纳米功能界面的电化学和扫描探针显微镜（SPM）研究

本文简要评述了扫描探针显微学研究的发展过程、目前状况及发展方向，着重介绍了扫描探针显微学(SPM)在分子组装体研究中的一些应用。采用扫描探针显微学结合电化学的方法对自组装膜(SAMs)、纳米颗粒(nanoparticles)、有机无机纳米复合材料(composite material)体系进行了研究，并结合XPS、SEC等多种手段对分子组装体在电极表面的形态和结构进行了探讨。主要结果如下：1．STM研究金属纳米颗粒的隧道成像机理利用柠檬酸三钠还原高氯酸金的反应制备了金的溶胶纳米粒子。将对氨基硫酚自组于金单晶面(Au(111))上形成致密有序的单层；并以此为基底进一步将金溶胶纳米粒子组装于自组膜表面，得到固定化纳米粒子的次单层。用扫描隧道显微镜进行了表征，对金溶胶纳米粒子隧道成像的微观机理作了探讨，提出双势垒隧穿的电子传输界面模型。对扫描隧道显微镜下金溶胶纳米粒子的图像失真作解释。2．共轭有机小分子的导电性的研究利用保护和去保护的方法对带巯基的共轭有机小分子进行了合理地操纵，使其稳定性在我们构筑电化学界面的过程中得到了保证。我们用自组装(SAM)技术将这种共轭有机小分子首先吸附于金电表面，然后用稀氨水将其水解得到致密的共轭有机小分子的单层。在金/SAM二次基底的基础上利用巯基于金的强烈的化学键合力用电化学沉积的方法和湿化学还原的方法得到的金纳米粒子组装于电极表面，得到了金/有机分子层/金的夹心结构，并对构筑这种夹心结构的每一步骤用扫描探针显微镜(SPM)和电化学循环伏安法(CV)进行了表征，实验结果表明，此种共轭有机小分子利用巯基化学键合金属金时，电子能够快速通过这种夹心结构，为分子电子学中之基本问题“分子导线”连接纳米级的分子器件时电子能否在其间传导给出了直接的电化学证明。3．纳米复合材料的合成与表征我们用相转移方法合成了表面功能化的纳米粒子。首先，根据将HAuCl_4溶解于水相中，将Bu_4NClO_4作为相转移试剂、带巯基的有机小分子作为表面修饰剂，NaBH_4和柠檬蒜三钠作为还原剂溶解于硝基苯有机相中。将两相剧烈混合，在混合过程中HAuCl_4在水/硝基苯界面处被有机相中的还原剂还原成金属纳米粒子，刚生成的纳米粒子由于强烈的金硫键合作用而被带巯基的有机小分子表面功能化，而且能在有机溶剂中稳定存在。于是得到的表面功能化的纳米粒子在有机溶剂中的稳定胶体溶液。我们合成了表面被12烷基硫醇和巯基噻酚修饰的金纳米粒子。基于这些表面功能化且带有电化学反应性功能基团的纳米粒子，我们在电化学合成聚噻酚的系统中加入这种具有表面反应性的纳米粒子得到了有机/无机纳米复合材料。对这种复合材料我们用扫描探针显微镜(SPM)、电化学交流阻抗谱(ElS)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行了表征，结果表面纳米粒子能稳定存在于聚合物基体中，而且这种复合材料的电子传输性能远远大于同等条件下的聚合物膜。

铁氰化钴修饰电极的制备、表征及电催化性能的研究

多核过渡金属铁氰化物修饰电极的研究在电催化、电色显示器件、能量存储、离子识别等方面具有重要的意义。本文采用了电化学的循环伏安法（CV���、旋转圆盘电极技术（RDE）、傅立叶变换红外光谱法（FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜技术（SEM），系统研究了一类铁氰化物—铁氰化钴修饰玻碳（CoHCF／GC）电极的制备方法及其对神经递质多巴胺（DA）的电催化作用以及修饰溶液中一种阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）的加入对所制备的CoHCF／GC电极的电化学性能和电催化性能的影响。主要内容和结论如下：1．改进了CoHCF／GC电极的制备方法。新方法具有简单易行、不受修饰物浓度干扰、修饰时间短、修饰量易于控制等优点，且制备的CoHCF粒径小、结构明确、电化学性能稳定。2．研究了CoHCF／GC电极对DA氧化的电催化性能。采用RDE测定了CoHCF／GC电极对DA的电催化氧化的动力学参数。结果表明用新方法制备的修饰电极对DA氧化有更好的电催化性能。3．研究了在修饰溶液中加入临界浓度的CTAB对所制备的CoHCF／GC电极的影响。CV���研究结果表明，CTAB的加入，基本不影响CoHCF／GC的氧化还原峰峰电位，却使其氧化还原峰峰电流明显增大，且使所制得CoHCF／GC电极对DA氧化表现出不同的电催化行为。FTIR研究表明，CTAB不吸附在电极表面，不改变COHCF膜的化学组成和结构。SEM研究结果表明，CTAB的加入使所制备的CoHCF膜长得更快，更厚，使CoHCF粒子长得更大。因此，可得出结论为CoHCF粒子的大小是影响其对DA不同的电催化行为的主要因素。4．用RDE技术测定了有、无CTAB情况下制备的CoHCF／GC电极对DA的电催化反应的动力学参数。结果表明，有CTAB时制备的CoHCF／GC电极对DA的表观动力学常数kΓ比没有时的要大。

有机／无机杂化材料的自组装表征及应用

杂化的纳米尺寸的有机／无机化合物开辟了材料科学的新纪元。作为新型功能材料，杂化的有机／无机杂化材料由于在光学、电子、机械、防护涂层、催化、传感器、生物等方面有潜在的应用前景而在材料科学领域引起广泛关注。杂多酸（POMs）作为一种重要的无机化合物，有特异的纳米尺寸结构，优越的物理化学性质和广泛应用价值，因此多酸化合物功能材料的研究引起人们足够的重视。最近，人们把更多的注意力集中到杂化的有机／无机杂化材料范围内，如何更有序的组装杂多酸，因为它们有着更有趣的电、磁、氧化还原和光学性质。1．在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面，我们用层层组装方法制备了六钒取代的理杂多酸（PW6V6）多层膜。表面等离子（SP）技术和循环伏安（CV���法对多层膜进行了表征。结果表明，多层膜生长均匀，平均厚度为2.8nm，并且研究了多层膜对亚硝酸根伽02一）和浪酸根（BrO3-）的催化还原活性。2．研究了通过静电吸附作用，P2W17Fe和QPvP-Os交替组装多层膜。循环伏安（CV���，电化学交流阻抗谱（EIS）和紫外一可见光谱（UV－vis）研究结果表明了这种多层膜是均一稳定的。多层膜对H2O2，BrO3-和NO2-有很高的催化活性。特别是EIS成功地监测多层膜的形成过程。随着层数增长，电子传输阻抗Rc，线性增加，氧化还原电对Fe（CN）63/4的电子传输受到抑制，这进一步证实了多层膜的均一性。3，首次在4-氨基苯甲酸修饰的玻碳电极表面成功地构建了含杂多酸P2W15V3的多层膜。值得注意的是，该多层膜对BrO3-和NO2-的还原有显著的电催化活性，而且由于过渡金属钒在P2W15V3起催化作用而有很低的过电位。另外，多层膜中QPVP-O5聚合物的Os中心在抗坏血酸氧化时的催化活性仍然存在，而且通过最外层的调整，多巴胺和抗坏血酸能被分别检测，所以在多巴胺存在时它可用作检测抗坏血酸的电化学传感器。4．迄今为止，人们把更多的注意力集中在杂多酸多层膜的制备，电化学和电催化活性的研究，对杂多酸多层膜功能材料的研究却很少，我们首次够构造了发光的杂多酸多层膜，紫外可见光谱，循环伏安，电化学阻抗技术和荧光光谱证明多层膜生长均匀，室温下，多层膜的发光性能显示Eu3+的特征发射峰是5D0→7Fj（j=1，2，3，4）的跃迁。电化学阻抗谱被成功得应用于监测多层膜的沉积过程。我们发现随多层膜的逐步形成，半圆直径有规律地长大。而且，电荷迁移电阻Rc，随双层数线性增长。可以认为多层膜在基底电极上以非常均匀规律的方式沉积，Fe（CN）63/4氧化还原电对的氧化还原反应逐步被多层膜抑制。5．我们用层层组装方法成功构造了金纳米粒子多层膜，紫外可见光谱，循环伏安和原子力显微技术表征了多层膜的形成，金纳米粒子粒径大约14nm，表面粗糙度6.43nm。

普鲁士兰及其混合价态类似物薄膜修饰电极研究

普鲁士兰（PB）是由高自旋Fe~(3+/2+)和与CN基配位的低自旋Fe~(III/II)组成的难溶盐，化学式为Fe_4~(3+)[Fe~(II)(CN)_6]_3或KFe~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6。其中的Fe~(3+/2+)及Fe~(III/II)均可被其他过渡金属取代，形成与PB结构类似的形如M'M"(CN)_6~((n_1+n_2-6)+)（其中n_1，n_2分别为过渡金属元素M'和M"所带电荷数）的混合价六氰化物或相应的碱金属(M~+)复盐，M_x~+M'[M"(CN)_6]_y，统称为PB类似物。PB及其混合价态类似物薄膜修饰电极最显著的特征是其电色效应，即在电位扫描或电位阶跃作用下，经过电化学氧化还原呈现不同的颜色，可期望用于显示器件。PB薄膜修饰电极在KCl溶液中进行循环伏安（CV���扫描时呈现面对氧化还原峰，其峰电位(E_m=1/2(E_(pa)+E_(pc)))分别为0.20及0.90V(V_s. SCE，除特别注明外，以下电位值均相对于SCE而言），分别相应于高自旋Fe~(3+/2+)及低自旋Fe~(III/II)的氧化还原。电位（E）小于0.2V时呈现白色，0.2V0.9V时呈现绿色。文献报道的PB薄膜修饰电极在KCl溶液中可稳定地经历0.6V--0.2V之间的CV���描，但在经历电位正达1.0V的扫描时很不稳定，最多不超过20周薄膜就损环。关于PB薄膜电化学氧化还原过程中涉及的平衡离子的在种类因而电化学反应方程式的写法，不同研究者观点不同，又都缺乏可靠的实验依据；对电积于基体电极上的PB薄膜的晶体结构缺乏直接的实验证据，有关数据均引自早期对PB化合物本体的测定结果。本文用电化学方法在Pt和玻璃碳基体上制备出更稳定的PB薄膜修饰电极，除可稳定地经历0.6V--0.2V内的CV���描外，并可经历0.6V-1.1V之间连续一千周以上电位扫描；提出了PB薄膜电化学氧化还原过程中电子转移的多层模型；系统地研究了制备条件、薄膜厚度及支持电解质溶液PH值对电极伏安行为的影响；通过红外光谱（IR)及x-射线衍射法的表面表征证实了电积法牢固接着在电极表面的兰色电活性薄膜确实为PB；x－射线衍射实验直接确定了电积PB薄膜的晶体结构为面心立方结构，晶胞常数为10.2A。基于所制备PB薄膜修饰电极在较宽电位范围内经历电氧化时稳定性的提高，研究了多种支持电解质阳离子和阴离子对PB薄膜电化学行为的影响，表明PB薄膜在电化学氧化还原过程中只伴随有阳离子的穿透，与共存阴离子无关；阳离子中除K~+、NH_4~+、C_s~+外，Na~+离子也可穿透薄膜。相应的电化学反应为：PB薄膜还原KFe~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6+e~-+K~+<->K_2Fe~(2+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6PB薄膜氧化KFe~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6-xe~--xK~+<->[Fe~(3+)Fe~(III)(CN)_6]_x[KFe~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6]_(1-x)其中0CV���为的效应，确定了相应的电化学反应方程式；详细比较了制备时电信号的控制方法－电位扫描法、恒电位法、恒电流法及相应参数值的选取对修饰电极电化学性质的影响，表明电位扫描法为最适宜的方法；对所制备的六氰亚铁钒薄膜进行了就地和非就地红外光谱研究。六氰亚铁钒薄膜修饰电极在0.5M K_2SO_4，4.88M H_2SO_4中进行CV���描时呈现了对氧化还原峰，峰电位分别为0.90V, 0.98V，以及1.06V(Vs. Ag/Ag~+)。E<0.6V(Vs. Ag/Ag~+)时薄膜呈黄色，0.9V1.06V(Vs. Ag/Ag~+)时呈兰色，相应的电化学反应为：0.90V处的峰MV~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6+H_2O+M~+<->M_2VO~(2+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6+e~-+2H~+0.98V处的峰M_2VO~(2+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6+H_2O<->M_2(VO_2H)~+Fe~(III)(CN)_6+e~-+H~+1.06V处的峰M_2(VO_2H)~+Fe~(III)(CN)_6<->M_2(VO_2)~+FE~(III)(CN)_6+e~-+H~+总反应MV~(3+)Fe~(II)(CN)_6+2H_2O+M~+<->M_2(VO_2)~+Fe~(III)(CN)_6+3e~-+4H~+（其中M~+为支持电解质金属阳离子）。薄膜在CV���描过程中极为稳定，10~3周扫描后峰电流仅有很小减低。与PB薄膜修饰电极类似，氧化还原过程与阴离子无关，不同点在于除金属阳离子外过程中还涉及H~+离子的穿透以维持电中性，而且此薄膜修饰电极在Li~+离子溶液中同样极为稳定。本文用计时电位法对PB薄膜修饰电极及六氰亚铁钒薄膜修饰电极进行了研究，测得电子在两种薄膜中的表现扩散系数分别为2.2*10~(-10)cm~2·S~(-1)及1.3*10~(-9)cm~2·S~(-1)。本文还制备及研究了六氰亚铁铜薄膜修饰电极，研究了该修饰电极及PB薄膜修饰电极对抗坏血酸氧化及H_2O_2还原的电催化效应。

四苯基金属卟啉化学修饰电极的研究

氧的催化还原在各类燃料电池的研究中具有重要意义，是涉及到能源意义的重要研究课题。某些金属的卟啉化学修饰电极对氧的还原反应具有很高的电催化活性，虽然已有大量工作发表，但迄今研制的这类电极的稳定性却很差，给基础研究和实际应用带来了很大困难。本文主要研究了四苯基锰、铁、钴、镍卟啉和四苯基卟啉化学修饰玻碳电极。用吸附法成功地制备出了性能稳定的四苯基铁和钴卟啉化学修饰玻碳电极，详细研究了各种因素对电极制备的影响；并用循环伏安法和旋转园盘电极研究了上述电极上氧的催化还原反应及过程。测定了在不同pH溶液中在四苯基铁卟啉化学修饰玻碳电极（F_tTPP／GC）上氧的催化演原反应速率常数。研究了溶液PH变化对F_tTPP／GC电极催化氧还原反应机理的影响，提出了在不同PH范围在F_tTPP／GC电极上氧还原反应的可能历程。 经吸附法制备的F_tTPP／GC电极，在空气饱和的0.05MH_2SO_4溶液中经受CV���60次（100mv／s），峰电流降低约30％。本文还用直接在电极表面金属化法，成功地制备出了稳定性较高的铁原卟啉二甲酯化学修饰玻碳电极（F_tTPP／GC），在空气饱和的0.05MH_2SO_4溶液中经受CV���描150次（100mv／s），催化峰电流降低约一半。并用压模法成功地制备出了具有高催化活性的能多次反复使用的新型四苯基铁卟啉化学修饰石墨电极（F_tTPP／GC）。上述金属卟啉化学修饰电极对氧的还原反应均属于平行催化二电子还原为H_2O_2的不可逆过程。

光透式红外光谱电化学池的设计及金属酞菁的光谱电化学研究

本论文的第一部分工作是将FT－IR光谱与电化学技术相结合，成功地设计了两种适用于多种非水溶剂的光透式薄层红外光谱电化学池。本论文的第二部分工作是非水溶中金属酞菁的光谱电化学研究，首次采用光透薄层光谱电化学池，现场检测Mn、Fe酞菁各步氧化还原的光谱变化，研究其电极过程机理。确认氧化还原中心，考察轴向配位对其半波电位及电极过程机理的影响。锰酞菁光谱电化学研究结果表明，在二氯乙烷溶剂中得到的一步氧化，发生在金属中心，对应于Mn(III)生成。在四氢呋喃溶剂中的第一步及第二步还原均发生在金属中心，生成Mn(II)Pc和Mu(I)Pc。第三步还原对应于环的还原。还原过程轴向配位效应的考察汲出，金属与阴离子轴向链能力的顺序为Cl~->I~->ClO_4~->BF_4~-。铁酞菁在二氯乙烷中，存在两步氧化过程，分别对应于中心金属的氧化和环的氧化。在四氢呋喃溶剂中得到的前两步还原，对应于中心金属的还原。第三步还原对应于环的还原。通过用ClO_4~-取代阴离子Cl~-，进一步探究了阴离子Cl~-对各步氧化还原步骤的电极电位及电极过程机理的影响。证明，高价氧化态Fe(II)只有在具有较强配位能力的配位体如Cl~0)的存在下，才能稳定存在，并且, 由于Cl~-对Fe(III)/Fe(II)电对半波电位的影响，使在薄层慢扫的情况下，前两步金属中心还原的半波电位重合在一起，得到CV���上的一步还原对应看两步光谱变化。

含双向乙肝表面抗原基因的重组质粒的构建和表达

将含有一个HBsAg基因的表达质粒经过修饰后作为起始质粒，构建了含双向HBsAg基因的表达质粒pGJP2S。其中两个HBsAg基因均受痘苗病毒7.5K基因起动子的控制，但是方向相反。用该质粒和野生型痘苗病毒共转染CV-1细胞，可导致HBsAg的合成和分泌。该双向质粒可用于研究双向HBsAg基因对HBsAg表达水平的影响。

MOCVD生长的高质量掺碳GaAs/AlGaAs材料的特性研究

利用低压金属有机化合物汽相淀积方法，以液态CCl_4为掺杂源生长了高质量的碳掺杂GaAs/AlGaAs外延材料，研究了CCl4流量、生长温度和Ⅴ/Ⅲ比等因素对外延材料中的碳掺杂水平的影响。采用电化学CV���法、范德堡霍耳方法、低温光致发光谱和X射线双晶衍射回摆曲线测量等方法对碳掺杂外延材料的电学、光学特性进行了研究。实验制备了空穴浓度高达1.9×10~(20)cm~(-3)的碳掺杂GaAs外延材料和低温光致发光谱半宽小于5nm的高质量碳掺杂Al_(0.3Ga_(0.7)As外延层。在材料研究的基础上，我们以碳为P型掺杂剂生长了GaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs应变量子进980nm大功率半导体激光器结构，并获得了室温连续工作1W以上的光功率输出。

小麦抗白粉病新基因PmCD1和抗条锈病基因YrCD的鉴定及分子标记筛选

本研究对自育小麦白粉病抗源“07鉴126”和条锈病抗源CD1437、CD0534-5进行抗性遗传分析和微卫星引物的筛选，建立了与PmCD1和YrCD抗病基因连锁的SSR分子标记，主要研究结果如下： 1.小麦白粉抗源“07鉴126”抗白粉病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 品系“07鉴126”对我国目前白粉菌强优势生理小种E09、E11和其它多种小种表现免疫或高度抵抗。Pm-sus是07鉴126的自然突变感病株。利用“07鉴126”和Pm-sus的F2抗病性分离群体进行抗条锈病性遗传分析和分子标记定位，结果表明，“07鉴126”的白粉抗性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，暂命名为PmCD1；并筛选到了与PmCD1共分离的显性SSR分子标记Xbarc183。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明PmCD1来源于荆州黑麦。抗谱分析表明PmCD1不同于已知的黑麦抗白粉基因，是一个新的抗白粉病基因。Xbarc183这一分子标记的建立为PmCD1的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因累加提供了方便。 2.小麦条锈抗源CD1437抗条锈病基因的鉴定和分子标记的建立 利用对优势条锈菌小种条中32免疫的小麦品系CD1437及其自然突变感病株Yr-sus杂交构建F2、F3抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析结果显示，1437的抗条锈性为显性单基因控制的全生育期抗性，该基因暂命名为YrCD。SSR分析发现，位于1B染色体上的7个SSR标记Xcfd65、Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xbarc187、Xwmc406、 Xwmc419、Xwmc216依次分布在YrCD的一侧，与YrCD的遗传距离在1.7 cM至9.2 cM。YrCD和YrCH42的等位性分析显示二者可能为等位基因。YrCD和Yr24、Yr26的抗谱相似。系谱分析和分子标记分析表明贵农20是YrCD的供体。本研究推测YrCD、Yr24、Yr26和YrCH42可能是等位基因，并推测Yr-sus是缺失突变体。 3. 小麦条锈抗源CD0534-5抗条锈病基因的鉴定 利用对条中32免疫的小麦抗条锈病品系CD0534-5及其感病重组自交系CD0534-4建立F2抗病性分离群体。抗条锈病性遗传分析表明，CD0534-5的条锈抗性由两对独立的显性主效基因控制。用BSK法分析，发现其中一对基因与SSR分子标记Xgwm11、Xgwm18、Xwmc128、Xwmc419连锁，该基因是来源于贵农20的YrCD。另一抗性基因来源贵农19，是极有利用价值的未知抗性基因。 This study focused on the investigation and identification of a novel powdery mildew resistant gene PmCD1 in wheat lines 07jian126 and stripe rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat lines CD1482 and CD0534-5, and screened SSR markers tightly linked to them. The main results were as follows: 1.Identification and SSR markers screening of a novel powdery mildew PmCD1 in wheat line 07jian126. Using a Pm resistant wheat line 07jian126 and its Pm susceptible mutant, a F2 population was constructed. Pedigree and genetic analyses indicated that the Pm resistance in 07jian126 was tranderred from rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. Jinzhou and was controlled by a single dominant gene. Differential test using 21 Bgt isolates revealed that the Pm resistant gene in 07jian126 is novel and was temporarily designated as PmCD1. A dominant SSR marker Xbarc183/130 bp was found co-segregated with PmCD1 in the F2 population. The diagnostic band of Xbarc183/130 bp co-segregating with PmCD1 could be used as an ideal marker in marker-assisted-selection during wheat breeding program. 2. Identification and SSR markers mapping of yellow rust resistant gene YrCD in wheat line CD1437. Wheat line CD1437 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32 at both seedling and adult stages. A F2 population was developed from the cross of CD1437 and its Yr susceptible mutant Yr-sus. Genetic analysis indicated line CD1437 contains a single dominant gene, temporarily designated YrCD. Seven SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xcfd65, Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xbarc187, wmc406, Xwmc419and Xwmc216 were close linked to YrCD with a genetic dsitance 1.7 cM to 9.2 cM. YrCD came from wheat cultivar Guinong 20. Allelic test of CD1437 and Chinese cultivar Chuanmai 42 indicated that YrCD and YrCH42 were allelic. Reaction patterns of YrCD and Yr24, Yr26 to 21 PST isolates were the same. These results suggested that YrCD and Yr24, Yr26, YrCH42 might be allelic. 3.Detection and identification of yellow rust resistance genes in wheat line CD0534-5 Wheat line CD0534-5 was highly resistant to predominant Chinese stripe rust race CYR32, while its recombinant inbred line CD0534-4 was susceptible. Genetic analysis with a F2 population developed from the cross of CD0534-5 and CD0534-4 indicated line CD0534-5 contains two independent dominant genes. Four SSR markers on the chromosome 1BS including Xgwm11, Xgwm18, Xwmc128, Xwmc419 were found to linked with one gene in CD0534-5. According the locations of makers and pedigree, this gene in CD0534-5 was YrCD, from cultivar Guinong 20. Another resistant gene was from cultivar Guinong 19, different with those genes on 1B such as Yr10, Yr15, Yr5 etc, was a valuable resistant gene in wheat breeding.

中国青藏高原青稞抗穗发芽资源评价与α-淀粉酶基因的克隆及表达

穗发芽（PHS，preharvest sprouting）是影响禾本科作物生产的重要的灾害之一。收获时期如遇潮湿天气容易导致穗发芽发生。发生穗发芽的种子内部水解酶（主要是α-淀粉酶）活性急剧升高，胚乳贮藏物质开始降解，造成作物产量和品质严重降低。因此，选育低穗发芽风险的品种是当前作物育种工作中面临的重要任务。 青稞(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare)主要分布于青藏高原，自古以来就是青藏高原人民的主要粮食。近年来，由于青稞丰富的营养成分和特有的保健品质、在燃料工业中的潜力以及在啤酒酿造工业中的利用前景，在发达国家日趋受到重视，掀起综合研究利用的热潮。我国拥有占全世界2/3 以上的青稞资源，具有发展青稞产业的得天独厚的条件。然而，由于青稞收获期间恰逢青藏高原雨季来临，常有穗发芽灾害发生，使青稞生产损失巨大。目前对青稞穗发芽研究很少，适用于育种的穗发芽抗性材料相对缺乏，不能很好的满足青稞穗发芽抗性育种的需要。本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料，对其穗发芽抗性的评价指标和体系进行构建，同时筛选青稞抗穗发芽品种并对其抗性进行评价，还利用分子生物学手段对青稞穗发芽抗性的分子机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. 本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的青稞为材料，对休眠性测定的温度范围进行探讨，并对各种穗发芽抗性测定方法的对青稞的适用性进行评测。通过探讨温度对13 个不同基因型的青稞籽粒发芽和休眠性表达的影响，对筛选青稞抗穗发芽资源的温度条件进行探索，并初步分析了其休眠性表达的机理。在10，15，20，25，30℃的黑暗条件下，选用新收获的13 个青稞品种为材料进行籽粒发芽实验，以发芽指数（GI）评价其休眠性。结果发现，不同品种对温度敏感性不同，其中温度不敏感品种，在各温度条件下均表现很低的休眠性；而温度敏感品种，其休眠性表达受低温抑制，受高温诱导。15℃至25℃是进行青稞休眠性鉴定的较适宜的温度范围。通过对供试材料发芽后的α-淀粉酶活性，发现温度对青稞种子的休眠性表达的影响至少在一定程度上表现在对α-淀粉酶活性的调控上。随后，对分别在马尔康和成都进行种植的34 份青稞穗发芽指数（SI），穗发芽率（SR），籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA）进行了测定和分析，发现它们均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响，且四个参数之间具有一定相关性。GI 参数由于其变异系数较低，在不同栽培地点稳定性好，且操作简便，是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数。SI 参数可作为辅助，区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料（基因型）或全面评价材料（基因型）的穗发芽抗性特征。AA 参数稳定性较差，并且检测方法复杂，因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用。此外，青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大，评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异。 2. 对来自青藏高原的青稞穗发芽抗性特征及其与其它农艺性状间的关系进行研究。通过测定穗发芽指数（SI）、籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA），表明113 份青稞材料的穗发芽抗性具有显著差异。SI、GI 和AA 参数的变幅分别为1.00~8.86、0.01~0.97 和0.00~2.76，其均值分别为4.72、0.63 和1.22。根据SI 参数，六个基因型，包括‘XQ9-5’，‘XQ33-9’，‘XQ37-5’，‘XQ42-9’，‘XQ45-7’和‘JCL’被鉴定为抗性品种。综合SI、GI 和AA 参数，可以发现青稞的穗发芽抗性机制包含颖壳等穗部结构的抗性和种子自身的抗性（即种子休眠性），且供试材料中未发现较强的胚休眠品种，除‘XQ45-7’外，所有品种在发芽第四天均能检测出α-淀粉酶活性。穗部结构和种子休眠的抗性机制因基因型不同而不同，在穗发芽抗性中可单独作用或共同作用。农家品种和西藏群体分别比栽培品种和四川群体的穗发芽抗性强，而在不同籽粒颜色的青稞中未发现明显差异。相关性检验发现，青稞的穗发芽抗性，主要是种子休眠性，与百粒重、开花期、成熟期、穗长、芒长和剑叶长呈显著负相关关系，与株高相关性不显著。农艺性状可以作为穗发芽抗性材料选育中的辅助指标。本试验为青稞穗发芽抗性育种研究提供了必要的理论基础和可供使用的亲本材料。 3. α-淀粉酶是由多基因家族编码的蛋白质，在植物种子萌发时高度表达，与植物种子的萌发能力密切相关。在大麦种子发芽时，高等电点α-淀粉酶的活性远大于低等电点的α-淀粉酶。为了研究不同穗发芽抗性青稞品种中编码高等电点α-淀粉酶Amy1 基因结构与抗性间的关系，我们以筛选得到的抗性品种‘XQ32-5’（TR1）、‘XQ37-5’（TR2）、‘XQ45-7’（TR3），易感品种‘97-15’（TS1）、‘9657’（TS2）以及强休眠大麦品种‘SAMSON’（SAM）为材料，对其Amy1 基因的编码区序列进行克隆和结构分析，并对它们推导的氨基酸序列进行比较。结果显示，青稞Amy1 基因具有三个外显子、两个内含子，编码区中有13 个核苷酸变异位点，均位于2、3 号外显子，2 个变异位点位于2 号外显子。SAM 和TS1 分别在2 号外显子相应位置有5 个相同的碱基(GAACT)的插入片段。相应α-淀粉酶氨基酸序列推导发现，所有核苷酸变异中有8 个导致相应氨基酸残基的改变，其余位点为同义突变。青稞Amy1 基因编码区序列品种间相似度高达99%以上，部分序列变异可能与其穗发芽抗性有关。随后，我们又通过SYBR Green 荧光定量技术对该基因在不同发芽时间（1d~7d）的相对表达水平进行了差异性检测。结果发现，7 天内不能检测到SAM 的Amy1 基因表达，5 个青稞品种间的Amy1 基因的相对表达量均随着发芽时间延长而上升，但上升方式有所不同。弱抗品种该基因表达更早，转录本增加速率更大，且在4~5 天可达到平台期。发芽7 天中，抗性品种总转录水平明显低于易感品种。本研究结果表明，青稞Amy1 基因的转录水平是与其穗发芽抗性高度相关。 我国青藏高原青稞，尤其是农家品种的穗发芽抗性具有丰富的变异，蕴藏着穗发芽抗性育种的宝贵资源。本研究为青稞穗发芽抗性育种建立了合理抗性评价体系，筛选出可供育种使用的特殊材料，阐明了农艺性状可辅助穗发芽抗性育种，同时还对穗发芽抗性与α-淀粉酶基因的结构和表达关系进行分析，为青稞穗发芽抗性资源筛选奠定了基础。 Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in crop production. It often takes place when encountering damp, cold conditions at harvest time and results in the decrease of grain quality and great loss of yield by triggering the synthesis of endosperm degrading enzymes (mostly the α-amylase). Therefore, PHS is regarded as an important criterion for crop breeding. In order to minimize the risk of PHS, resistant genotypes are highly required. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is the staple food crop in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from of old, where is one of the origin and genetic diversity centers of hulless barley. Recently, interest in hulless barley has been sparked throughout the world due to the demonstrations of its great potential in health food industry and fuel alcohol production. Indeed, hulless barley can also be utilized to produce good quality malt if the appropriate malting conditions are used. In China, overcast and rainy conditions often occur at maturity of hulless barley and cause an adverse on its production and application. PHS resistant genotypes, therefore, are highly required for the hulless barley breeding programs. However, few investigations have been made so far on this issue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assessment of methods used in testing preharvest sprouting resistance in hulless barley; 2) to evaluate the variability and characteristics of PHS resistance of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; 3) to select potential parents for PHS resistance breeding; 4) to primarily study on the molecular mechanism of PHS resistance of hulless barley. Our results are as followed: 1. We investigated the temperature effects on seed germination and seed dormancy expression of hulless barley, discussed appropriate temperature range for screening of PHS resistant varieties, and analyzed the mechanism of seed dormancy expression of hulless barley. The dormancy level of 13 hulless barley were evaluated by GI (germination index) values calculating by seed germination tests at temperature of 10，15，20，25，30℃ in darkness. There were great differences in temperature sensitivity among these accessions. The insensitive accessions showed low dormancy at any temperature while the dormancy expression of sensitive accessions could be restrained by low temperature and induced by high temperature. The temperature range of 15℃ to 25℃ was workable for estimating of dormancy level of hulless barley according to our data. Analysis of α-amylase activity showed that the temperature effects on seed germination and the expression of seed dormancy be achieved probable via regulating of α-amylase activity. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in sprouting index (SI), sprouting rate (SR), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) between Maerkang and Chengdu among 34 accessions of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. These PHS sprouting parameters were significantly affected by accession×location, and they had correlation between each other. GI was the most reliable parameter because of its low CV value, good repeatability and simple operation. SI could assist in differentiating between accessions of similar dormancy or overall evaluation of the resistance. AA was bad in repeatability and had relatively complex testing method, therefore, not appropriate for breeding and evaluation and screening of PHS resistant materials. Besides, since PHS resistance of hulless barley was greatly influenced by its growth environment, possibly much influencing factors and variations between cultivated conditions should be considered. 2. In this study, large variation was found among 113 genotypes of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, based on the sprouting index (SI), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) which derived from sprouting test of intact spikes, germination test of threshed seeds and determination of α-amylase activity, respectively. The range of SI, GI and AA was 1.00~8.86, 0.01~0.97 and 0.00~2.76，the mean was 4.72, 0.63 and 1.22 espectively. Six resistant genotypes, including ‘XQ9-5’, ‘XQ33-9’, ‘XQ37-5’, ‘XQ42-9’, ‘XQ45-7’ and ‘JCL’, were identified based on SI. Integrating the three parameters, it was clear that both hulls and seeds involved in PHS resistance in intact spikes of hulless barley and there was no long-existent embryo dormancy found among the test genotypes. All the genotypes, except ‘XQ45-7’, had detectable α-amylase activity on the 4th day after germination. There was PHS resistance imposed by the hull and seed per se and the two factors can act together or independent of each other. Besides, landraces or Tibet hulless barley had a wider variation and relatively more PHS resistance when compared with cultivars or Sichuan hulless barley. No significant difference was found among hulless barley of different seed colors. The correlation analysis showed PHS resistance was negatively related to hundred grain weight, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, awn length and flag length but not related to plant height. This study provides essential information and several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. 3. Alpha-amylase isozymes are encoded by a family of multigenes. They highly express in germinating seeds and is closely related to seed germination ability. In barley germinating seeds, the activity of high pI α-amylase is much higher than low pI α-amylase. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preharvest sprouting resistance of hulless barley and the gene structure of Amy1 gene which encodes high pI α-amylase. The coding region and cDNA of Amy1 gene of three resistant accessions, including ‘XQ32-5’ (TR1), ‘XQ37-5’ (TR2), ‘XQ45-7’ (TR3), two susceptible accessions ‘97-15’ (TS1), ‘9657’ (TS2) and one highly dormant barley accession ‘SAMSON’ (SAM) was cloned. Analysis of their DNA sequences revealed there were three exons and two introns in Amy1 gene. Thirteen variable sites were in exon2 and exon3, 2 variable sites were in intron2. SAM and TS1 had a GAACT insert segment in the same site in intron2. Only 8 variable sites caused the change of amino acid residues. There were 99% of similarity between the tested hulless barley and some of the variable sites might be related with preharvest sprouting resistance. Then, we investigated the expression level of Amy1 gene in the 7-day germination test. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative expression trends of Amy1 gene were the same but had significant differences in the increase fashion between hulless barleys and no detectable expression was found in SAM. Susceptible accessions had earlier expression and faster increase and reached the maximum on day 4 ~ day 5. Besides, total transcripts level was found lower in resistant accessions than susceptible accessions. This study indicated that α-amylase activity was highly related to the transcription level of Amy1 gene which not correlated to missense mutation sites. In conclusion, hulless barley, especially the landraces from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China possesses high degree of variation in PHS performance, which indicates the potential of Tibetan hulless barley as a good source for breeding of resistance to PHS. This study provides several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. Our results also demonstrate that agronomic traits may be used as assistants for PHS resistance selection in hulless barley. Besides, analysis of high pI α-amylase coding gene Amy1 revealed the relative high expression of was Amy1 one of the mainly reason of different PHS resistance level in hulless barley.

水稻同源四倍体高代自交系农艺性状分析及遗传差异研究

课题组在不断地创制新的同源四倍体材料的同时，连续多年以提高结实率为目的培育、筛选自交系材料，已获得自交繁殖十二年的高代自交系材料。相对于诱导创制初期，材料表现出的结实率低，同种系单株间的差异较大；高代材料已表现出较显著的结实率提升和较一致的农艺性状表型。 本实验选取课题组多年培育的同源四倍体水稻高代自交系材料，通过形态学、农艺性状和细胞遗传学比较，研究水稻同源四倍体与二倍体之间的异同。结果显示，所有同源四倍体材料的染色体组成均为2N=4X=48，花粉母细胞(PMC)减数分裂行为较正常，99%以上的染色体都能在减数分裂中期I（MI）发生联会、配对，形成四价体和二价体，这与理论染色体组构成相符。在减数分裂过程中，结实率较高的材料染色体异常现象较少而结实率较低的材料染色体异常现象较严重。统计分析表明，二价体和四价体的比例对结实率没有显著影响，但是三价体的数目对结实率有一定影响。这一结果表明了结实率和细胞减数分裂行为可能存在相关性，同源四倍体的减数分裂行为为筛选高结实率的同源四倍体种系提供了依据。 然后，对同源四倍体水稻高代自交系材料进行农艺性状和品质性状的统计与分析。主要针对结实率、每穗实粒数、有效分蘖和穗长等主要农艺性状，以及直链淀粉含量这一重要的品质性状进行统计。将统计结果与1996年诱导加倍的初代材料的数据相对比分析，结果显示所有材料经过多代选育培养，其农艺性状已经有了较显著的提高，同时同源四倍体材料的农艺性状稳定性也有了较显著的提升。如结实率的提高幅度较大，所有材料的平均结实率均显著高于加倍初代，而同种材料不同单株间的结实率差异也显著地减少，变异系数（CV���的平均值由1996年的41.15%减少到了2008年的28.81%。其他重要农艺性状也有不同程度的改良，种内变异系数也相应地降低。此外，实验测量了同源四倍体材料和来源二倍体材料的直链淀粉含量。分析结果显示，部分材料的直链淀粉含量与二倍体亲本产生了较显著的差异，这可能是诱导加倍过程中的遗传变异造成的；同源四倍体材料的种内变异系数（CV���平均值由1996年的6%下降到了2008年的3.88%，显示出在品质性状方面，同源四倍体材料的遗传稳定性也有较显著的增加。同源四倍体材料农艺性状经过多年的选育，表现出一定的提升，同时，经过多年自交纯化，所有材料种系内的性状差异逐渐缩小，说明同源四倍体水稻的遗传稳定性随着自交纯化而增强，这为同源四倍体水稻的进一步选育打下了良好的基础。 最后，通过测量连续两年的自交系材料的遗传多态性，分析材料间遗传差异和种群遗传结构，深入研究连续两代材料间的遗传差异，研究同源四倍体水稻与二倍体材料遗传稳定性之间的差异。实验采用18对SSR微卫星标记对连续两代15个材料，共94份样本进行差异分析。通过扩增条带长度多态性分析，计算不同材料以及同种材料不同世代间的遗传距离，构建同源四倍体和二倍体水稻的分子指纹库，并绘制聚类图。结果显示，同源四倍体和二倍体不同材料间的遗传差异比较大，遗传距离处于0.4757至0.2816之间；而相同品种不同世代材料间的遗传差异较小，但也表现出一定的遗传差异。同种同源四倍体材料不同世代间的遗传差异比二倍体材料更大，两代四倍体材料间遗传距离处于0.1359至0.0485之间；而两代二倍体材料间的遗传距离处于均小于0.0388。结果表明，同源四倍体水稻高代材料具有一定的遗传稳定性，但与来源二倍体材料相比，其世代间的遗传变异性仍然较强。这种结果说明，经过多代的自交纯化培育，同源四倍体水稻材料能够建立起相对稳定的遗传结构，同时，其强于二倍体亲本的变异性有能够为新品种的选育，农艺性状、品质性状的改良提供一定的遗传基础。此外，分析结果表明通过分子标记辅助检验，水稻材料间的遗传多态性能够有效地区分不同的品种，这为水稻品种的分子鉴定提供了一定的依据。 本研究从细胞学鉴定，农艺性状统计分析以及分子标记辅助聚类分析多方面地对同源四倍体水稻高代系进行了研究，对探究同源四倍体水稻的遗传规律，进一步揭示其遗传特性、农艺性状的遗传构成，为进一步选育优质的多倍体水稻提供了一定的理论依据。 This group insists on creating new Autotetraploid Rice (Oryza sativa L.) materials, while improving the seed-setting of them for many years, cultivated and selected the inbred line materials, has obtained the high generation inbred lines after twelve years cultivation. Compared to the early induced materials, which shown the low seed setting, and the large difference between the different plants in the same germ-line; the high generation materials have shown significant improvement in seed setting and more uniform phenotype agronomic traits. The autotetraploid rice high generation inbred lines material, which has been cultivated for more than 12 years, was chose in this experiment. The similarities and differences between autotetraploid and diploid rice was studied through morphological, agronomic and cytogenetic ways. The results showed that all the chromosome of autotetraploid materials are composed of 2N=4X=48, the pollen mother cells (PMC) meiosis behavior is normal, more than 99% chromosomes in metaphase I(MI) were federated and paired to form tetravalents or bivalents, which constitutes a consistent theory of genome. In the meiosis process, the material with a higher seed setting showed less chromosome abnormal than the material whose seed setting is lower. However, statistical analysis showed that the bivalent and tetravalent rate had no significant impact on seed setting, but the number of trivalent had a certain impact on seed setting. The result shows that the seed setting may be related to the meiosis behavior, which provides a basis to cultivate new autotetraploid germ line with high seed setting through the meiotic behavior. Furthermore, the agronomic and quality traits of autotetraploid rice high generation inbred material were statistically analyzed. The statistically analysis was focused on major agronomic traits such as: seed setting, grains per panicle, effective tillers and panicle length, as well as the important quality trait amylose content. The statistic data was compared with the data in 1996, when the first induced generation of autotetraploid material, and the result shows that after a multi-generation breeding, the agronomic traits has been significantly improved in all the materials, while the stability of agronomic traits also significant upgraded. For instant, the seed setting increased significantly, the average seed setting of all materials was significantly higher than the first induced generation, and the differences between different plants in the same species also significantly reduced, the average of the coefficient of variation (CV) was reduced from 41.15% in 1996 to 28.81% in 2008. Other important agronomic traits had improved in different degrees; the coefficient of variation within species is also reduced accordingly. In addition, the amylose content of autotetraploid and diploid materials was measured in this experiment. The results shows that the amylose content of some of the material differed from diploid parents significantly, it may caused by the genetic change during the inducing, autotetraploid materials intra-specific coefficient of variation (CV) average reduced from 6% in 1996 to 3.88% in 2008, shows that this is a significant increase of quality traits stability in autotetraploid rice. Agronomic traits of autotetraploid material shows some improvement after years of breeding, at the same time, after years of purification, all material within the germ-line gradually narrow the differences in traits indicates that autotetraploid rice genetic stability was enhanced, which laid a good foundation for the further autotetraploid rice breeding. Finally, this experiment studied the genetic differences between materials of two generations and researched the difference of genetic stability between diploid and autotetraploid rice materials through investigating the genetic polymorphism, genetic differences between materials and population genetic structure of inbred line materials of two consecutive years.18 pairs of SSR microsatellite markers for 15 materials of two generations were used in this experiment, and the total of 94 samples were analyzed. Through the amplification length polymorphism analysis of different materials and materials in different generations, the genetic distance between materials and generations was analyzed, a diploid and autotetraploid rice molecular fingerprint database and map rendering cluster were constructed. The result shows that the genetic distance is between 0.4757 to 0.2816 among different autotetraploid and diploid materials; the genetic distance between different generations of same species was less, but also shows a certain degree of genetic differences. The inter-generational genetic differences of autotetraploid materials were greater than of the diploid materials, which are 0.1359 to 0.0485 as the genetic distance; comparing with the 0.0388 of diploid materials. The result shows that high generation inbred autotetraploid rice material has a certain genetic stability, but the genetic variation between generations is still strong comparing with the source diploid materials. It indicates that, after many generations of purification cultivation, autotetraploid rice materials established a relatively stable genetic structure, at the same time, stronger variability than its diploid parents are useful in the breeding of new varieties, provides a genetic foundation to the agronomic and quality traits improvement. In addition, the analysis result shows that the through the molecular marker-assisted testing, rice genetic polymorphism between materials can effectively distinguish different species, provides a certain basis for molecular identification of varieties of rice. A series of investigation such as cytological identification, statistical analysis of agronomic traits, molecular marker-assisted cluster analysis was applied in this experiment to research genetic pattern of autotetraploid rice high generation inbred lines, revealed the genetic characteristics and the genetic composition of agronomic traits, provides a theoretical basis for the further selection of high quality autotetraploid rice.

Loss of p15/Ink4b accompanies tumorigenesis triggered by complex DNA double-strand breaks

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious lesion inflicted by ionizing radiation. Although DSBs are potentially carcinogenic, it is not clear whether complex DSBs that are refractory to repair are more potently tumorigenic compared with simple breaks that can be rapidly repaired, correctly or incorrectly, by mammalian cells. We previously demonstrated that complex DSBs induced by high-linear energy transfer (LET) Fe ions are repaired slowly and incompletely, whereas those induced by low-LET gamma rays are repaired efficiently by mammalian cells. To determine whether Fe-induced DSBs are more potently tumorigenic than gamma ray-induced breaks, we irradiated 'sensitized' murine astrocytes that were deficient in Ink4a and Arf tumor suppressors and injected the surviving cells subcutaneously into nude mice. Using this model system, we find that Fe ions are potently tumorigenic, generating tumors with significantly higher frequency and shorter latency compared with tumors generated by gamma rays. Tumor formation by Fe-irradiated cells is accompanied by rampant genomic instability and multiple genomic changes, the most interesting of which is loss of the p15/Ink4b tumor suppressor due to deletion of a chromosomal region harboring the CDKN2A and CDKN2B loci. The additional loss of p15/Ink4b in tumors derived from cells that are already deficient in p16/Ink4a bolsters the hypothesis that p15 plays an important role in tumor suppression, especially in the absence of p16. Indeed, we find that reexpression of p15 in tumor-derived cells significantly attenuates the tumorigenic potential of these cells, indicating that p15 loss may be a critical event in tumorigenesis triggered by complex DSBs.

Performance comparison of low-temperature direct alcohol fuel cells with different anode catalysts

Low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells directly fed by methanol and ethanol were investigated employing carbon supported Pt, PtSn and PtRu as anode catalysts, respectively. Employing Pt/C as anode catalyst, both direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) showed poor performances even in presence of high Pt loading on anode. It was found that the addition of Ru or Sn to the Pt dramatically enhances the electro-oxidation of both methanol and ethanol. It was also found that the single cell adopting PtRu/C as anode shows better DMFC performance, while PtSn/C catalyst shows better DEFC performance. The single fuel cell using PtSn/C as anode catalyst at 90degreesC shows similar power densities whenever fueled by methanol or ethanol. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and single fuel cell tests indicated that PtRu is more suitable for DMFC while PtSn is more suitable for DEFC. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of treatment in different atmosphere on Pt3Sn/C electrocatalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation

Pt3Sn/C catalyst was prepared by a modified polyol process and treated in air, H-2/Ar, and Ar atmosphere, respectively. XRD analyses indicate that all of these catalysts have face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) experiments show that more Sn exists in zero-valence in the Ar-treated PtSn catalyst than in the others. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) experiments, and the performance tests of direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) indicate that the catalytic activity of PtSn/C for ethanol oxidation was affected significantly by the chemical state of Sn in catalyst particles. The as-prepared PtSn/C gives the higher power density, while Ar-treated PtSn/C shows the lower cell performance. It seems that the multivalence Sn rather than the zero-valence Sn in the PtSn catalyst is the favorable form for ethanol oxidation. Energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDX) of the PtSn/C-as prepared and PtSn/C (after stability test) shows the active species (platinum, tin, and oxygen) composition changed to a different extent. Further attempt to improve the catalyst stability is needed.