Prying into the intimate secrets of animal lives; software beyond hardware for comprehensive annotation in 'Daily Diary' tags

BACKGROUND: Smart tags attached to freely-roaming animals recording multiple parameters at infra-second rates are becoming commonplace, and are transforming our understanding of the way wild animals behave. Interpretation of such data is complex and currently limits the ability of biologists to realise the value of their recorded information.

DESCRIPTION: This work presents Framework4, an all-encompassing software suite which operates on smart sensor data to determine the 4 key elements considered pivotal for movement analysis from such tags (Endangered Species Res 4: 123-37, 2008). These are; animal trajectory, behaviour, energy expenditure and quantification of the environment in which the animal moves. The program transforms smart sensor data into dead-reckoned movements, template-matched behaviours, dynamic body acceleration-derived energetics and position-linked environmental data before outputting it all into a single file. Biologists are thus left with a single data set where animal actions and environmental conditions can be linked across time and space.

CONCLUSIONS: Framework4 is a user-friendly software that assists biologists in elucidating 4 key aspects of wild animal ecology using data derived from tags with multiple sensors recording at high rates. Its use should enhance the ability of biologists to derive meaningful data rapidly from complex data.

A comparison between accelerated hypofractionation and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Results of a propensity score-matched analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has become standard for inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no randomized evidence demonstrating benefit over more fractionated radiotherapy. We compared accelerated hypofractionation (AH) and SABR using a propensity score-matched analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1997-2007, 119 patients (T1-3N0M0 NSCLC) were treated with AH (48-60Gy, 12-15 fractions). Prior to SABR, this represented our institutional standard. From 2008-2012, 192 patients (T1-3N0M0 NSCLC) were treated with SABR (48-52Gy, 4-5 fractions). A total of 114 patients (57 per cohort) were matched (1:1 ratio, caliper: 0.10) using propensity scores.

RESULTS: Median follow-up (range) for the AH cohort was 36.3 (2.5-109.1) months, while that for the SABR group was 32.5 (0.3-62.6)months. Three-year overall survival (OS) and local control (LC) rates were 49.5% vs. 72.4% [p=0.024; hazard ratio (HR): 2.33 (1.28, 4.23), p=0.006] and 71.9% vs. 89.3% [p=0.077; HR: 5.56 (1.53, 20.2), p=0.009], respectively. On multivariable analysis, tumour diameter and PET staging were predictive for OS, while the only predictive factor for LC was treatment cohort.

CONCLUSIONS: OS and LC were improved with SABR, although OS is more closely related to non-treatment factors. This represents one of the few studies comparing AH to SABR for early-stage lung cancer.

Distribution, occurrence and biotoxin composition of the main shellfish toxin producing microalgae within European waters: A comparison of methods of analysis

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a natural global phenomena emerging in severity and extent. Incidents have many economic, ecological and human health impacts. Monitoring and providing early warning of toxic HABs are critical for protecting public health. Current monitoring programmes include measuring the number of toxic phytoplankton cells in the water and biotoxin levels in shellfish tissue. As these efforts are demanding and labour intensive, methods which improve the efficiency are essential. This study compares the utilisation of a multitoxin surface plasmon resonance (multitoxin SPR) biosensor with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analytical methods such as high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for toxic HAB monitoring efforts in Europe. Seawater samples (n = 256) from European waters, collected 2009-2011, were analysed for biotoxins: saxitoxin and analogues, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins 1/2 (DTX1/DTX2) and domoic acid responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), respectively. Biotoxins were detected mainly in samples from Spain and Ireland. France and Norway appeared to have the lowest number of toxic samples. Both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and the RNA microarray were more sensitive at detecting toxic HABs than standard light microscopy phytoplankton monitoring. Correlations between each of the detection methods were performed with the overall agreement, based on statistical 2 × 2 comparison tables, between each testing platform ranging between 32% and 74% for all three toxin families illustrating that one individual testing method may not be an ideal solution. An efficient early warning monitoring system for the detection of toxic HABs could therefore be achieved by combining both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and RNA microarray.

Novel Metabolite Biomarkers of Huntington's Disease As Detected by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately 3-10 people per 100 000 in the Western world. The median age of onset is 40 years, with death typically following 15-20 years later. In this study, we biochemically profiled post-mortem frontal lobe and striatum from HD sufferers (n = 14) and compared their profiles with controls (n = 14). LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS detected a total of 5579 and 5880 features for frontal lobe and striatum, respectively. An ROC curve combining two spectral features from frontal lobe had an AUC value of 0.916 (0.794 to 1.000) and following statistical cross-validation had an 83% predictive accuracy for HD. Similarly, two striatum biomarkers gave an ROC AUC of 0.935 (0.806 to 1.000) and after statistical cross-validation predicted HD with 91.8% accuracy. A range of metabolite disturbances were evident including but-2-enoic acid and uric acid, which were altered in both frontal lobe and striatum. A total of seven biochemical pathways (three in frontal lobe and four in striatum) were significantly altered as a result of HD. This study highlights the utility of high-resolution metabolomics for the study of HD. Further characterization of the brain metabolome could lead to the identification of new biomarkers and novel treatment strategies for HD.

Nicotinamide Riboside Is a Major NAD+ Precursor Vitamin in Cow Milk

Background: Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a recently discovered NAD+ precursor vitamin with a unique biosynthetic pathway. Although the presence of NR in cow milk has been known for more than a decade, the concentration of NR with respect to the other NAD+ precursors was unknown.

Objective: We aimed to determine NAD+ precursor vitamin concentration in raw samples of milk from individual cows and from commercially available cow milk.

Methods: LC tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution technologies were used to quantify NAD+ precursor vitamin concentration and to measure NR stability in raw and commercial milk. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to test for NR binding to substances in milk.

Results: Cow milk typically contained ∼12 μmol NAD+ precursor vitamins/L, of which 60% was present as nicotinamide and 40% was present as NR. Nicotinic acid and other NAD+ metabolites were below the limits of detection. Milk from samples testing positive for Staphylococcus aureus contained lower concentrations of NR (Spearman ρ = −0.58, P = 0.014), and NR was degraded by S. aureus. Conventional milk contained more NR than milk sold as organic. Nonetheless, NR was stable in organic milk and exhibited an NMR spectrum consistent with association with a protein fraction in skim milk.

Conclusions: NR is a major NAD+ precursor vitamin in cow milk. Control of S. aureus may be important to preserve the NAD+ precursor vitamin concentration of milk.

A comprehensive strategy to detect the fraudulent adulteration of herbs: The oregano approach

Fraud in the global food supply chain is becoming increasingly common due to the huge profits associated with this type of criminal activity. Food commodities and ingredients that are expensive and are part of complex supply chains are particularly vulnerable. Both herbs and spices fit these criteria perfectly and yet strategies to detect fraudulent adulteration are still far from robust. An FT-IR screening method coupled to data analysis using chemometrics and a second method using LC-HRMS were developed, with the latter detecting commonly used adulterants by biomarker identification. The two tier testing strategy was applied to 78 samples obtained from a variety of retail and on-line sources. There was 100% agreement between the two tests that over 24% of all samples tested had some form of adulterants present. The innovative strategy devised could potentially be used for testing the global supply chains for fraud in many different forms of herbs.

Pancreatic zymogen granules: new proteins in unexpected places

Os mecanismos de biogénese, distribuição apical e secreção regulada de enzimas digestivas dos grânulos de zimogénio são, atualmente, pouco conhecidos. De modo a esclarecer e descrever estes processos de elevada importância biológica e clínica, é necessária uma melhor compreensão dos componentes da membrana granular e as funções e interações destes. Neste trabalho, através de uma abordagem proteómica, foi possível identificar novas proteínas granulares previamente associadas ao transporte vesicular sináptico. Para estudar as funções destas proteínas na génese e secreção de grânulos, foram realizados estudos de sobre-expressão, assim como estudos bioquímicos (1D, 2D, and LC-MS/MS) e morfológicos, utilizando céluas de mamífero. Entre as proteínas descobertas, cinco foram selecionadas e analisadas: RMCP-1, Piccolo, Synaptojanin-1, APP e ZG16p. Destas proteínas, confirmou-se a presença da RMCP-1 e APP nos grânulos de zimogénio. Interessantamente, o lectin ZG16p da secreção pâncreatico, encontra-se expressa no cérebro de rato, estando localizada nos terminais pós-sinápticos e em grânulos de RNA, indicando uma possível função desta proteína na formação das vesículas sinápticas. Finalmente, demonstrei que a formação de grânulos de zimogénio pode ser modulada, no modelo de células pancreáticas AR42J, pelas condições de cultura. Em contraste com as proteínas de carga neuroendocrinas, a sobreexpressão de proteínas de carga ou da membrana dos grânulos de zimogénio não foi suficiente para induzir a formação de grânulos ou de estruturas granulares em células constitutivamente secretoras, indicando diferenças na biogénese de grânulos neuroendócrinos e exócrinos.

Educação em ciências em contexto pré-escolar: estratégias didáticas para o desenvolvimento de competências

Existe um crescente reconhecimento nacional e internacional do papel da Educação Pré-Escolar (EPE) no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem das crianças dos 3 aos 6 anos. As mais recentes orientações curriculares de diversos países para este nível de educação definem linhas de orientação para as aprendizagens das crianças que contemplam uma área das ciências. Em Portugal as Orientações Curriculares para a Educação Pré-Escolar (OCEPE) constituem-se como eixo estruturante das práticas didático-pedagógicas dos educadores. Este documento integra várias áreas de conteúdo, sendo a sensibilização às ciências considerada na área de Conhecimento do Mundo. A perspetiva que defende a educação em ciências (EC) desde os primeiros anos de escolaridade tem vindo a consolidar-se, dados os resultados alcançados em diversas investigações que demonstram que esta tem tido um impacte positivo relevante na promoção da literacia científica (LC), bem como no desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas face à ciência e à aprendizagem das ciências. Várias investigações, um pouco por todo o mundo, conferiram uma nova abrangência e profundidade à EC, tendo-se vindo a consolidar a ideia de que as crianças conseguem fazer construções cognitivas, ainda que elementares, acerca de fenómenos e conceitos alegadamente difíceis pela sua abstração e que também são muito competentes em processos de descoberta científica. O conceito de competência tem vindo a conquistar uma relevância cada vez mais acentuada nos contextos educativos, constituindo um pilar central em documentos curriculares de diversos níveis de ensino. Tem-se revelado vital na caracterização da interação dos indivíduos nas suas esferas pessoal, social e profissional. Concomitantemente, o caráter eminentemente científico e tecnológico das sociedades atuais exige cidadãos competentes e cientificamente literados, capazes de interagir com o mundo, sendo essa LC imprescindível para que as sociedades continuem a evoluir. Assumindo-se que a EC se implementa através de atividades práticas, importa conhecer formas específicas de abordar os conceitos e explorar os fenómenos com as crianças, em contexto de EPE. Os educadores devem ter acesso a estratégias didáticas (ED) especialmente concebidas para este nível de escolaridade, que suportem práticas inovadoras neste domínio e promovam a mobilização de competências científicas pelas crianças, contribuindo para a promoção da LC. A presente investigação pretende ser um contributo para a operacionalização da EC em contexto pré-escolar. O percurso de investigação desenvolvido, de natureza qualitativa, incidiu em dois focos estruturais que se consubstanciam nas suas duas grandes finalidades: (1) o desenvolvimento de ED para operacionalizar a EC, e (2) o desenvolvimento do quadro teórico referente à mobilização de competências pelas crianças e relativo ao processo de conceção de ED. Assim, o percurso investigativo suportou-se numa metodologia de Investigação Baseada em Design que integrou 15 fases multicontextuais articuladas entre si, envolvendo especialistas da área educativa e científica em processos cíclicos de design, produção, validação, revisão e avaliação das ED. A avaliação dos processos e produtos desta investigação efetuou-se tendo por base a análise dos dados recolhidos e o seu tratamento através de diversos métodos, técnicas e instrumentos, tendo possibilitado: (1) identificar as limitações das OCEPE nas suas linhas de orientação para a EC; (2) desenvolver um conjunto de ED validadas como instrumentos de inovação curricular e como instrumentos de mobilização e desenvolvimento de competências pelas crianças; (3) definir um Quadro de referência conceptual que permite clarificar as interações das crianças em termos de mobilização de capacidades e atitudes/valores e construção de conhecimento; (4) definir Princípios de conceção de estratégias didáticas que permitem replicar o seu processo de desenvolvimento, e (5) clarificar orientações para uma perspetiva integrada de EC. Assumindo-se como um contributo para impulsionar a educação em ciências em contexto pré-escolar, esta investigação fundamenta a necessidade de nela se investir de forma intencional, sistemática e contextualizada neste nível educativo.

Metabonomics of human amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnostics

O trabalho apresentado nesta tese teve como principais objectivos contribuir para o conhecimento da composição do líquido amniótico humano (LA), colhido no 2º trimestre de gravidez, assim como investigar possíveis alterações na sua composição devido à ocorrência de patologias pré-natais, recorrendo à metabonómica e procurando, assim, definir novos biomarcadores de doenças da grávida e do feto. Após uma introdução descrevendo o estado da arte relacionado com este trabalho (Capítulo 1) e os princípios das metodologias analíticas usadas (Capítulo 2), seguida de uma descrição dos aspectos experimentais associados a esta tese (Capítulo 3), apresentam-se os resultados da caracterização da composição química do LA (gravidez saudável) por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), assim como da monitorização da sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e após ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (Capítulo 4). Amostras de LA armazenadas a -20°C registaram alterações significativas, tornando-se estas menos pronunciadas (mas ainda mensuráveis) a -70°C, temperatura recomendada para o armazenamento de LA. Foram também observadas alterações de composição após 1-2 ciclos de congelamento-descongelamento (a ter em conta aquando da reutilização de amostras), assim como à temperatura ambiente (indicando um período máximo de 4h para a manipulação e análise de LA). A aquisição de espectros de RMN de 1H de alta resolução e RMN acoplado (LC-NMR/MS) permitiu a detecção de 75 compostos no LA do 2º trimestre, 6 dos quais detectados pela primeira vez no LA. Experiências de difusão (DOSY) permitiram ainda a caracterização das velocidades de difusão e massas moleculares médias das proteínas mais abundantes. O Capítulo 5 descreve o estudo dos efeitos de malformações fetais (FM) e de cromossomopatias (CD) na composição do LA do 2º trimestre de gravidez. A extensão deste trabalho ao estudo dos efeitos de patologias no LA que ocorrem no 3º trimestre de gravidez é descrita no Capítulo 6, nomeadamente no que se refere ao parto pré-termo (PTD), pré-eclampsia (PE), restrição do crescimento intra-uterino (IUGR), ruptura prematura de membranas (PROM) e diabetes mellitus gestacional (GDM). Como complemento a estes estudos, realizou-se uma análise preliminar da urina materna do 2º trimestre para o estudo de FM e GDM, descrita no Capítulo 7. Para interpretação dos dados analíticos, obtidos por espectroscopia RMN de 1H, cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massa (UPLC-MS) e espectroscopia do infravermelho médio (MIR), recorreu-se à análise discriminante pelos métodos dos mínimos quadrados parciais e o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais ortogonal (PLS-DA e OPLS-DA) e à correlação espectral. Após análise por validação cruzada de Monte-Carlo (MCCV), os modelos PLS-DA de LA permitiram distinguir as FM dos controlos (sensibilidades 69-85%, especificidades 80-95%, taxas de classificação 80-90%), revelando variações metabólicas ao nível do metabolismo energético, dos metabolismos dos aminoácidos e glícidos assim como possíveis alterações ao nível do funcionamento renal. Observou-se também um grande impacto das FM no perfil metabólico da urina materna (medido por UPLC-MS), tendo no entanto sido registados modelos PLS-DA com menor sensibilidade (40-60%), provavelmente devido ao baixo número de amostras e maior variabilidade da composição da urina (relativamente ao LA). Foram sugeridos possíveis marcadores relacionados com a ocorrência de FM, incluindo lactato, glucose, leucina, valina, glutamina, glutamato, glicoproteínas e conjugados de ácido glucurónico e/ou sulfato e compostos endógenos e/ou exógenos (<1 M) (os últimos visíveis apenas na urina). No LA foram também observadas variações metabólicas devido à ocorrência de vários tipos de cromossomopatias (CD), mas de menor magnitude. Os perfis metabólicos de LA associado a pré- PTD produziram modelos que, apesar do baixo poder de previsão, sugeriram alterações precoces no funcionamento da unidade fetoplacentária, hiperglicémia e stress oxidativo. Os modelos obtidos para os grupos pré- IUGR pré- PE, pré- PROM e pré-diagnóstico GDM (LA e urina materna) registaram baixo poder de previsão, indicando o pouco impacto destas condições na composição do LA e/ou urina do 2º trimestre. Os resultados obtidos demonstram as potencialidades da análise dos perfis metabólicos do LA (e, embora com base em menos estudos, da urina materna) do 2º trimestre para o desenvolvimento de novos e complementares métodos de diagnóstico, nomeadamente para FM e PTD.

Characterization of water-soluble organic matter from urban aerosols

Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) from atmospheric particles comprises a complex array of molecular structures that play an important role on the physic-chemical properties of atmospheric particles and, therefore, are linked to several global-relevant atmospheric processes which impact the climate and public health. Due to the large variety of sources and formation processes, adequate knowledge on WSOM composition and its effects on the properties of atmospheric aerosol are still limited. Therefore, this thesis aims at providing new insights on the molecular composition of WSOM from fine atmospheric aerosols typical of an urban area (Aveiro, Portugal). In a first step, adsorption phenomena of semivolatile organic compounds on quartz fibre filters employed in the collection of atmospheric aerosols were assessed. Afterwards, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during fifteen months, on a weekly basis. A mass balance of aerosol samples was performed in order to set the relative contribution of elemental carbon, WSOM and water-insoluble organic matter to the aerosol mass collected at the urban area of Aveiro, with a special focus on the assessment of the influence of different meteorological conditions. In order to assess the chemical complexity of the WSOM from urban aerosols, their structural characteristics were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and solid-state cross polarization with magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR) spectroscopies, as well as their elemental composition. The structural characterization of aerosol WSOM samples collected in the urban area highlighted a highly complex mixture of functional groups. It was concluded that aliphatic and aromatic structures, hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups are characteristic to all samples. The semi-quantitative assessment of the CPMAS 13C NMR data showed different distributions of the various functional groups between the aerosol samples collected at different seasons. Moreover, the presence of signals typical of lignin-derived structures in both CPMAS 13C NMR and FTIR-ATR spectra of the WSOM samples from the colder seasons, highlights the major contribution of biomass burning processes in domestic fireplaces, during low temperature conditions, into the bulk chemical properties of WSOM from urban aerosols. A comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC x LC) method, on-line coupled to a diode array, fluorescence, and evaporative light scattering detectors, was employed for resolving the chemical heterogeneity of the aerosol WSOM samples and, simultaneously, to map the hydrophobicity versus the molecular weight distribution of the samples. The LC x LC method employed a mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction column operating under aqueous reversed phase mode in the first dimension, and a size-exclusion column in the second dimension, which was found to be useful for separating the aerosol WSOM samples into various fractions with distinct molecular weight and hydrophobic features. The estimative of the average molecular weight (Mw) distribution of the urban aerosol WSOM samples ranged from 48 to 942 Da and from 45 to 1241 Da in terms of UV absorption and fluorescence detection, respectively. Findings suggest that smaller Mw group fractions seem to be related to a more hydrophobic nature.

Pathways of oxidative degradation of wine

The production of color/flavor compounds in wine is the result of different interrelated mechanism reactions. Among these, the oxidation phenomenon and the Maillard reaction stands out with particular relevance due to their large impact on the sensory quality of wines and consequently on the product shelflife. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a global vision of wine degradation mechanisms. The identification of mediators’ reactions involved in oxidative browning and aromatic degradation will be attempted based on different detectors. Two approaches are implemented in this work: a “non-target” approach by which relevant analytical tools will be used to merge the information of cyclic voltammetry and Diode-Array (DAD) detectors, allowing a broader overview of the system and the note of interesting compounds, and a “target” approach by which the identification and quantification of the different compounds related to the wine degradation process will be performed using different detectors (HPLC-UV/Vis, LC-MS, GC-MS, and FID). Two different patterns of degradation will be used in this study: wines generated by O2 and temperature perturbations, and synthetic solutions with relevant wine constituents for mechanisms validation. Results clearly demonstrate a “convolution” of chemical mechanisms. The presence of oxygen combined with temperature had a synergistic effect on the formation of several key odorant compounds.The results of this work could be translated to the wine-making and wine-storage environment from the modelling of the analysed compounds.

Oxidation and glycoxidation of phosphatidylserine and their effect in immune response : a lipidomic approach

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a member of the class of phospholipids, and is distributed among all cells of mammalians, playing important roles in diverse biological processes, including blood clotting and apoptosis. When externalized, PS is a ligand that is recognized on apoptotic cells. It has been considered that before externalization PS is oxidized and oxPS enhance the recognition by macrophages receptors, however the knowledge about oxidation of PS is still limited. PS, like others phospholipids, has two fatty acyl chains and one polar head group, in this case is the amino acid serine. The modifications in PS structure can occur by oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acyl chains and by glycation of the polar head group, due to free amine group, thus increasing the susceptibility to oxidative events. The main goal of this work was to characterize and identify oxidized and glycoxidized PS, contributing to the knowledge of the biological role of oxidation products of PS, as well as of glycated PS, in immune and inflammatory processes. To achieve this goal, PS standards (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho- L-serine (POPS), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DPPS), 1- palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (PLPS) and 1-palmitoyl-2- arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (PAPS)) and glycated PS (PAPS and POPS) were induced to oxidize in model systems, using different oxidant reagents: HO• and 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide dihydrochloride (AAPH) . The detailed structural characterization of the oxidative products was performed by ESI-MS and MS/MS coupled to separation techniques such as off line TLC-MS and on line LC-MS, in order to obtained better characterization of the larger number of PS and glycated PS oxidation products. The results obtained in this work allowed to identify several oxidation products of PS and glycated PS with modifications in unsaturated fatty acyl chain. Also, oxidation products formed due to structural changes in the serine polar head with formation of terminal acetamide, terminal hydroperoxyacetaldehyde.and terminal acetic acid (glycerophosphacetic acid, GPAA) were identified. The mass spectrometric specific fragmentation pathway of each type of oxidation product was determined using different mass spectrometry approaches. Based on the identified fragmentation pathways, targeted lipidomic analysis was performed to detect oxidation products modified in serine polar head in HaCaT cell line treated with AAPH. The GPAA was detected in HaCaT cells treated with AAPH to induce oxidative stress, thus confirming that modifications in PS polar head is possible to occur in biological systems. Furthermore, it was found that glycated PS species are more prone to oxidative modifications when compared with non glycated PS. During oxidation of glycated PS, besides the oxidation in acyl chains, new oxidation products due to oxidation of the glucose moiety were identified, including PS advanced glycation end products (PSAGES). To investigate if UVA oxidative stress exerted changes in the lipidome of melanoma cell lines, particularly in PS profile, a lipidomic analysis was performed. The lipid profile was obtained using HILIC-LC-MS and GC-MS analysis of the total lipid extracts obtained from human melanoma cell line (SKMEL- 28) after UVA irradiation at 0, 2 and 24 hours. The results did not showed significant differences in PS content. At molecular level, only PS (18:0:18:1) decreased at the moment of irradiation. The most significant changes in phospholipids content occurred in phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) classes, with an increase of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), similarly as observed for the fatty acid analysis. Overall, these data indicate that the observed membrane lipid changes associated with lipogenesis after UVA exposure may be correlated with malignant transformations associated with cancer development and progression. Despite of UVA radiation is associated with oxidative damage, in this work was not possible observe oxidation phospholipids. The anti/pro-inflammatory properties of the oxidized PLPS (oxPLPS) versus non-oxidized PLPS were tested on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The modulation of intracellular signaling pathways such as NF-kB and MAPK cascades by oxPLPS and PS was also examined in this study. The results obtained from evaluation of anti/pro-inflammatory properties showed that neither PLPS or oxPLPS species activated the macrophages. Moreover only oxidized PLS were found to significantly inhibit NO production and iNOS and il1β gene transcription induced by LPS. The analysis at molecular level showed that this was the result of the attenuation of LPS-induced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p65 NF-kB nuclear translocation. Overall these data suggest that oxPLPS, but not native PLPS, mitigates pro-inflammatory signaling in macrophages, contributing to containment of inflammation during apoptotic cell engulfment. The results obtained in this work provides new information on the modifications of PS, facilitating the identification of oxidized species in complex samples, namely under physiopathologic conditions and also contributes to a better understanding of the role of oxPS and PS in the inflammatory response, in the apoptotic process and other biological functions.

Q-enhancement with on-chip inductor optimization for reconfigurable Δ-Σ radio-frequency ADC

The paper details on-chip inductor optimization for a reconfigurable continuous-time delta-sigma (Δ-Σ) modulator based radio-frequency analog-to-digital converter. Inductor optimisation enables the Δ-Σ modulator with Q enhanced LC tank circuits employing a single high Q-factor on-chip inductor and lesser quantizer levels thereby reducing the circuit complexity for excess loop delay, power dissipation and dynamic element matching. System level simulations indicate at a Q-factor of 75 Δ- Σ modulator with a 3-level quantizer achieves dynamic ranges of 106, 82 dB and 84 dB for RFID, TETRA, and Galileo over bandwidths of 200 kHz, 10 MHz and 40 MHz respectively.

Estudo biométrico do caranguejo-de-profundidade de Angola (Chaceon maritae) e determinação do tamanho de primeira maturação sexual

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Especialização em Pescas e Aquacultura, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Identificação de indicadores moleculares de bem-estar durante o cultivo de dourada (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758), utilizando técnicas de proteómica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Biologia Marinha, Especialização em Biotecnologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2008