Constructing a ‘moment of crisis’ and its adequate solution

The rejection of the European Constitution marks an important crystallization point for debate about the European Union (EU) and the integration process. The European Constitution was envisaged as the founding document of a renewed and enlarged European Union and thus it was rather assumed to find wide public support. Its rejection was not anticipated. The negative referenda in France and the Netherlands therefore led to a controversial debate about the more fundamental meaning and the consequences of the rejection both for the immediate state of affairs as well as for the further integration process. The rejection of the Constitution and the controversy about its correct interpretation therefore present an intriguing puzzle for political analysis. Although the treaty rejection was taken up widely in the field of European Studies, the focus of existing analyses has predominantly been on explaining why the current situation occurred. Underlying these approaches is the premise that by establishing the reasons for the rejection it is possible to derive the ‘true’ meaning of the event for the EU integration process. In my paper I rely on an alternative, discourse theoretical approach which aims to overcome the positivist perspective dominating the existing analyses. I argue that the meaning of the event ‘treaty rejection’ is not fixed or inherent to it but discursively constructed. The critical assessment of this concrete meaning-production is of high relevance as the specific meaning attributed to the treaty rejection effectively constrains the scope for supposedly ‘reasonable’ options for action, both in the concrete situation and in the further European integration process more generally. I will argue that the overall framing suggests a fundamental technocratic approach to governance from part of the Commission. Political struggle and public deliberation is no longer foreseen as the concrete solutions to the citizens’ general concerns are designed by supposedly apolitical experts. Through the communicative diffusion and the active implementation of this particular model of governance the Commission shapes the future integration process in a more substantial way than is obvious from its seemingly limited immediate problem-solving orientation of overcoming the ‘constitutional crisis’. As the European Commission is a central actor in the discourse production my analysis focuses on the specific interpretation of the situation put forward by the Commission. In order to work out the Commission’s particular take on the event I conducted a frame analysis (according to Benford/Snow) on a body of key sources produced in the context of coping with the treaty rejection.

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

The Brazilian Zero Hunger social program implications in achieving sustainable development

This article aims to analyse the progress taken by Brazil towards the accomplishment of a sustainable development, mainly highlighting the success of the Zero Hunger social programme in achieving the elimination of starvation. As one of the essential pillars to the sustainable development, the State’s social performance demands actions directed to the elimination of extreme poverty and hunger, establishing a basis for equitable growth. It is necessary to clarify the juridical and constitutional framework of Brazil, aiming to emphasise the Zero Hunger importance in achieving the Brazilian Republic’s goals and reaching an international pattern on sustainable development. Also, it will be stressed that the international order influences Brazilian domestic law and is one of the main aspects for the Zero Hunger program development.

Efficient Characterisation and Optimal Control of Open Quantum Systems - Mathematical Foundations and Physical Applications

Since no physical system can ever be completely isolated from its environment, the study of open quantum systems is pivotal to reliably and accurately control complex quantum systems. In practice, reliability of the control field needs to be confirmed via certification of the target evolution while accuracy requires the derivation of high-fidelity control schemes in the presence of decoherence. In the first part of this thesis an algebraic framework is presented that allows to determine the minimal requirements on the unique characterisation of arbitrary unitary gates in open quantum systems, independent on the particular physical implementation of the employed quantum device. To this end, a set of theorems is devised that can be used to assess whether a given set of input states on a quantum channel is sufficient to judge whether a desired unitary gate is realised. This allows to determine the minimal input for such a task, which proves to be, quite remarkably, independent of system size. These results allow to elucidate the fundamental limits regarding certification and tomography of open quantum systems. The combination of these insights with state-of-the-art Monte Carlo process certification techniques permits a significant improvement of the scaling when certifying arbitrary unitary gates. This improvement is not only restricted to quantum information devices where the basic information carrier is the qubit but it also extends to systems where the fundamental informational entities can be of arbitary dimensionality, the so-called qudits. The second part of this thesis concerns the impact of these findings from the point of view of Optimal Control Theory (OCT). OCT for quantum systems utilises concepts from engineering such as feedback and optimisation to engineer constructive and destructive interferences in order to steer a physical process in a desired direction. It turns out that the aforementioned mathematical findings allow to deduce novel optimisation functionals that significantly reduce not only the required memory for numerical control algorithms but also the total CPU time required to obtain a certain fidelity for the optimised process. The thesis concludes by discussing two problems of fundamental interest in quantum information processing from the point of view of optimal control - the preparation of pure states and the implementation of unitary gates in open quantum systems. For both cases specific physical examples are considered: for the former the vibrational cooling of molecules via optical pumping and for the latter a superconducting phase qudit implementation. In particular, it is illustrated how features of the environment can be exploited to reach the desired targets.

Increasing scepticism toward potential liars: effects of existential threat on veracity judgments and the moderating role of honesty norm activation

With the present research, we investigated effects of existential threat on veracity judgments. According to several meta-analyses, people judge potentially deceptive messages of other people as true rather than as false (so-called truth bias). This judgmental bias has been shown to depend on how people weigh the error of judging a true message as a lie (error 1) and the error of judging a lie as a true message (error 2). The weight of these errors has been further shown to be affected by situational variables. Given that research on terror management theory has found evidence that mortality salience (MS) increases the sensitivity toward the compliance of cultural norms, especially when they are of focal attention, we assumed that when the honesty norm is activated, MS affects judgmental error weighing and, consequently, judgmental biases. Specifically, activating the norm of honesty should decrease the weight of error 1 (the error of judging a true message as a lie) and increase the weight of error 2 (the error of judging a lie as a true message) when mortality is salient. In a first study, we found initial evidence for this assumption. Furthermore, the change in error weighing should reduce the truth bias, automatically resulting in better detection accuracy of actual lies and worse accuracy of actual true statements. In two further studies, we manipulated MS and honesty norm activation before participants judged several videos containing actual truths or lies. Results revealed evidence for our prediction. Moreover, in Study 3, the truth bias was increased after MS when group solidarity was previously emphasized.

The Computation of Color

This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of color vision, focussing on the phenomenon of color constancy formulated as a computational problem. The primary contributions of the thesis are (1) the demonstration of a formal framework for lightness algorithms; (2) the derivation of a new lightness algorithm based on regularization theory; (3) the synthesis of an adaptive lightness algorithm using "learning" techniques; (4) the development of an image segmentation algorithm that uses luminance and color information to mark material boundaries; and (5) an experimental investigation into the cues that human observers use to judge the color of the illuminant. Other computational approaches to color are reviewed and some of their links to psychophysics and physiology are explored.

El Aprendizaje del derecho inglés en modo cooperativo formal

En primer curso de Derecho económico de la Universidad de Vigo, se planteó la posibilidad de llevar a cabo un proyecto piloto de aprendizaje cooperativo. Nos pareció interesante la idea y propusimos que la asignatura “Introducción a los Sistemas Jurídicos” se impartiese en aprendizaje cooperativo formal, como requisito previo a la realización de un examen final. Nuestro objetivo era conseguir una mayor implicación del discente en su propio proceso de aprendizaje, al mismo tiempo que la adquisición de determinadas destrezas necesarias en el ámbito jurídico, como la interacción cara a cara, la interdependencia positiva, la responsabilidad personal, el saber desenvolverse en público y la capacidad de autoanálisis o evaluación de los resultados del grupo. En este caso concreto, era necesario dotar de las destrezas necesarias a los discentes para que el aprendizaje del Derecho Inglés, como sistema jurídico diferente al nuestro, resultase atractivo y suscitase el interés de los estudiantes a la hora de abordar el conocimiento del Common Law. La diferencia fundamental, reflejada en "Judge made Law", en referencia a la labor creadora del derecho que realizan los jueces en el mundo jurídico anglosajón, puede ser explicada mucho mejor en un contexto de creatividad como el que ofrece una metodología docente activa como es el Aprendizaje Cooperativo, y por ello resultó elegida. Elegimos el Aprendizaje Cooperativo Formal porque nos pareció adecuada su vocación de continuidad, en el sentido de formar grupos para una determinada tarea que puede durar desde una clase a varias semanas. En un grupo formal los estudiantes trabajan juntos para conseguir objetivos compartidos, intentando maximizar su aprendizaje y el de sus propios compañeros. El número de miembros que conforman un grupo formal es pequeño, 2 o 4 estudiantes, organizado por el profesor, a menudo al azar, y en ellos se espera que el estudiante interaccione con sus compañeros, compartiendo los conceptos y estrategias que aprendan, y que se consideren mutuamente responsables de la tarea asignada, acudiendo sólo en último término al profesor en caso de dudas. Pero teníamos dudas con respecto a la realidad del proyecto, por el elevado número de estudiantes en el grupo de “Introducción a los Sistemas Jurídicos”. Con todo, la ilusión y un gran esfuerzo hicieron posible llevar a cabo el proyecto previsto, y los resultados fueron totalmente positivos

Citation auctions as a method to improve selection of scientific papers

This paper describes the basis of citation auctions as a new approach to selecting scientific papers for publication. Our main idea is to use an auction for selecting papers for publication through - differently from the state of the art - bids that consist of the number of citations that a scientist expects to receive if the paper is published. Hence, a citation auction is the selection process itself, and no reviewers are involved. The benefits of the proposed approach are two-fold. First, the cost of refereeing will be either totally eliminated or significantly reduced, because the process of citation auction does not need prior understanding of the paper's content to judge the quality of its contribution. Additionally, the method will not prejudge the content of the paper, so it will increase the openness of publications to new ideas. Second, scientists will be much more committed to the quality of their papers, paying close attention to distributing and explaining their papers in detail to maximize the number of citations that the paper receives. Sample analyses of the number of citations collected in papers published in years 1999-2004 for one journal, and in years 2003-2005 for a series of conferences (in a totally different discipline), via Google scholar, are provided. Finally, a simple simulation of an auction is given to outline the behaviour of the citation auction approach

La ética religiosa del catolicismo utilizada como elemento de cohesión social en el proceso de consolidación política de la República de la Nueva Granada

Los tradicionales partidos políticos colombianos —Liberal y Conservador— en sus orígenes debatieron por el rol que debía desempeñar la Iglesia Católica en el Estado, las posturas implicaban optar por un poder civil independiente o sujeto al poder religioso, éste debate sirvió para que las comunidades políticas justificaran confrontaciones civiles y reformas constitucionales. Sin embargo, adviértase que estas diferencias conceptuales entre las comunidades políticas permitieron integrar a sectores de la población en torno a los partidos políticos.

¿Es posible la coordinación entre el Sistema Judicial Nacional y la Jurisdicción Indígena en Colombia? : aportes para un diálogo intercultural e interjurisdiccional

En cuanto que las minorías étnicas son reconocidas constitucionalmente, se encuentra un ambiente propicio para lograr con éxito la necesidad de reconocer a los pueblos indígenas como una cultura diferenciada, razón por la cual, constitucionalmente se otorgó status constitucional a su propio sistema de impartir justicia, es decir, su sistema judicial, al punto que es el artículo 246 de la Constitución Política así lo consagra, siendo de ésta manera como se hizo improrrogable hacer efectivo un mecanismo que permita el funcionamiento armónico de la jurisdicción especial indígena y Sistema Jurídico Nacional. Por ésta razón el presente trabajo investigativo, se desarrollará con base en los resultados arrojados por el proyecto Extensión de la coordinación del Sistema Judicial Nacional (SJN) y la Jurisdicción Especial Indígena (JEI), exponiendo una serie de componentes y elementos jurídicos que pretenden analizar la problemática de coexistencia de culturas jurídicas diferentes, en el marco del Estado Social de Derecho, con base en el pluralismo jurídico, diversidad cultural e interculturalismo.

La despenalización del aborto en una sociedad liberal : el caso colombiano

El presente artículo pretende exponer un debate de filosofía política sobre un problema moral álgido: el aborto. Partiendo de la base de que en todas las democracias occidentales una cuestión central en esta discusión tiene que ver con quién es, en último término, el que debe o puede decidir sobre la legalidad del mismo, lo que aquí se analiza es el problema de diseño y legitimidad constitucional con que se responde en una democracia liberal a esta controversia. Reconociendo que no son pocas las ocasiones en que este controvertido debate moral ha dividido profundamente a la sociedad, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo específico explicar brevemente cuál fue el mecanismo utilizado para lograr la “despenalización” del aborto en Colombia, para luego analizar la justicia del procedimiento, las pretensiones de quienes promovieron la acción de constitucionalidad y, así mismo, la decisión de la Corte Constitucional a la luz del modelo de justicia de John Rawls, especialmente a la luz del concepto de consenso traslapado. Lo anterior, con el propósito de defender la postura de que, al menos en el modelo jurídico-político colombiano, existen serios reparos frente a quienes consideran que la Corte Constitucional es el órgano democráticamente competente para cerrar el debate respecto al aborto.

Perspectiva constitucional del procedimiento tributario en Colombia

Lo que se propone con esta investigación es señalar de manera objetiva la infinidad de actuaciones establecidas en el Procedimiento Tributario Nacional, las cuales deben cumplir los contribuyentes. Esa disparidad de normas y actuaciones van en contravía de las instituciones modernas de orden procesal que buscan es simplificar los procedimientos, aspecto que en nuestro entender viola la defensa debida y algunos otros principios también de carácter Constitucional, tales como los de: celeridad, eficacia y economía de la actuación administrativa.

El Acto Legislativo 001 de 2003 y el comportamiento electoral de partidos y movimientos políticos, en las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes 2002 y 2006. Estudio de caso : Antioquia

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar los efectos del acto legislativo 01 de 2003, en las elecciones a la Cámara de Representantes de 2006 en el Departamento de Antioquia. Esto con el fin de mostrar el comportamiento de los partidos y movimientos políticos antes y después de entrar en vigencia la reforma. El objetivo principal de la investigación es identificar y entender la cotidianidad y las prácticas políticas a las que los partidos tradicionales y las nuevas organizaciones estaban acostumbradas después de la constitución de 1991. Estas reglas de juego planteadas por las Constitución Política, cambiaron el panorama político tanto para los partidos tradicionalistas, como para las nuevas organizaciones que querían y reclamaban reconocimiento, participación y poder. Reglas que se transformaron con la reforma política, y específicamente con el Acto legislativo 01 de 2003, cambiando el escenario político y por ende el comportamiento electoral.

Acción de tutela y derecho a gozar de un medio ambiente sano

A través de la investigación del concepto de derechos fundamentales, su protección constitucional, y del concepto de derecho a gozar de un medio ambiente sano, podemos establecer una teoría mediante la cual el derecho a gozar un medio ambiente sano es un derecho fundamental, y puede ser protegido a través de la acción de tutela.

La indeterminación judicial de la responsabilidad extracontractual del estado por <> del servicio en la función administrativa

El trabajo inquiere, examina y condena la concepción bíblico-antigua con el cual se ha pretendido acrisolar a las convenciones jurídicas bajo el estigma de la objetividad, especialmente en el contexto de la Responsabilidad Civil Extracontractual de la Administración Pública, contrastado con el débito acaecido una vez presente un juicio orgánico, esto es, la falla del servicio, supuesto extraído en el interactuar antitético de las autoridades públicas respecto de una obligación primaria de cuidado debido, esto es, una norma legal pre-constituida al momento de la actuación material o acto administrativo. Supuesta tal objetividad en la falla del servicio, una dicotomía se presupone en su contra, la elasticidad con que ésta teoría pretende amalgamar bajo unos mismos y nunca cambiantes elementos de imputación jurídica en manos del juez siempre una única responsabilidad en las autoridades públicas. Y por otro lado, la incidencia de la teoría en la praxis, pragmática que no deja de insinuar lo contrario, esto es, supone desavenencias inexpugnables en la aplicación de tales premisas supuestas objetivas. Luego, resultado de este cisma es la indeterminación en la concepción falla del servicio, como concepto que no conoce contornos definidos, lo cual ofrece como síntoma de su abstrusa constitución una espiritual-subjetiva aplicación, y un cuestionamiento ineludible ¿existen líneas jurisprudenciales cuando de responsabilidad extracontractual se trata, en particular, en la falla del servicio?