La integral definida en bachillerato: restricciones institucionales de las Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad

En este trabajo se aportan los resultados de una investigación, realizada con cuatro grupos de estudiantes de segundo de bachillerato de la Comunidad Autónoma Andaluza, sobre la incidencia de las pruebas de acceso a la universidad (PAU) en los significados de la integral definida, en cuanto a los posibles sesgos producidos. En primer lugar se detectan los significados de referencia que se comparan posteriormente con los obtenidos en las PAU, después se analiza el significado implementado en el aula. Por último, se dan algunas implicaciones para la enseñanza de la integral definida.

Cálculo diferencial e integral e tecnologias digitais: perspectivas de exploração no sofware GeoGebra

A ênfase algébrica dada ao longo do tempo nos cursos de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral não oportunizou que tratamentos gráficos e numéricos fossem privilegiados, visto a ausência de softwares que possibilitassem uma abordagem diferenciada aos conceitos inerentes a esta disciplina (Richit, 2010, Guimarães, 2001). Contudo, iniciativas no mundo inteiro têm dedicado esforços e desenvolvido softwares que possibilitam explorações qualitativamente diferentes para conceitos de Cálculo a partir de representações gráficas, numéricas ou algébricas envolvendo visualização, a simulação, o aprofundamento do pensamento matemático, conjecturas e validações, etc. Deste modo, a incorporação das tecnologias digitais na aula de Cálculo remove um pouco o fardo da manipulação algébrica, possibilitando a transição entre a ação física (interação do estudante com a tecnologia) e a representação matemática de um conceito. Assim, a proposta de oficina aqui apresentada objetiva explorar conceitos de Cálculo (Funções, Limites, Derivadas e Integrais) em uma perspectiva de investigação com o software GeoGebra.

La significación física de la integral a partir de la modelación de fenómenos

Una pregunta que me plantean con mucha frecuencia los estudiantes es ¿qué significado tiene la integral?; con este trabajo pretendemos incursionar en la problemática referida a la formación de la significación física de la integral, para lograrlo partimos de la idea de que esa significación tiene que ver por un lado con las concepciones matemáticas “heredadas” por los profesores a sus alumnos y por otro con los procesos de matematización de fenómenos en diversos contextos. Hemos realizado un primer acercamiento exploratorio para recoger evidencias, que nos permita elaborar una secuencia basada en prácticas de modelación de fenómenos. Reportamos como es construida la significación física de la integral en el discurso. Un resultado consecuente, es una aproximación a la concepción de práctica social.

¿Qué pintan un motor y una botella en el cálculo integral? Curso corto de didáctica

Se pretende crear un marco de resolución de problemas que sea motivador para los alumnos del último año de Bachillerato o del primer año de estudios en la Universidad, y para ello se presentan cuatro problemas reales, cuya solución requiere establecer el concepto de integral definida, y uno histórico, que fue propuesto y resuelto por Arquímedes. Asimismo, en el desarrollo del curso se verá la importancia del uso de herramientas didácticas, tales como el generador de volúmenes de revolución, que se construirá en el propio curso, y el ordenador, cuyo uso será absolutamente necesario para resolver los problemas planteados. En suma, además de promover adaptaciones curriculares adecuadas, se fijan estos tres objetivos fundamentales: Cómo se crea un marco de resolución de problemas y cómo se integran herramientas didácticas apropiadas.

El aprendizaje del concepto de integral

El propósito de este artículo es presentar una propuesta didáctica de la integral definida para la educación secundaria obligatoria y bachillerato a través de unas secuencias de aprendizaje que ayuden al estudiante a captar las ideas fundamentales del cálculo integral, del concepto de integral y del proceso de integración.

Para qué tantas hipótesis en el criterio de la integral

Se repasa el planteo tradicional del criterio de la integral para la convergencia de series (con las hipótesis de que la función en cuestión sea continua, positiva y decreciente, y la conclusión de que la serie y la integral impropia convergen ambas o divergen ambas). Se muestran ejemplos en los que fallan una o más de las hipótesis y la conclusión del criterio falla. Se demuestra que son innecesarias las hipótesis de continuidad y positividad, y finalmente que basta con una condición aún más débil que la de que la función sea decreciente. Los resultados se aplican tanto a la equivalencia entre la convergencia de la serie y la convergencia de la integral impropia como a la fórmula para la cota del error en las sumas parciales cuando la serie converge.

Numerical simulation of the mass loss process in pyrolizing char materials

We present here a decoupling technique to tackle the entanglement of the nonlinear boundary condition and the movement of the char/virgin front for a thermal pyrolysis model for charring materials. Standard numerical techniques to solve moving front problems — often referred to as Stefan problems — encounter difficulties when dealing with nonlinear boundaries. While special integral methods have been developed to solve this problem, they suffer from several limitations which the technique described here overcomes. The newly developed technique is compared with the exact analytical solutions for some simple ideal situations which demonstrate that the numerical method is capable of producing accurate numerical solutions. The pyrolysis model is also used to simulate the mass loss process from a white pine sample exposed to a constant radiative flux in a nitrogen atmosphere. Comparison with experimental results demonstrates that the predictions of mass loss rates and temperature profile within the solid material are in good agreement with the experiment.

Culture-bound technological solutions: An artificial theoretic insight

Sometimes, technological solutions to practical problems are devised that conspicuously take into account the constraints to which a given culture is subjecting the particular task or the manner in which it is carried out. The culture may be a professional culture (e.g., the practice of law), or an ethnic-cum-professional culture (e.g., dance in given ethnic cultures from South-East Asia), or, again, a denominational culture prescribing an orthopraxy impinging on everyday life through, for example, prescribed abstinence from given categories of workday activities, or dietary laws. Massimo Negrotti's Theory of the artificial is a convenient framework for discussing some of these techniques. We discuss a few examples, but focus on the contrast of two that are taken from the same cultural background, namely, technological applications in compliance with Jewish Law orthopraxy. •Soya-, mycoprotein- or otherwise derived meat surrogates are an example ofnaturoid; they emulate the flavours and olfactory properties, as well as the texture and the outer and inner appearance, of the meat product (its kind, cut, form) they set out to emulate (including amenability to cooking in the usual manner for the model), while satisfying cultural dietary prohibitions. •In contrast, the Sabbath Notebook, a writing surrogate we describe in this paper, is atechnoid: it emulates a technique (writing to store alphanumeric information), while satisfying the prohibition of writing at particular times of the liturgical calendar (the Sabbath and the major holidays).

Moment decay rates of solutions of stochastic differential equations

The objective of this paper is to investigate the p-ίh moment asymptotic stability decay rates for certain finite-dimensional Itό stochastic differential equations. Motivated by some practical examples, the point of our analysis is a special consideration of general decay speeds, which contain as a special case the usual exponential or polynomial type one, to meet various situations. Sufficient conditions for stochastic differential equations (with variable delays or not) are obtained to ensure their asymptotic properties. Several examples are studied to illustrate our theory.

Pseudo-spectral solutions for fluid flow and heat transfer in electro-metallurgical applications

The pseudo-spectral solution method offers a flexible and fast alternative to the more usual finite element/volume/difference methods, particularly when the long-time transient behaviour of a system is of interest. Since the exact solution is obtained at the grid collocation points superior accuracy can be achieved on modest grid resolution. Furthermore, the grid can be freely adapted with time and in space, to particular flow conditions or geometric variations. This is especially advantageous where strongly coupled, time-dependent, multi-physics solutions are investigated. Examples include metallurgical applications involving the interaction of electromagnetic fields and conducting liquids with a free sutface. The electromagnetic field then determines the instantaneous liquid volume shape and the liquid shape affects in turn the electromagnetic field. In AC applications a thin "skin effect" region results on the free surface that dominates grid requirements. Infinitesimally thin boundary cells can be introduced using Chebyshev polynomial expansions without detriment to the numerical accuracy. This paper presents a general methodology of the pseudo-spectral approach and outlines the solution procedures used. Several instructive example applications are given: the aluminium electrolysis MHD problem, induction melting and stirring and the dynamics of magnetically levitated droplets in AC and DC fields. Comparisons to available analytical solutions and to experimental measurements will be discussed.

A study of user requirements for COTS: computer off the shelf software solutions

[This abstract is based on the authors' abstract.]Three new standards to be applied when adopting commercial computer off-the-shelf (COTS) software solutions are discussed. The first standard is for a COTS software life cycle, the second for a software solution user requirements life cycle, and the third is a checklist to help in completing the requirements. The standards are based on recent major COTS software solution implementations.

Pseudo-spectral solutions for fluid flow and heat transfer in electro-metallurgical applications

The pseudo-spectral solution method offers a flexible and fast alternative to the more usual finite element and volume methods, particularly when the long-time transient behaviour of a system is of interest. The exact solution is obtained at grid collocation points leading to superior accuracy on modest grids. Furthermore, the grid can be freely adapted in time and space to particular flow conditions or geometric variations, especially useful where strongly coupled, time-dependent, multi-physics solutions are investigated. Examples include metallurgical applications involving the interaction of electromagnetic fields and conducting liquids with a free surface. The electromagnetic field determines the instantaneous liquid volume shape, which then affects the electromagnetic field. A general methodology of the pseudo-spectral approach is presented, with several instructive example applications: the aluminium electrolysis MHD problem, induction melting in a cold crucible and the dynamics of AC/DC magnetically levitated droplets. Finally, comparisons with available analytical solutions and to experimental measurements are discussed.

Rapid solutions for application specific IGBT module design

The electric car, the all electric aircraft and requirements for renewable energy are prime examples of potential technologies needing to be addressed in the world problem of global warming/carbon emission etc. Power electronics are fundamental for the underpinning of these technologies and with the diverse requirements for electrical configurations and the range of environmental conditions, time to market is paramount for module manufacturers and systems designers alike. This paper presents a 'virtual' design methodology together with theoretical and experimental results that demonstrate enhanced product design with improved reliability, performance and cost value within competitive schemes.

Numerical solutions of certain nonlinear models in European options on a distributed computing environment

Financial modelling in the area of option pricing involves the understanding of the correlations between asset and movements of buy/sell in order to reduce risk in investment. Such activities depend on financial analysis tools being available to the trader with which he can make rapid and systematic evaluation of buy/sell contracts. In turn, analysis tools rely on fast numerical algorithms for the solution of financial mathematical models. There are many different financial activities apart from shares buy/sell activities. The main aim of this chapter is to discuss a distributed algorithm for the numerical solution of a European option. Both linear and non-linear cases are considered. The algorithm is based on the concept of the Laplace transform and its numerical inverse. The scalability of the algorithm is examined. Numerical tests are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm for financial analysis. Time dependent functions for volatility and interest rates are also discussed. Applications of the algorithm to non-linear Black-Scholes equation where the volatility and the interest rate are functions of the option value are included. Some qualitative results of the convergence behaviour of the algorithm is examined. This chapter also examines the various computational issues of the Laplace transformation method in terms of distributed computing. The idea of using a two-level temporal mesh in order to achieve distributed computation along the temporal axis is introduced. Finally, the chapter ends with some conclusions.

Second language processing: an analysis of theory, problems and possible solutions

Second Language Processing examines the problems facing learners in the second language classroom from the theoretical perspectives of Processing Instruction (structured input) and Enhanced Input. These two theories are brought to bear on a variety of processing problems, such as the difficulty of connecting second language grammatical forms encoding tense and mood as well as noun-adjective agreement with their meaning. Empirical studies examine a range of languages including Japanese, Italian and Spanish, through which the authors suggest practical solutions to these processing problems.