triggers for more intensive monitoring. 3. Pursue surrogate measures and indicators of organic pollutant contamination, such as CDOM, turbidity, or non-equilibrium partitioning. 4. Develop continuous field-deployable sensors for PCBs, PAHs, pyrethroids, and emerging contaminants of concern and develop strategies that couple sampling approaches with tools that incorporate sensor synergy (i.e., measure appropriate surrogates along with the dissolved organics to allow full mass emission estimation).[PDF contains 20 pages]

Application of Drifting Buoy Technologies for Coastal Watershed and Ecosystem, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 5-7,2005: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Partner University of Michigan convened a workshop on the Applications of Drifting Buoy Technologies for Coastal Watershed and Ecosystem Modeling in Ann Arbor, Michigan on June 5 to 7,2005. The objectives of the workshop were to: (1) educate potential users (managers and scientists) about the current capabilities and uses of drifting buoy technologies; (2) provide an opportunity for users (managers and scientists) to experience first hand the deployment and retrieval of various drifting buoys, as well as experience the capabilities of the buoys' technologies; (3) engage manufacturers with scientists and managers in discussions on drifting buoys' capabilities and their requirements to promote further applications of these systems; (4) promote a dialogue about realistic advantages and limitations of current drifting buoy technologies; and (5) develop a set of key recommendations for advancing both the capabilities and uses of drifting buoy technologies for coastal watershed and ecosystem modeling. To achieve these goals, representatives from research, academia, industry, and resource management were invited to participate in this workshop. Attendees obtained "hands on" experience as they participated in the deployment and retrieval of various drifting buoy systems on Big Portage Lake, a 644 acre lake northwest of Ann Arbor. Working groups then convened for discussions on current commercial usages and environmental monitoring approaches including; user requirements for drifting buoys, current status of drifting buoy systems and enabling technologies, and the challenges and strategies for bringing new drifting buoys "on-line". The following general recommendations were made to: 1). organize a testing program of drifting buoys for marketing their capabilities to resource managers and users. 2). develop a fact sheet to highlight the utility of drifting buoys. 3). facilitate technology transfer for advancements in drifter buoys that may be occurring through military funding and development in order to enhance their technical capability for environmental applications. (pdf contains 18 pages)

A novel FOCAL technique based on BP-ANN

In this paper, the feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) algorithm is introduced in the traditional Focus Calibration using Alignment procedure (FOCAL) technique, and a novel FOCAL technique based on BP-ANN is proposed. The effects of the parameters, such as the number of neurons on the hidden-layer and the number of training epochs, on the measurement accuracy are analyzed in detail. It is proved that the novel FOCAL technique based on BP-ANN is more reliable and it is a better choice for measurement of the image quality parameters. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.