Private Home Care in Municipal Service Systems – A Case Study among Finnish and Swedish Municipalities

The aim of this study is to assess the current and future preconditions for conducting private business in municipal service systems for home care in Lahti and Hyvinkää in Finland, and in Uppsala and Huddinge in Sweden. This study also aims to assess the implications of quality related issues on the preconditions for conducting private business in the service systems in question. The theories and the research methodologies of the study are based on the Business Model Generation and the Business Model Canvas -concepts. Also a couple of frameworks on implications of quality are applied and integrated into the study. The study is completed as a case study – with structured and identical approaches for all four municipalities. The analyses and assessments of the study are primarily qualitative, but supported by simple quantitative methodologies. The data of the study consists primarily of publicly available information, and secondarily of answers provided by the case-municipalities to multiple choice questions. The results of the study show that the service systems for home care among the case-municipalities are, from perspective of private companies, diverse with local characteristics. Both the premises for conducting private business and the quality-issues are in many respects different in the Finnish and the Swedish case-municipalities. This is partly due to differences in the national service systems; the service voucher system versus the system of choice. Still, it appears that the current preconditions for conducting private business in the service systems for home care, including the implications of quality, would be more favorable in Uppsala and Huddinge than in Lahti and Hyvinkää. On the other hand, the service systems are subject to changes, and the most positive and significant development is here forecasted for a Finnish case-municipality (Lahti). Communication of quality is clearly more advanced in the Swedish case-municipalities. The results of this study can be utilized in several ways, for instance by private companies interested in entering into service systems for home care, either in some of the case-municipalities, or in some other Finnish or Swedish municipalities. Also municipalities can apply the analyses of the study when designing, developing or evaluating their own service systems for home care.

Effectiveness of an illustrated home exercise guide on promoting urinary continence during pregnancy: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade de um manual de orientação de exercícios domiciliares (MOED) para o assoalho pélvico (AP) na promoção da continência urinária em gestantes primigestas.MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico com 87 participantes, avaliadas 6 vezes durante a gestação e divididas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Grupo supervisionado (Gsup), que praticou exercícios com supervisão; Grupo observado (Gobs), que praticou exercícios sem supervisão, e Grupo referência (Gref), que não praticou exercícios. Incontinência urinária (IU) (desfecho primário) e força muscular perineal (FMP) (desfecho secundário) foram avaliadas por intermédio de diário de perdas urinárias e perineometria, respectivamente. Foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste post hoc de Dunn, para variáveis contínuas, e o teste do χ2 e testes Z, com correções de Bonferroni, para proporções, com nível de significância de 5%.RESULTADOS: O Gsup e o Gobs apresentaram 6,9% de gestantes incontinentes, enquanto o Gref apresentou 96,6% de incontinentes. Quanto à FMP, o Gsup e o Gobs apresentaram valores médios de contração de 10 e 8,9 cmH2O, respectivamente, enquanto o Gref apresentou valor de 4,7 cmH2O. Ambos os resultados significantes.CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de um MOED é eficaz na promoção da continência urinária e no aumento da FMP em gestantes primigestas, independentemente de supervisão permanente.

Opportunistisen sopimusrikkomuksen ongelmasta, erityisesti Suomen vahingonkorvaus- ja rikoslainsäädännön näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna. Law and Economics -näkökulma.

Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee opportunistisen sopimusrikkomuksen ongelmaa erityisesti Suomen vahingonkorvaus- ja rikoslainsäädännön näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna. Tutkielman lähestymistapa on oikeustaloustieteellinen (engl. Law and Economics). Opportunistisella sopimusrikkomuksella tarkoitetaan toimintaa, jossa sopimusosapuoli rikkoo sopimuksen tarkoituksellisesti, pyrkimyksenään tällä toiminnalla saavuttaa enemmän hyötyä kuin sopimuksessa pysymällä. Opportunistinen sopimusrikkomus on mahdollista toteuttaa tilanteessa, jossa sopimusasetelma itsessään antaa mahdollisuuden enemmän hyödyn saavuttamiseen rikkomus toteuttamalla kuin sopimus asianmukaisesti täyttämällä. Suomalaisessa vahingonkorvausjärjestelmässä sovelletaan sopimusrikkomusten osalla positiivisen sopimusedun mukaista vahingonkorvausta, joka hyvittää rikotulle osapuolelle sopimussuhteeseen ryhtymisestä syntyneet kustannukset sekä sopimusrikkomuksen johdosta saamatta jääneen tuoton. Positiivisen sopimusedun soveltaminen ei kuitenkaan ole opportunistisen sopimusrikkomuksen ehkäisemiseksi riittävää, sillä opportunistisesti toimiva sopimusosapuoli voi jäädä rikkomuksensa johdosta voitolle vielä sen jälkeenkin, kun kärsineelle osapuolelle on jo positiivista sopimusetua noudattaen korvattu sopimussuhteessa syntyneet kustannukset sekä rikkomuksen johdosta saamatta jäänyt tuotto. Keskeinen ongelma koskien opportunististen sopimusrikkomustilanteiden syntyä onkin juuri vallitsevan sääntelyn liiallinen keskittyminen rikotun osapuolen kärsimän vahingon kompensoimiseen, ei rikkomustilanteiden synnyn ennaltaehkäisemiseen. Suomen vahingonkorvausjärjestelmää tulisi kehittää suuntaan, jossa järjestelmä paremmin ennaltaehkäisisi opportunististen sopimusrikkomustilanteiden syntyä. Common law -oikeusjärjestelmässä käytössä olevan disgorgement principle -suuntaisen ajattelun, jossa korvauksen perustana toimisi rikkomuksella saatu hyöty kärsityn vahingon sijaan, omaksuminen olisi yksi mahdollinen kehityskulku. Olennaista olisi kuitenkin se, että järjestelmää kehitettäisiin suuntaan, jossa rikkomus ei enää voisi tulla rikkojalle kannattavaksi. Opportunistisen toiminnan kannustimet tulisi lainsäädäntöä tarkistamalla poistaa. Tällä olisi sekä sopimusinstituutiota turvaavaa että vaihdantaa edistävää vaikutusta.

Effects of mineral sorting on concentrator design and economics

Ore sorting after crushing is an effective way to enhance the feed quality of a concentrator. Sorting by hand is the oldest way of concentrating minerals but it has become outdated because of low capacities. Older methods of sorting have also been difficult to use in large scale productions due to low capacities of sorters. Data transfer and processing and the speed of rejection mechanisms have been the bottlenecks for effective use of sorters. A fictive chalcopyrite ore body was created for this thesis. The properties of the ore were typical of chalcopyrite ores and economical limit was set for design. Concentrator capacity was determined by the size of ore body and the planned mine life. Two concentrator scenarios were compared, one with the sorting facility and the other without sorting. Comparison was made for quality and amount of feed, size of equipment and economics. Concentrator with sorting had lower investment and operational cost but also lower incomes due to the ore loss in sorting. Net cash flow, net present value and internal rate of interest were calculated for comparison of the two scenarios.

AgEcon Search: Evolution of a Subject Repository

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

ZENODO - an open dependable home for the long-tail of science

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Negotiating home and belonging. Young Kurds in Finland

This study looks at negotiation of belonging and understandings of home among a generation of young Kurdish adults who were born in Iraq, Iran, and Turkey and who reached adulthood in Finland. The young Kurds taking part in the study belong to the generation of migrants who moved to Finland in their childhood and early teenage years from the region of Kurdistan and elsewhere in the Middle East, then grew to adulthood in Finland. In theoretical terms, the study draws broadly from three approaches: transnationalism, intersectionality, and narrativity. Transnationalism refers to individuals’ cross-border ties and interaction extending beyond nationstates’ borders. Young people of migrant background, it has been suggested, are raised in a transnational space that entails cross-border contacts, ties, and visits to the societies of departure. How identities and feelings of belonging become formed in relation to the transnational space is approached with an intersectional frame, for examination of individuals’ positionings in terms of their intersecting attributes of gender, age/generation, and ethnicity, among others. Focus on the narrative approach allows untangling how individuals make sense of their place in the social world and how they narrate their belonging in terms of various mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion, including institutional arrangements and discursive categorisation schemes. The empirical data for this qualitative study come from 25 semi-structured thematic interviews that were conducted with 23 young Kurdish adults living in Turku and Helsinki between 2009 and 2011. The interviewees were aged between 19 and 28 years at the time of interviewing. Interview themes involved topics such as school and working life, family relations and language-learning, political activism and citizenship, transnational ties and attachments, belonging and identification, and plans for the future and aspirations. Furthermore, data were collected from observations during political demonstrations and meetings, along with cultural get-togethers. The data were analysed via thematic analysis. The findings from the study suggest that young Kurds express a strong sense of ‘Kurdishness’ that is based partially on knowing the Kurdish language and is informed by a sense of cultural continuity in the diaspora setting. Collective Kurdish identity narratives, particularly related to the consciousness of being a marginalised ‘other’ in the context of the Middle East, are resonant in young interviewees’ narrations of ‘Kurdishness’. Thus, a sense of ‘Kurdishness’ is drawn from lived experiences indexed to a particular politico-historical context of the Kurdish diaspora movements but also from the current situation of Kurdish minorities in the Middle East. On the other hand, young Kurds construct a sense of belonging in terms of the discursive constructions of ‘Finnishness’ and ‘otherness’ in the Finnish context. The racialised boundaries of ‘Finnishness’ are echoed in young Kurds’ narrations and position them as the ‘other’ – namely, the ‘immigrant’, ‘refugee’, or ‘foreigner’ – on the basis of embodied signifiers (specifically, their darker complexions). This study also indicates that young Kurds navigate between gendered expectations and norms at home and outside the home environment. They negotiate their positionings through linguistic repertoires – for instance, through mastery of the Finnish language – and by adjusting their behaviour in light of the context. This suggests that young Kurds adopt various forms of agency to display and enact their belonging in a transnational diaspora space. Young Kurds’ narrations display both territorially-bounded and non-territorially-bounded elements with regard to the relationship between identity and locality. ‘Home’ is located in Finland, and the future and aspirations are planned in relation to it. In contrast, the region of Kurdistan is viewed as ‘homeland’ and as the place of origins and roots, where temporary stays and visits are a possibility. The emotional attachments are forged in relation to the country (Finland) and not so much relative to ‘Finnishness’, which the interviewees considered an exclusionary identity category. Furthermore, identification with one’s immediate place of residence (city) or, in some cases, with a religious identity as ‘Muslim’ provides a more flexible venue for identification than does identifying oneself with the (Finnish) nation.

NOVAS APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS SFE "HOME MADE".: I. PLANTAS MEDICINAIS BRASILEIRAS

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma visão geral da evolução do uso da SFE (extração com fluido supercrítico) na análise de plantas medicinais brasileiras dentro das pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo Laboratório de Cromatografia do IQSC-USP. Utilizou-se como fluido extrator o CO2, puro ou modificado com solventes de polaridade baixa a alta (pentano, solventes halogenados, álcoois, água), para a extração seletiva de princípios ativos de Maytenus aquifolium ("espinheira santa") e Mikania glomerata ("guaco"), respectivamente contendo triterpenos e cumarina. Os extratos obtidos por SFE foram analisados por CGAR (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução), CLAE-DAD (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector" photodiodearray") ou CCD (cromatografia de camada delgada). A SFE forneceu resultados similares ou melhores do que os obtidos com métodos convencionais de extração (Soxhlet, maceração, etc), indicando o potencial uso da SFE para análise e/ou produção de preparações contendo estas plantas medicinais.

NOVAS APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS SFE" HOME MADE".: II. PLANTAS DA AMÉRICA DO SUL

O Laboratório de Cromatografia do IQSC-USP tem desenvolvido pesquisas em conjunto com outros grupos de pesquisa do Brasil e da América Latina, visando a futura implantação da SFE (extração com fluido supercrítico) nestes laboratórios. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se alguns dos resultados obtidos na cooperação com pesquisadores do Chile e da Venezuela, direcionados para a SFE de substâncias de potencial interesse econômico, princípios ativos ou substâncias tóxicas: triglicerídeos, ácidos graxos, flavonóides, alcalóides, etc. Foram estudadas plantas nativas do Chile e da Venezuela, algumas delas nunca estudadas por métodos fitoquímicos convencionais e pertencentes a várias famílias vegetais: Leguminosae, Chrysobalanaceae, Annonnaceae, etc. O uso da SFE em conjunto com CGAR-EM (cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução - espectrometria de massas) ou CLAE-DAD (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector" photodiodearray") permitiu a identificação de algumas substâncias presentes em baixa concentração, a partir de pequenas quantidades de material vegetal; estes dados são de grande importância para a caracterização química das espécies estudadas.

NOVAS APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS SFE "HOME MADE": III. ENERGIA QUÍMICA E ELÉTRICA

Este trabalho apresenta três aplicações da SFE com diferentes fluídos supercríticos, matrizes e sistemas de extração. Um sistema estático "home made" foi utilizado na pesquisa de fontes alternativas de insumos químicos e energéticos tais como o bagaço de cana-de-açucar e o carvão mineral. Foram usados, respectivamente, o etanol (sem e com catalisador) e o tolueno como fluídos extratores e hidrogênio como gás de pressurização. Na extração dos contaminantes do óleo mineral adsorvidos em bauxita, foi utilizado o dióxido de carbono como fluído extrator em um sistema "home made"/dinâmico. Estudos visando a maximização do rendimento de alguns dos processos também foram realizados, utilizando o planejamento fatorial e a metodologia da superfície de resposta. Os produtos de maior interesse neste trabalho (fração de resinas), obtidos do processo de extração do bagaço de cana-de-açucar e aqueles contaminantes do óleo isolante adsorvidos em bauxita extraídos com fluídos supercríticos foram caracterizados usando cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução com detector de ionização de chama (CGAR - DIC) e cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução com detector seletivo de massas (CGAR - EM) após fracionamento por cromatografia líquida preparativa em 8 frações distintas.

NOVAS APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS SFE "HOME-MADE".: IV. QUALIDADE DOS ALIMENTOS

São apresentadas algumas aplicações de um sistema "Home-Made" para Extração com Fluido Supercrítico (EFS) na análise de resíduos de pesticidas e de óleos essenciais em alimentos. Foram desenvolvidos diversos estudos com os parâmetros: temperatura, pressão, escolha e concentração de modificadores. Os resultados são apresentados para amostras de maracujá (resíduos de pesticidas organofosforados e piretróides), mel (resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados) e laranja (óleo essencial).

NOVAS APLICAÇÕES DE SISTEMAS DE PARA EXTRAÇÃO COM FLUIDO SUPERCRÍTICO (SFE)" HOME-MADE".: VI. CONTROLE DE AGROTÓXICOS EM PRODUTOS ALIMENTÍCIOS

No presente trabalho apresentamos um sistema para extração com fluido supercrítico (SFE)" home-made" utilizado em extrações de resíduos de pesticidas de diversas matrizes. Os pesticidas estudados foram extraídos usando-se como fluido extrator CO2 no estado supercrítico com ou sem modificadores. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se mais vantajosos do que aqueles obtidos por métodos convencionais de extração.

Evaluation of total carotenoids, alpha- and beta-carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L.) during home processing

This study aims to analyze the influence of dehydration and different preparation methods during home processing related toalpha-carotene, beta-carotene and total carotenoids stability in carrots. Vitamin A values were evaluated after different treatments. Thus, carrots were submitted to steam cooking, water cooking with and without pressure, moist/dry cooking and conventional dehydration. Determination of alpha- and beta-carotenes was made by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (conditions were developed by us) using spectrophotometric detection visible-UV at 470 nm; a RP-18 column and methanol: acetonitrile: ethyl acetate (80: 10: 10) as mobile phase. Total carotenoids quantification was made by 449 nm spectrophotometer. The retention of the analyzed carotenoids ranged from 60.13 to 85.64%. Water cooking without pressure promoted higher retention levels of alpha- and beta-carotene and vitamin A values, while water cooking with pressure promoted higher retention levels of total carotenoids. Dehydration promoted the highest carotenoid losses. The results showed that, among the routinely utilized methods under domestic condition, cooking without pressure, if performed under controlled time and temperature, is the best method as it reduces losses in the amount of alpha- and beta-carotene, the main carotenoids present in the carrots. Despite the significant carotenoid losses, carrots prepared through domestic methods, remain a rich source of provitamin A.