Search advertising for small Finnish tourism company in Russian Internet ��� Experimental study: Google AdWords versus Yandex.Direct

Yandex is the dominant search engine in Russia, followed by the world leader Google. This study focuses on the performance differences between the two in search advertising in the context of tourism, by running two identical campaigns and measuring the KPI���s, such as CPA (cost-per-action), on both campaigns. Search engine advertising is a new and fast changing form of advertising, which should be studied frequently in order to keep up with the changes. Research was done as an experimental study in cooperation with a Finnish tourism company and the data is gathered from the clickstream and not from questionnaires, which is recommended method by the literature. The results of the study suggests that Yandex.Direct performed better in the selected niche and that the individual campaign planning for Yandex.Direct and Google AdWords is an important part of the optimization of search advertising in Russia.

Target audience analysis in cyber domain

This thesis aims to find an effective way of conducting a target audience analysis (TAA) in cyber domain. There are two main focal points that are addressed; the nature of the cyber domain and the method of the TAA. Of the cyber domain the object is to find the opportunities, restrictions and caveats that result from its digital and temporal nature. This is the environment in which the TAA method is examined in this study. As the TAA is an important step of any psychological operation and critical to its success, the method used must cover all the main aspects affecting the choice of a proper target audience. The first part of the research was done by sending an open-ended questionnaire to operators in the field of information warfare both in Finland and abroad. As the results were inconclusive, the research was completed by assessing the applicability of United States Army Joint Publication FM 3-05.301 in the cyber domain via a theory-based content analysis. FM 3- 05.301 was chosen because it presents a complete method of the TAA process. The findings were tested against the results of the questionnaire and new scientific research in the field of psychology. The cyber domain was found to be ���fast and vast���, volatile and uncontrollable. Although governed by laws to some extent, the cyber domain is unpredictable by nature and not controllable to reasonable amount. The anonymity and lack of verification often present in the digital channels mean that anyone can have an opinion, and any message sent may change or even be counterproductive to the original purpose. The TAA method of the FM 3-05.301 is applicable in the cyber domain, although some parts of the method are outdated and thus suggested to be updated if used in that environment. The target audience categories of step two of the process were replaced by new groups that exist in the digital environment. The accessibility assessment (step eight) was also redefined, as in the digital media the mere existence of a written text is typically not enough to convey the intended message to the target audience. The scientific studies made in computer sciences and both in psychology and sociology about the behavior of people in social media (and overall in cyber domain) call for a more extensive remake of the TAA process. This falls, however, out of the scope of this work. It is thus suggested that further research should be carried out in search of computer-assisted methods and a more thorough TAA process, utilizing the latest discoveries of human behavior. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T��m��n opinn��ytety��n tavoitteena on l��yt���� tehokas tapa kohdeyleis��analyysin tekemiseksi kybertoimintaymp��rist��ss��. Ty��ss�� keskityt����n kahteen ilmi����n: kybertoimintaymp��rist��n luonteeseen ja kohdeyleis��analyysin metodiin. Kybertoimintaymp��rist��n osalta tavoitteena on l��yt���� sen digitaalisesta ja ajallisesta luonteesta juontuvat mahdollisuudet, rajoitteet ja sudenkuopat. T��m�� on se ymp��rist�� jossa kohdeyleis��analyysi�� tarkastellaan t��ss�� ty��ss��. Koska kohdeyleis��analyysi kuuluu olennaisena osana jokaiseen psykologiseen operaatioon ja on onnistumisen kannalta kriittinen tekij��, k��ytett��v��n metodin tulee pit���� sis��ll����n kaikki oikean kohdeyleis��n valinnan kannalta merkitt��v��t osa-alueet. Tutkimuksen ensimm��isess�� vaiheessa l��hetettiin avoin kysely informaatiosodank��ynnin ammattilaisille Suomessa ja ulkomailla. Koska kyselyn tulokset eiv��t olleet riitt��vi�� johtop����t��sten tekemiseksi, tutkimusta jatkettiin tarkastelemalla Yhdysvaltojen armeijan kentt��ohjes����nn��n FM 3-05.301 soveltuvuutta kybertoimintaymp��rist��ss�� k��ytett��v��ksi teorial��ht��isen sis��ll��nanalyysin avulla. FM 3-05.301 valittiin koska se sis��lt���� kokonaisvaltaisen kohdeyleis��analyysiprosessin. Havaintoja verrattiin kyselytutkimuksen tuloksiin ja psykologian uusiin tutkimuksiin. Kybertoimintaymp��rist�� on tulosten perusteella nopea ja valtava, jatkuvasti muuttuva ja kontrolloimaton. Vaikkakin lait hallitsevat kybertoimintaymp��rist���� jossakin m����rin, on se silti luonteeltaan ennakoimaton eik�� sit�� voida luotettavasti hallita. Digitaalisilla kanavilla usein l��sn��oleva nimett��myys ja tiedon tarkastamisen mahdottomuus tarkoittavat ett�� kenell�� tahansa voi olla mielipide asioista, ja mik�� tahansa viesti voi muuttua, jopa alkuper��iseen tarkoitukseen n��hden vastakkaiseksi. FM 3-05.301:n metodi toimii kybertoimintaymp��rist��ss��, vaikkakin jotkin osa-alueet ovat vanhentuneita ja siksi ne esitet����n p��ivitett��v��ksi mik��li metodia k��ytet����n kyseisess�� ymp��rist��ss��. Kohdan kaksi kohdeyleis��kategoriat korvattiin uusilla, digitaalisessa ymp��rist��ss�� esiintyvill�� ryhmill��. L��hestytt��vyyden arviointi (kohta 8) muotoiltiin my��s uudestaan, koska digitaalisessa mediassa pelkk�� tekstin l��sn��olo ei sellaisenaan tyypillisesti viel�� riit�� halutun viestin v��litt��miseen kohdeyleis��lle. Tietotekniikan edistyminen ja psykologian sek�� sosiologian aloilla tehty tieteellinen tutkimus ihmisten k��ytt��ytymisest�� sosiaalisessa mediassa (ja yleens�� kybertoimintaymp��rist��ss��) mahdollistavat koko kohdeyleis��analyysiprosessin uudelleenrakentamisen. T��ss�� ty��ss�� sit�� kuitenkaan ei voida tehd��. Siksi esitet����nkin ett�� lis��tutkimusta tulisi tehd�� sek�� tietokoneavusteisten prosessien ett�� viel�� syv��llisempien kohdeyleis��analyysien osalta, k��ytt��en hyv��ksi viimeisimpi�� ihmisen k��ytt��ytymiseen liittyvi�� tutkimustuloksia.

An Alternative American Approach to Repositories

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

A distributed, cloud-ready, digital content processing and transformation platform and a specific use case

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Packaging Content for Aggregated and Federated Repositories through APTrust

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Preserve your content with LOCKSS-O-Matic

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

DSpace REST API: an Interface for Reusing DSpace Content, and Practical Applications

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Service oriented archive based on Fedora Commons

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Elasticsearch as a new search engine for Invenio and more

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Tag Cloud of Search Queries for Repository System

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Litterfall and litter nutrient content in two Brazilian Tropical Forests

Litterfall and transfer of nutrients was estimated in two tropical coastal forests of Brazil - the Atlantic and the Restinga Forests at Cardoso Island, S��o Paulo. Samples were collected monthly, from June 1990 to May 1991, using thirty 0.25 m2 traps. There were significant differences in litter production between the Atlantic Forest (6.3 t.ha-1.year-1) and the Restinga Forest (3.9 t.ha-1.year-1). Litterfall was continuous throughout the year with maximum in the beginning of the rainy season in both sites. The annual return of mineral elements through litter in the Atlantic Forest was (kg.ha-1): 101.8 N, 3.8 P, 20.3 K, 60.0 Ca, 18.0 Mg, and 14.6 S and in the Restinga Forest was: 27.5 N, 1.0 P, 6.5 K, 30.0 Ca, 10.9 Mg, and 6.6 S. The return, although small, is relevant due to the low fertility of the soils in those ecosystems, especially in Restinga. The Restinga Forest seems to be an ecosystem well adapted to oligotrophic conditions, lying among those presenting higher nutrient use efficiency.

Interaction between the mineral content and the occurrence number of aquatic fungi in leaves submerged in a stream in the Atlantic rainforest, S��o Paulo, Brazil

Leaves of Ficus microcarpa L. f., Quercus robur L., and Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Muell. Arg., submerged in a stream of the Atlantic rainforest in the "Reserva Biol��gica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba", State of S��o Paulo, Brazil, were collected monthly, from April to November 1990, in order to determine the number of fungal occurrences (zoosporic fungi and aquatic Hyphomycetes), and the content of total N (%), total P (%), K+ (%), Ca+2 (%), Mg+2 (%), S+3 (%), Fe+3 (ppm), Cu+3 (ppm), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm), Bo (ppm), Na+2 (ppm) and Al+3 (ppm). According to the tests of Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon, the means of the mineral content of the three types of leaves were significantly different, except for Mg+2 (%), Mn+2 (ppm), Zn+2 (ppm) and Na+2 (ppm). On comparing the mineral content with the number of fungal occurrence, an independence test showed a positive correlation between the presence of zoosporic fungi on the leaves of A. triplinervia and the total nitrogen, phosphorus and S+3 content, whereas the aquatic Hyphomycetes depended on the amount of Ca+2 available. Regarding leaves of F. microcarpa, the occurrence of zoosporic fungi was linked to the S+3 level, and the presence of aquatic Hyphomycetes, to the content of K+, Ca+2, S+3 and Bo. On Q. robur leaves, zoosporic fungi showed a positive correlation with the Ca+2 content, but a negative one with Fe+3 and Al+3 levels, while the occurrence of aquatic Hyphomycetes was influenced by the content of Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Na+2. The correlation between the occurrence number of aquatic Hyphomycetes and a high mineral content indicates that their nutritional requirements may be more complex than those of zoosporic fungi. Further studies are still required to understand the implications of this tendency on the diversity of aquatic native mycota.

Effects of moisture content and temperature during storage on germination of the achenes of Bidens gardneri Baker

Bidens gardneri is a herbaceous species of the cerrados, whose seeds are light sensitive at 25 ��C, but they become indifferent to light when stored in soil. In this work the effects of moisture content, temperature and light (during storage) upon light sensitivity during germination were studied. Ripe achenes were collected in the cerrados of Itirapina and Moji Gua��u, State of S��o Paulo, Brazil. The storage conditions of the achenes varied in each experiment. Achenes were stored in darkness or light, in closed bottles, at 4 ��C, 20/30 ��C or 25 ��C. Achenes were imbibed for 24 h at 4 ��C, 25 ��C or 20/30 ��C (in darkness) and then stored for 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days (40 days only for 4 ��C and 25 ��C). Germination tests were conducted at 25 ��C and 20/30 ��C. The achenes not previously imbibed showed sensitivity to light during germination. High moisture content did not affect light sensitivity of the achenes during germination but high moisture content together with storage temperatures of 25 ��C and 20/30 ��C had a deleterious effect upon the longevity of the achenes. Alternate temperatures during germination did not change the light sensitivity of newly collected achenes from Itirapina but changed the light sensitivity of the achenes stored imbibed at 4 ��C in darkness. Alternate temperatures during storage of achenes with low moisture content did not change their photoblastism when germination was carried out at 25 ��C. Alternate temperatures during storage of achenes with high moisture content followed by alternate temperatures during germination changed the light sensitivity of the achenes.

Changes in polyamines content associated with zygotic embryogenesis in the Brazilian pine, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze.

Changes in the polyamine content were analyzed in different embryo developmental stages and tissues during seed development in the conifer Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. Free polyamine contents varied according to the tissue and stage of embryo development, the highest levels occurring in the embryonic axis at the early stages, when putrescine and spermidine were most abundant. The levels of spermidine were higher from the stage where cotyledons arise, whereas putrescine decreases. The putrescine/spermine+spermidine ratio was higher during the initial phases of seed development, corresponding to cell multiplication and elongation, with a decrease in the final stages, corresponding to stabilization of the dry matter content.

Biomedical Event Extraction with Machine Learning

Biomedical natural language processing (BioNLP) is a subfield of natural language processing, an area of computational linguistics concerned with developing programs that work with natural language: written texts and speech. Biomedical relation extraction concerns the detection of semantic relations such as protein-protein interactions (PPI) from scientific texts. The aim is to enhance information retrieval by detecting relations between concepts, not just individual concepts as with a keyword search. In recent years, events have been proposed as a more detailed alternative for simple pairwise PPI relations. Events provide a systematic, structural representation for annotating the content of natural language texts. Events are characterized by annotated trigger words, directed and typed arguments and the ability to nest other events. For example, the sentence ���Protein A causes protein B to bind protein C��� can be annotated with the nested event structure CAUSE(A, BIND(B, C)). Converted to such formal representations, the information of natural language texts can be used by computational applications. Biomedical event annotations were introduced by the BioInfer and GENIA corpora, and event extraction was popularized by the BioNLP'09 Shared Task on Event Extraction. In this thesis we present a method for automated event extraction, implemented as the Turku Event Extraction System (TEES). A unified graph format is defined for representing event annotations and the problem of extracting complex event structures is decomposed into a number of independent classification tasks. These classification tasks are solved using SVM and RLS classifiers, utilizing rich feature representations built from full dependency parsing. Building on earlier work on pairwise relation extraction and using a generalized graph representation, the resulting TEES system is capable of detecting binary relations as well as complex event structures. We show that this event extraction system has good performance, reaching the first place in the BioNLP'09 Shared Task on Event Extraction. Subsequently, TEES has achieved several first ranks in the BioNLP'11 and BioNLP'13 Shared Tasks, as well as shown competitive performance in the binary relation Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction 2011 and 2013 shared tasks. The Turku Event Extraction System is published as a freely available open-source project, documenting the research in detail as well as making the method available for practical applications. In particular, in this thesis we describe the application of the event extraction method to PubMed-scale text mining, showing how the developed approach not only shows good performance, but is generalizable and applicable to large-scale real-world text mining projects. Finally, we discuss related literature, summarize the contributions of the work and present some thoughts on future directions for biomedical event extraction. This thesis includes and builds on six original research publications. The first of these introduces the analysis of dependency parses that leads to development of TEES. The entries in the three BioNLP Shared Tasks, as well as in the DDIExtraction 2011 task are covered in four publications, and the sixth one demonstrates the application of the system to PubMed-scale text mining.