Un ejercicio de estimación del IPC GBA para 2007

Resumen: La comparación del IPC Gran Buenos Aires con el ICP Mendoza se puede llevar a cabo gracias a que esta última presenta una serie extensa. En principio, se arma la estimación de cada índice para analizar las series de IPCGBA e IPCMZA y evaluar la existencia de una semejanza en el comportamiento de ambas que habilite una estimación de aquélla en función de ésta; en segundo lugar, se pretende mostrar el cambio que se produce en el comportamiento de la primera desde enero de 2007. A partir de la información revisada se deduce que ha de ser posible estimar el IPCGBA como función del IPCMZA. Se llevan a cabo estimaciones mensuales y trimestrales donde se incorporan variables binarias para mostrar el cambio estructural. El trabajo muestra que las series del índice de precios al consumidor de los aglomerados Gran Buenos Aires y Gran Mendoza presentan una correlación importante, luego de la comparación de cada modelo planteado.

Thickness And Component Distributions Of Yttrium-Titanium Alloy Films In Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Thickness and component distributions of large-area thin films are an issue of international concern in the field of material processing. The present work employs experiments and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to investigate three-dimensional low-density, non-equilibrium jets of yttrium and titanium vapor atoms in an electron-beams physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) system furnished with two or three electron-beams, and obtains their deposition thickness and component distributions onto 4-inch and 6-inch mono-crystal silicon wafers. The DSMC results are found in excellent agreement with our measurements, such as evaporation rates of yttrium and titanium measured in-situ by quartz crystal resonators, deposited film thickness distribution measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and surface profilometer and deposited film molar ratio distribution measured by RBS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). This can be taken as an indication that a combination of DSMC method with elaborate measurements may be satisfactory for predicting and designing accurately the transport process of EBPVD at the atomic level.

Theoretical and experimental studies of the bell-jar-top inductively coupled plasma

The present paper describes a systematic study of argon plasmas in a bell-jar inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source over the range of pressure 5-20 mtorr and power input 0.2-0.5 kW, Experimental measurements as well as results of numerical simulations are presented. The models used in the study include the well-known global balance model (or the global model) as well as a detailed two-dimensional (2-D) fluid model of the system, The global model is able to provide reasonably accurate values for the global electron temperature and plasma density, The 2-D model provides spatial distributions of various plasma parameters that make it possible to compare with data measured in the experiments, The experimental measurements were obtained using a tuned Langmuir double-probe technique to reduce the RF interference and obtain the light versus current (I-V) characteristics of the probe. Time-averaged electron temperature and plasma density were measured for various combinations of pressure and applied RF power, The predictions of the 2-D model were found to be in good qualitative agreement with measured data, It was found that the electron temperature distribution T-e was more or less uniform in the chamber, It was also seen that the electron temperature depends primarily on pressure, but is almost independent of the power input, except in the very low-pressure regime. The plasma density goes up almost linearly with the power input.

Two-dimensional fluid model simulation of bell jar top inductively coupled plasma

In the present paper, argon (Ar) plasmas in a bell jar inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source are systematically studied over pressures from 5 to 20 mtorr and power inputs from 0.2 to 0.5 kW. In this study, both a two-dimensional (2-D) fluid model simulation and global model calculation are compared, The 2-D fluid model simulation with a self-consistent power deposition is developed to describe the Ar plasma behavior as well as predict the plasma parameter distributions, Finally, a quantitative comparison between the global model and the fluid model is made to test their validity.

Design, synthesis, and biological activity of rhodium metalloinsertors

Deficiencies in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway are associated with several types of cancers, as well as resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutics. Rhodium metalloinsertors have been found to bind DNA mismatches with high affinity and specificity in vitro, and also exhibit cell-selective cytotoxicity, targeting MMR-deficient cells over MMR-proficient cells.

Here we examine the biological fate of rhodium metalloinsertors bearing dipyridylamine ancillary ligands. These complexes are shown to exhibit accelerated cellular uptake which permits the observation of various cellular responses, including disruption of the cell cycle and induction of necrosis, which occur preferentially in the MMR-deficient cell line. These cellular responses provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the selective activity of this novel class of targeted anti-cancer agents.

In addition, ten distinct metalloinsertors with varying lipophilicities are synthesized and their mismatch binding affinities and biological activities studied. While they are found to have similar binding affinities, their cell-selective antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities vary significantly. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) experiments show that all of these metalloinsertors localize in the nucleus at sufficient concentrations for binding to DNA mismatches. Furthermore, metalloinsertors with high rhodium localization in the mitochondria show toxicity that is not selective for MMR-deficient cells. This work supports the notion that specific targeting of the metalloinsertors to nuclear DNA gives rise to their cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities that are selective for cells deficient in MMR.

To explore further the basis of the unique selectivity of the metlloinsertors in targeting MMR-deficient cells, experiments were conducted using engineered NCI-H23 lung adenocarcinoma cells that contain a doxycycline-inducible shRNA which suppresses the expression of the MMR gene MLH1. Here we use this new cell line to further validate rhodium metalloinsertors as compounds capable of differentially inhibiting the proliferation of MMR-deficient cancer cells over isogenic MMR-proficient cells. General DNA damaging agents, such as cisplatin and etoposide, in contrast, are less effective in the induced cell line defective in MMR.

Finally, we describe a new subclass of metalloinsertors with enhanced potency and selectivity, in which the complexes show Rh-O coordination. In particular, it has been found that both Δ and Λ enantiomers of [Rh(chrysi)(phen)(DPE)]²⁺ bind to DNA with similar affinities, suggesting a possible different binding conformation than previous metalloinsertors. Remarkably, all members of this new family of compounds have significantly increased potency in a range of cellular assays; indeed, all are more potent than the FDA-approved anticancer drugs cisplatin and MNNG. Moreover, these activities are coupled with high levels of selectivity for MMR-deficient cells.

Caracterização ambiental da bacia hidrogáfica do Rio São Domingos a partir da análise geoquímica e isotópica Pb/Pb

A bacia hidrográfica do rio São Domingos constitui uma das sub-bacias do rio Muriaé pertencente ao sistema Paraíba do Sul e, tem seus limites coincidentes com os limites do município de São José de Ubá, sendo este o segundo maior produtor de tomate do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com sua principal fonte econômica baseada na agropecuária. Este tipo de atividade resulta em utilização de produtos químicos nas lavouras e juntamente a ocupação inadequada resulta em modificação das paisagens e da mata nativa, resultando em diversos tipos de impactos no ambiente. Neste estudo foram abordados os impactos relacionados a concentração de metais e sua proveniência através das assinaturas isotópicas Pb/Pb, utilizando para tal o procedimento analítico de lixiviação dos sedimentos de corrente e abertura total de rochas para a obtenção de razões isotópicas e concentrações de metais por ICP-MS. Os resultados mostraram que as contribuições nos sedimentos de corrente se dão a partir de cinco fontes compreendidos no intervalo de assinatura isotópica 206Pb/207Pb 1,1229 e 1,1949, representadas em intervalos bem definidos. Por correlação com as respectivas concentrações se observa que, preferencialmente, existe maior influência das rochas do embasamento, seguido de atividade antrópicas como a urbanização e disposição de lixo doméstico. As maiores concentrações estão associadas ao cobre, chumbo, estrôncio, níquel e zinco. Contudo todas as concentrações de metais obtidas se encontram abaixo da legislação vigente. Desta forma a contaminação antrópica é limitada a regiões de maior densidade populacional e as influências naturais predominam na área da bacia.

Optimized condition for etching fused-silica phase gratings with inductively coupled plasma technology

Polymer deposition is a serious problem associated with the etching of fused silica by use of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology, and it usually prevents further etching. We report an optimized etching condition under which no polymer deposition will occur for etching fused silica with ICP technology. Under the optimized etching condition, surfaces of the fabricated fused silica gratings are smooth and clean. Etch rate of fused silica is relatively high, and it demonstrates a linear relation between etched depth and working time. Results of the diffraction of gratings fabricated under the optimized etching condition match theoretical results well. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

Fabrication of fused silica phase gratings with inductively coupled plasma technology

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology is a new advanced version of dry-etching technology compared with the widely used method of reactive ion etching (RIE). Plasma processing of the ICP technology is complicated due to the mixed reactions among discharge physics, chemistry and surface chemistry. Extensive experiments have been done and microoptical elements have been fabricated successfully, which proved that the ICP technology is very effective in dry etching of microoptical elements. In this paper, we present the detailed fabrication of microoptical fused silica phase gratings with ICP technology. Optimized condition has been found to control the etching process of ICP technology and to improve the etching quality of microoptical elements greatly. With the optimized condition, we have fabricated lots of good gratings with different periods, depths, and duty cycles. The fabricated gratings are very useful in fields such as spectrometer, high-efficient filter in wavelength-division-multiplexing system, etc..

低损耗有机无机混合溶胶凝胶波导的实验研究

利用有机无机混合的溶胶凝胶方法在硅基底上制备波导薄膜．采用正硅酸四乙酯和苯基三乙氧基硅烷作为反应先驱物，利用旋涂的方法成膜，对其折射率，传输损耗以及条形波导的光刻、刻蚀特性进行了研究．测量了波导薄膜折射率随成分变化的关系．实验表明，该方法工艺简单，可以获得具有较低损耗的波导薄膜．测试得到632．8nm波段的损耗系数为0．23dB／cm．采用ICP刻蚀工艺获得了较为平整的条形波导．

利用有机-无机溶胶-凝胶方法制备平面波导环形谐振腔

采用简单的有机一无机混合的溶胶一凝胶方法制备了折射率在一定范围内可调的波导材料，并利用其制备了平面波导环形谐振腔器件。波导结构呈现倒脊形，其制备工艺首先是利用感应耦合等离子体刻蚀技术（ICP）在二氧化硅衬底上刻蚀波导结构的凹槽，然后再沉积波导薄膜。利用光谱仪对器件的传输特性进行了测量，观测到具有10dB对比度，自由光谱范围0．182nm周期性谐振现象，结合环形谐振腔的传输特性，得到环形腔具有较低的传输损耗1．7dB／cm。同时对环形谐振腔的温度特性进行了测量，得出波导材料的热光系数为-1．54×10^-4

深刻蚀高密度熔融石英光栅

深刻蚀高密度熔融石英光栅是一种新型高效的衍射光学元件，具有衍射效率高、成本低、抗损伤，能在高强度激光条件下工作等优点。给出了利用感应耦合等离子体（ICP）技术制作熔融石英深刻蚀光栅的详细过程，并在一定的优化条件下制作了一系列不同周期、开口比和深度的高质量深刻蚀石英光栅。实验得到的最大刻蚀深度为4μm，并且在600l／mm的高密度条件下得到了刻蚀深度为1．9μm的高深宽比石英光栅。光栅侧壁陡直，表面平整，没有聚合物沉积。所制作的熔融石英光栅元件在高强激光环境、光谱仪、高效滤波器和波分复用系统等领域中有非常广

Biossorção de tório com emprego de Sargassum filipendula

Com o aumento do rigor para descarte de efluentes contaminado com metais pesados, as pesquisas têm se intensificado na busca de métodos de remoção, que tragam bons resultados de captação dos metais, aliado a um baixo custo. O uso de biomassas como bactérias, fungos e algas marinhas como material adsorvente, tem se apresentado como uma alternativa, principalmente para soluções com baixo teor de metais. Neste trabalho, a alga marinha Sargassum filipendula foi avaliada na sua capacidade de remoção do metal tório de uma solução sintética e do efluente dos laboratórios de análises ambientais do IRD. A cinética desta biossorção foi estudada em regime de batelada e o equilíbrio foi alcançado com 180 min de reação. Dois modelos cinéticos foram utilizados nesta avaliação, um de primeira ordem e um modelo de pseudo segunda ordem, tendo o modelo de segunda ordem apresentado um melhor ajuste dos dados. Na avaliação da capacidade máxima de captação do tório pela biomassa marinha em regime de batelada, foi construída a isoterma que apresentou um perfil crescente na captação alcançando um máximo de 2,59 mol/g. Os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich foram utilizados para ajustar os dados da isoterma, tendo apresentado maior correlação com os dados o modelo de Langmuir, resultando num valor de captação máxima calculado pelo modelo de 2,92 mol/g. A capacidade de remoção do metal tório da alga Sargassum filipendula também foi avaliada em regime contínuo. Um estudo de altura crítica de leito foi realizado preenchendo-se uma coluna com diferentes massas de alga correspondendo a diferentes alturas de leito. A concentração de tório residual foi quantificada na solução de saída e a menor concentração na saída foi alcançada com 40 cm de leito ou 96 g de biomassa. Após este estudo um sistema contínuo com duas colunas, com 96 g de biomassa cada, e uma bomba peristáltica foi utilizado para o tratamento do efluente real do IRD, contendo não apenas o metal tório, mas outros metais como urânio, cálcio, cromo, ferro, chumbo, etc. Cento e cinco litros de efluente foram tratados numa concentração de 6 mg/L, a concentração do efluente de saída foi de 3,75 mg/L. A caracterização do efluente quanto aos metais presentes foi realizada em ICP-MS, os resultados demonstraram que não houve competição pelos sítios ligantes da biomassa entre o tório e os demais metais. Além disso, alguns metais como cálcio, ferro e magnésio, tiveram um aumento na concentração de saída indicando a presença do mecanismo de troca iônica na biossorção do tório por Sargassum filipendula

Um problema inverso na modelagem da difusão do calor

O presente trabalho aborda um problema inverso associado a difus~ao de calor em uma barra unidimensional. Esse fen^omeno e modelado por meio da equac~ao diferencial par- cial parabolica ut = uxx, conhecida como equac~ao de difus~ao do calor. O problema classico (problema direto) envolve essa equac~ao e um conjunto de restric~oes { as condic~oes inicial e de contorno {, o que permite garantir a exist^encia de uma soluc~ao unica. No problema inverso que estudamos, o valor da temperatura em um dos extremos da barra n~ao esta disponvel. Entretanto, conhecemos o valor da temperatura em um ponto x0 xo no interior da barra. Para aproximar o valor da temperatura no intervalo a direita de x0, propomos e testamos tr^es algoritmos de diferencas nitas: diferencas regressivas, leap-frog e diferencas regressivas maquiadas.

Deep silicon grating as high-extinction-ratio polarizing beam splitter

A deep binary silicon grating as high-extinction-ratio reflective polarizing beam splitter (PBS) at the wavelength of 1550 nm is presented. The design is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection (TIR) by using the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). The extinction ratio of the rectangular PBS grating can reach 2.5×105 with the optimum grating period of 397 nm and groove depth of 1.092 μm. The effciencies of TM-polarized wave in the 0th order and TE-polarized wave in the −1st order can both reach unity at the Littrow angle. Holographic recording technology and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching could be used to fabricate the silicon PBS grating.