Analysis of competitiveness in the NBA regular seasons

[EN] Research background and hypothesis. Several attempts have been made to understand some modalities of sport from the point of view of complexity. Most of these studies deal with this phenomenon with regard to the mechanics of the game itself (in isolation). Nevertheless, some research has been conducted from the perspective of competition between teams. Our hypothesis was that for the study of competitiveness levels in the system of league competition our analysis model (Shannon entropy), is a useful and highly sensitive tool to determine the degree of global competitiveness of a league. Research aim. The aim of our study was to develop a model for the analysis of competitiveness level in team sport competitions based on the uncertainty level that might exist for each confrontation. Research methods. Degree of uncertainty or randomness of the competition was analyzed as a factor of competitiveness. It was calculated on the basis of the Shannon entropy. Research results. We studied 17 NBA regular seasons, which showed a fairly steady entropic tendency. There were seasons less competitive (? 0.9800) than the overall average (0.9835), and periods where the competitiveness remained at higher levels (range: 0.9851 to 0.9902). Discussion and conclusions. A league is more competitive when it is more random. Thus, it is harder to predict the fi nal outcome. However, when the competition is less random, the degree of competitiveness will decrease signifi cantly. The NBA is a very competitive league, there is a high degree of uncertainty of knowing the fi nal result.

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The article discusses the formula for a new Polish bibliometric indicator, i.e., the Polish Impact Factor (Polski Współczynnik Wpływu) from the point of view of the humanities. Our study examines two prestigious Polish humanities journals (Pamiętnik Literacki and Diametros – An Online Journal of Philosophy) to evaluate the underlying assumptions of the Polish Impact Factor. We have analyzed all articles published from 2004 to 2014 (N = 850, N = 555, respectively) and all references included in these articles (N = 21,805, N = 8,298, respectively). When interpreting the findings, we have assumed that different groups of sciences are characterized by different citation cultures. Our findings show that the formula for the Polish Impact Factor does not take into account the most cited sources in the humanities, i.e., books and chapters. Moreover, many citations will not be included in the formula because of the citation age: the formula for the Polish Impact Factor is provided for the citations whose age is not higher than 5 years. We have analyzed the citation age of all citations and used Price’s Index to interpret the result. We have found out that most of citations are older than 5 years (84,2 percent and 73,2 percent, respectively). Our analysis shows that the Polish Impact Factor is not an adequate tool for a bibliometric evaluation of the journals in the humanities in Poland. The article concludes with a discussion of how the Polish Impact Factor could be improved.

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