Educar (para) o pensar : desenvolvimento de competências reflexíveis em professores e alunos do 1º CEB : contributos da "Filosofia para Crianças"

O presente estudo inscreve-se na área científica da Formação de Professores, incidindo, particularmente, na compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento das competências reflexivas percebidas como factor de promoção do seu próprio desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal, do desenvolvimento da capacidade de pensar dos seus alunos, da revalorização dos processos curriculares de ensino-aprendizagem e de inovação dos contextos educacionais. Num contexto de complexidade, incerteza e mudança, importa repensar estratégias de formação de professores e de alunos para que possam constituir-se como fatores potenciadores do desenvolvimento da competência reflexiva. Estratégias que convocam, quer o professor, quer o aluno, para um tipo de questionamento de maior exigência reflexiva e consideradas potenciadoras do pensamento crítico, criativo e de cuidado com o outro, numa perspetiva educativa centrada no cuidar, que valoriza a dimensão humana, a atuação responsável, ética e solidária, em todos os planos da vida. Neste estudo propomo-nos retomar algumas das estratégias de formação já configuradas no movimento Filosofia para Crianças e que se constituíram como um programa de formação em contexto, no qual se procurou aprofundar e compreender as múltiplas dimensões e modos como interatuam os diferentes participantes da relação educativa em práticas curriculares reconfiguradas à luz dos pressupostos que sustentam este estudo. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a investigação inscreve-se num paradigma de natureza qualitativa e interpretativa, de matriz hermenêutica e ecológica, configurando uma abordagem de tipo complexo, e com características de estudo de caso, que considera indispensável a participação ativa do sujeito na construção do conhecimento próprio, bem como o carácter de imprevisibilidade e de recursividade das condições e subsistemas em que tal ocorre. No sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objeto em estudo, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos específicos (mixed-methods), nomeadamente análise documental, entrevista semiestruturada, observação participante e inquirição por questionário. O estudo, que decorreu na região centro do país, envolveu 5 professoras do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, 100 alunos do mesmo nível de ensino e os seus pais/encarregados de educação, inquiridos através de questionário e desenvolveu-se em duas fases. A primeira destinou-se à formação teórico-prática das professoras e, na segunda, foram desenvolvidas sessões práticas de Filosofia para Crianças com os alunos. Os portfolios reflexivos construídos pelos participantes e pela investigadora principal constituíram outra fonte da informação recolhida no estudo empírico. Os resultados do estudo situam-se a quatro níveis: no que respeita aos saberes básicos, ao perfil de competência dos professores, à sua formação e às estratégias e recursos considerados como potenciadores de um pensar de mais elevada qualidade. Quanto ao primeiro nível, o presente estudo releva o carácter estruturante e epistémico de aprender a pensar (bem), salientando que este se processa numa maior amplitude e profundidade dos conteúdos da própria reflexão, às quais subjaz uma visão ampla de cidadania planetária e socialmente comprometida, evidenciando uma ampliação do quadro referencial dos saberes básicos e considerados imprescindíveis para a educação dos cidadãos. A um segundo nível, salienta-se a exigência de um perfil de competência profissional que permita aos professores desenvolver nos seus alunos um pensar de qualidade e, simultaneamente, melhorar a sua própria competência reflexiva. Neste sentido, o estudo aponta para a continuidade das respostas que têm vindo a ser equacionadas por vários autores nacionais e internacionais que, ao abordarem a problemática da formação, do conhecimento profissional e do desenvolvimento identitário dos professores, têm acentuado a importância dos modelos crítico-reflexivos da formação e de uma supervisão ecológica, integradora, não standard e humanizada, no desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas. Conforme os dados sugerem, admite-se que a formação integral dos cidadãos passa pela inclusão e interligação de diferentes áreas do conhecimento que, concertada e complementarmente, possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento da sensibilidade, do pensamento crítico e criativo, de uma cultura da responsabilidade e de uma atitude ética mais ativa e interventiva. Neste sentido, reafirma-se a importância de um trajeto formativo que promova a efetiva articulação entre teoria e a prática, o diálogo crítico-reflexivo entre saberes científicos e experiência, que focalize o profissional na sua praxis e saliente a sua conexão com o saber situado em contexto vivencial e didático- -pedagógico. Realça-se a pertinência de dinâmicas formativas que, a exemplo de “comunidades de investigação/aprendizagem”, na sua aceção de redes de formação que, na prossecução de projetos e propósitos comuns, incentivam a construção de itinerários próprios e de aprendizagens individuais, mobilizando processos investigativos pessoais e grupais. Evidencia-se a valorização de práticas promotoras da reflexão, do questionamento, da flexibilidade cognitiva como eixos estruturadores do pensamento e da ação profissional e como suporte do desenvolvimento profissional e pessoal, corroborando a importância dos processos transformadores decorrentes da experiência, da ação e da reflexão sobre ela. Finalmente, no que respeita às estratégias e recursos, os dados permitem corroborar a riqueza e o potencial do uso de portfolios reflexivos no desenvolvimento de competências linguísticas, comunicacionais, reflexivas e meta-reflexivas e o entendimento de que o processo de construção da identidade profissional ocorre e desenha-se numa dinâmica reflexiva- -prospetiva (re)confirmadora ou (re)configuradora de ideias, convicções, saberes e práticas, ou seja, identitária. De igual modo, a investigação releva a importância da construção de portfolios, por parte dos alunos, para o desenvolvimento da qualidade do seu pensamento, sublinhando-se o seu carácter inovador nesta área. Evidencia-se, ainda, a diversidade de estratégias que respeitem os interesses, necessidades e expectativas dos alunos e o seu contexto de vida, tal como o recurso a materiais diversificados que, atentos ao conteúdo da mensagem, possibilitem a autonomia do pensamento, o exercício efetivo da reflexão crítica e do questionamento, na sua articulação com as grandes questões que sempre despertaram a curiosidade humana e cuja atualidade permanece. Materiais e recursos que estabeleçam o diálogo entre razão e imaginação, entre saber e sensibilidade, que estimulem o envolvimento dos alunos na resolução de problemas e na procura conjunta de soluções e na construção de projetos individuais na malha dos projetos comuns. Reafirma-se, pois, a importância da humanização do saber, a educação pensada como vivência solidária de direitos e deveres. Uma perspetiva educacional humanista que assenta nas trajetórias de vida, na recuperação de experiências pessoais e singulares, que procura compreender a identidade como um processo em (re)elaboração permanente. O presente estudo integra-se na rede de cooperação científica Novos saberes básicos dos alunos no século XXI, novos desafios à formação de professores sendo que, e na linha das investigações produzidas neste âmbito, destaca que o alargamento das funções do professor do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, que colocando a tónica da ação pedagógica no como se aprende e para quê e na possibilidade de aprender e incorporar o imprevisível, incide no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de capacidades que vão para além das tradicionalmente associadas ao ensinar a ler, escrever e contar. Releva-se, pois, a pertinência da criação de ambientes educativos nos quais professores e alunos entreteçam, conjunta e coerentemente, conhecer, compreender, fazer, sentir, dizer, ver, ouvir e (con)viver em prol de uma reflexão que nos encaminhe no sentido de ser(mos) consciência.

Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/ virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers’ social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers’ views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers’ views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Professional development for professional learners: teachers’ experiences in Norway, Germany and England

Proposals made by the European Commission in 2007 led to the Education Council adopting, for the first time, a European agenda for improving the quality of teaching and teacher education. This article reports on a small-scale longitudinal interview-based study with teachers in England, Norway and Germany demonstrating that while opportunities for professional development are increasing in all three countries, dissatisfaction is expressed by most teachers in relation to its quality and outcomes.

The Influence of Causal Explanations and Diagnostic Labeling on Psychology Students’ Beliefs About Treatments, Prognosis, Dangerousness and Unpredictability in Schizophrenia

This study explored views of 566 Italian psychology students about schizophrenia. The most frequently cited causes were psychological traumas (68%) and heredity (54%). Thirty-three percent of students firmly believed that people with the condition could recover. Reporting heredity among the causes, and identifying schizophrenia were both associated with prognostic pessimism, greater confidence in pharmacological treatments and lower confidence in psychological treatments. Schizophrenia labeling was also associated with higher perception of unpredictability and dangerousness. Compared to first year students, fourth/fifth year students more frequently reported heredity among the causes, and were more pessimistic about schizophrenia recovery. Stigma topics should be included in future psychologists’ education.

Conversations with remarkable teachers an exploration of teaching as healing

Through analysis and interpretation of transcribed taped conversations with two remarkable University teachers, Joel Shack and Harry Whittier, an articulation of perception and metaphor that exists in effective teaching, emerges as life giving or transformational. Creative insight and interpretation connect teaching to life. This work demonstrates how insightful conversations about teaching relate to poetic essence (Joel), energy (Harry), and healing (Ray), all aspects of a similar perceptual, creative and transformative process. Teachers shape education and excellent teaching inspires insofar as it is inspirited. Effective teaching is highly conscious and intentional. So much depends on how aware the teacher is, how the teacher sees what s/he is doing and how this doing/teaching is received. The effective teacher, attentive to how this energy works, can provoke positive change in consciousness both in the student, in education and in society. My study draws attention to the healing power of the teacher as he/she teaches and to the process of dialogue as teachers talk about what they do and don't do. For inherent in conversation and dialogue is the desire to affirm whole perceptions of existence. Dialogue and conversation is necessary to creating the kind of consciousness that will aid the reflective and conscientious teacher. The effective teacher attempts to effect change, to make things better. I call this transforming process, healing. And what creates this healing is the life, the attitude and approach of the teacher. The teacher's energy and consciousness, the teacher's perception of meaning, is the active but implicit ingredient in this transformative and healing process. These conversations are creative, theoretical, illuminating and even practical. It is my hope that the contents of these conversations will inspire potential teachers who can consider the vocation of teaching as a healing process that promises to generate positive growth in mind, body and spirit.

Teachers’ reflections on non standard students work

One of the tasks of teaching (Ball, Thames, & Phelps, 2008) concerns the work of interpreting student error and evaluating alternative algorithms used by students. Teachers’ abilities to understand nonstandard student work affects their instructional decisions, the explanations they provide in the classroom, the way they guide their students, and how they conduct mathematical discussions. However, their knowledge or their perceptions of the knowledge may not correspond to the actual level of knowledge that will support flexibility and fluency in a mathematics classroom. In this paper, we focus on Norwegian and Portuguese teachers’ reflections when trying to give sense to students’ use of nonstandard subtraction algorithms and of the mathematics imbedded in such. By discussing teachers’ mathematical knowledge associated with these situations and revealed in their reflections, we can perceive the difficulties teachers have in making sense of students’ solutions that differ from those most commonly reached.

Accessing prospective early years’ teachers’ knowledge on fractions in order to design tasks for developing teachers’ MKT

Fractions is perhaps one of the most complex and difficult topics pupils explore in the early years of schooling. Difficulties in learning this topic may have its genesis in the fact that fractions comprise a multifaceted construct (Kieren, 1995) or can be conceived as being grounded in the instructional approaches employed to teach fractions (Behr, Harel, Post & Lesh, 1993). Thus, students’ limited understanding might be related to how their teachers understand and interpret fractions — it’s thus related with teachers’ knowledge and practice. Although there is a generalized agreement on teachers’ role on/for students learning, most research on fractions focus on students, leaving aside teachers’ role (and their knowledge on the topic). Thus, teachers’ training has in certain respects been left behind. We still know little about how teachers’ knowledge on fractions influences students’ broader view of mathematics, and its connection and evolution within and along schooling. Aimed at conceptualize ways of improving teachers’ knowledge, training and practices, it’s of fundamental importance to access the areas of knowledge (here conceived as mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) (Ball, Thames & Phelps, 2008) in which (prospective) teachers are more deficitaries.

Interpretation of pictograms by 3rd grade pupils: the teacher’s role

In this paper we analyze how a primary school teacher (João) leads the discussion of a task in a grade 3 class aimed at reading and interpreting pictograms. The paper is part of a larger study that follows an interpretative and qualitative research methodology with a case study design. The results indicate that, in his teaching practice, the teacher strives to ask questions so that his pupils are not limited to the identification of categories of high and low frequency characteristic, that is, "reading the data", but also raises questions related to "reading between the data" and "beyond the data."

Wanted--readers in South Carolina. Report of the Committee on promotion of reading of the South Carolina Teachers Association

This publication is a report generated by the South Carolina Teachers Association on the state of South Carolinians' reading habits, including reasons why reading levels are low and suggestions on how to improve the availability of reading materials, education, and motivation to read.

The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire utility as a tool in medication review

Background:Identification of potentially non-adherent patients is a milestone in the way to the rational use of drugs. Detecting beliefs that influence intentional non-adherence behaviours may improve pharmacists[simplequote] counselling. The aim of this study was to assess the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) as a proxy for necessity..

Exploring Variations in Teachers' Work, Lives and Their Effects on Pupils: Key Findings and Implications from a Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study

This article outlines the research design of a large‐scale, longitudinal research study in England intended to describe and explore variations in teachers' work, lives and their effects on pupils' educational outcomes. The study, funded by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and incorporated into the Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP) as an ‘Associate Project’, used an innovative mixed‐methods research design to create case studies of 300 teachers in Years 2, 6 and 9. The research was conducted over three consecutive academic years and collected a wide range of data through interviews, questionnaire surveys of teachers' and pupils' views and assessment data on pupils' attainments in English and mathematics. The text summarises the main findings from the research in relation to four interconnected themes of the study: Professional Life Phases; Professional Identity; Relative Effectiveness; and Resilience and Commitment. The influence of school context, in terms of level of social disadvantage of pupil intake, is also investigated. Key findings and their implications for policy and practice are highlighted.

Variations in the Work and Lives of Teachers: Relative and Relational Effectiveness

The VITAE project is a four‐year (2001–2005) research study, commissioned by the Department for Education and Skills, conducted with 300 teachers in 100 schools in seven local education authorities in England. The project aimed to identify factors that may affect their work and lives over time and how these factors may, in turn, impact on their teaching and subsequent pupil progress and outcomes. It combined quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis in order to define and examine notions of teachers' relational and relative effectiveness. The first part of the paper addresses the nature of effectiveness and three key themes relating to the changing contexts of teachers' work, lives and effectiveness: the challenge of reform to notions of professionalism; professional identities; changes in teachers' work and lives. The research design and early findings and their effects upon the development of the research form the second part. The final part of the paper discusses three sets of understandings which are fundamental to any consideration of teachers' work, lives and effectiveness: relative and relational effectiveness; teacher identities; teachers' life and work contexts. The research suggests that policy‐makers, school leaders and teachers themselves need to attend to these if teacher recruitment, retention and standards are to improve.

Reform, Standards and Teacher Identity: Challenges of Sustaining Commitment

Teacher commitment has been found to be a critical predictor of teachers’ work performance, absenteeism, retention, burnout and turnover, as well as having an important influence on students’ motivation, achievement, attitudes towards learning and being at school (Firestone (1996). Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(2), 209–235; Graham (1996). Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 67(1), 45–47; Louis (1998). School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(1), 1–27; Tsui & Cheng (1999). Educational Research and Evaluation, 5(3), 249–268). It is also a necessary ingredient to the successful implementation, adaptation or resistance reform agendas. Surprisingly, however, the relationship between teachers’ motivation, efficacy, job satisfaction and commitment, and between commitment and the quality of their work has not been the subject of extensive research. Some literature presents commitment as a feature of being and behaving as a professional (Helsby, Knight, McCulloch, Saunders, & Warburton (1997). A report to participants on the professional cultures of Teachers Research Project, Lancaster University, January). Others suggest that it fluctuates according to personal, institutional and policy contexts (Louis (1998). School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(1), 1–27) and identify different dimensions of commitment which interact and fluctuate (Tyree (1996). Journal of Educational Research, 89(5), 295–304). Others claim that teachers’ commitment tends to decrease progressively over the course of the teaching career (Fraser, Draper, & Taylor (1998). Evaluation and Research in Education, 12 (2), 61–71; Huberman (1993). The lives of teachers. London: Cassell). In this research, experienced teachers in England and Australia were interviewed about their understandings of commitment. The data suggest that commitment may be better understood as a nested phenomena at the centre of which is a set of core, relatively permanent values based upon personal beliefs, images of self, role and identity which are subject to challenge by change which is socio-politically constructed.