New insights on river water chemistry by using non-centred simplicial principal component analysis: a case study

The use of perturbation and power transformation operations permits the investigation of linear processes in the simplex as in a vectorial space. When the investigated geochemical processes can be constrained by the use of well-known starting point, the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of a non-centred principal component analysis allow to model compositional changes compared with a reference point. The results obtained for the chemistry of water collected in River Arno (central-northern Italy) have open new perspectives for considering relative changes of the analysed variables and to hypothesise the relative effect of different acting physical-chemical processes, thus posing the basis for a quantitative modelling

Determinants of intention to purchase chicken in Italy: the role of consumer risk perception and trust in different information sources

The article investigates how purchasing intentions among a sample of Italian consumers are influenced by different levels of risk perception and their trust in food-safety information provided by different sources such as the food industry, government agencies, or consumers' associations. The assessment of the determinants of intention to purchase was carried out by estimating a causal model for the chicken case in which attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived risk play a major role in determining buyer's behavior. In particular, the role of trust in influencing risk perception is highlighted either as a general construct or as specific constructs targeting food chain, policy actors, and the media. [EconLit citations: Q130, Q190, D120]. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Uncertainty and feasibility studies: an Italian case study

Uncertainty affects all aspects of the property market but one area where the impact of uncertainty is particularly significant is within feasibility analyses. Any development is impacted by differences between market conditions at the conception of the project and the market realities at the time of completion. The feasibility study needs to address the possible outcomes based on an understanding of the current market. This requires the appraiser to forecast the most likely outcome relating to the sale price of the completed development, the construction costs and the timing of both. It also requires the appraiser to understand the impact of finance on the project. All these issues are time sensitive and analysis needs to be undertaken to show the impact of time to the viability of the project. The future is uncertain and a full feasibility analysis should be able to model the upside and downside risk pertaining to a range of possible outcomes. Feasibility studies are extensively used in Italy to determine land value but they tend to be single point analysis based upon a single set of “likely” inputs. In this paper we look at the practical impact of uncertainty in variables using a simulation model (Crystal Ball ©) with an actual case study of an urban redevelopment plan for an Italian Municipality. This allows the appraiser to address the issues of uncertainty involved and thus provide the decision maker with a better understanding of the risk of development. This technique is then refined using a “two-dimensional technique” to distinguish between “uncertainty” and “variability” and thus create a more robust model.

Quantifying the value of ecosystem services: a case study of honeybee pollination in the UK

There is concern that insect pollinators, such as honey bees, are currently declining in abundance, and are under serious threat from environmental changes such as habitat loss and climate change; the use of pesticides in intensive agriculture, and emerging diseases. This paper aims to evaluate how much public support there would be in preventing further decline to maintain the current number of bee colonies in the UK. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to obtain the willingness to pay (WTP) for a theoretical pollinator protection policy. Respondents were asked whether they would be WTP to support such a policy and how much would they pay? Results show that the mean WTP to support the bee protection policy was £1.37/week/household. Based on there being 24.9 million households in the UK, this is equivalent to £1.77 billion per year. This total value can show the importance of maintaining the overall pollination service to policy makers. We compare this total with estimates obtained using a simple market valuation of pollination for the UK.

Information architecture for healthcare organizations: the case of a NHS Hospital in UK

Healthcare organizations are known for their complex and intense information environment. Healthcare information is facilitated via heterogeneous information systems or paper-based sources. Access to the right information under increasing time pressure is extremely challenging. This paper proposes an information architecture for healthcare organizations. It facilitates the provision of the right information to the right person in the right place and time tailored to their requirements. It adapts an abductive reasoning research approach. Organizational semiotics serves as its theoretical underpinning, guiding the data collection process through direct observation in the ophthalmology outpatient clinics of a UK hospital. It results the norm and information objects that form the information architecture. This is modeled by Archimate. The contribution of the information architecture can be seen from organizational, social and technical perspective. It clearly shows how information is facilitated within a healthcare organization, reducing duplicated data entry, and guiding the future technological implementation.

Cool roofs for passive cooling: performance in different climates and for different insulation levels in Italy

Roofs are severely hit by solar radiation in summer; hence the use of cool materials on the finishing layer provides a significant reduction in the heat flow entering the building, with sensible attenuation in the building cooling load. In this paper, a case study is presented, based on the dynamic simulation of an existing office building in Catania (southern Italy). Here, a part of the roof has been recently treated with a commercial cool paint, with the aim of improving thermal comfort in summer. Hence, the simulations represent a preliminary study that will allow assessing the expected effectiveness of the intervention. More in detail, the results of the simulations will be discussed in terms of both thermal comfort and energy savings, through the evaluation of parameters such as the roof surface temperature, the operative temperature and the cooling load for both conditions, i.e. with and without the cool paint. The paper also discusses the potential increase in the energy needs for winter heating, and looks at the overall annual balance in terms of primary energy; this is made by considering different climatic conditions and envelope characteristics. These aspects are usually not well highlighted in the current scientific literature.

Ethnicity and Cutaneous Melanoma in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil: A Case-Control Study

Background: Over the last century the incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased worldwide, a trend that has also been observed in Brazil. The identified risk factors for melanoma include the pattern of sun exposure, family history, and certain phenotypic features. In addition, the incidence of melanoma might be influenced by ethnicity. Like many countries, Brazil has high immigration rates and consequently a heterogenous population. However, Brazil is unique among such countries in that the ethnic heterogeneity of its population is primarily attributable to admixture. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of European ethnicity to the risk of cutaneous melanoma in Brazil. Methodology/Principal Findings: We carried out a hospital-based case-control study in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. We evaluated 424 hospitalized patients (202 melanoma patients and 222 control patients) regarding phenotypic features, sun exposure, and number of grandparents born in Europe. Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found the following variables to be independently associated with melanoma: grandparents born in Europe-Spain (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.03-8.77), Italy (OR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.41-8.57), a Germanic/Slavic country (OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.05-8.93), or >= 2 European countries (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.06-7.47); eye color-light brown (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.14-3.84) and green/blue (OR = 4.62; 95% CI 2.22-9.58); pigmented lesion removal (OR = 3.78; 95% CI: 2.21-6.49); no lifetime sunscreen use (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.03-9.22); and lifetime severe sunburn (OR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.03-3.19). Conclusions: Our results indicate that European ancestry is a risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Such risk appears to be related not only to skin type, eye color, and tanning capacity but also to others specific characteristics of European populations introduced in the New World by European immigrants.

Analisi e valutazione delle performance acustiche degli aeromobili nella fase di atterraggio

Nella tesi si analizzano le principali fonti del rumore aeronautico, lo stato dell'arte dal punto di vista normativo, tecnologico e procedurale. Si analizza lo stato dell'arte anche riguardo alla classificazione degli aeromobili, proponendo un nuovo indice prestazionale in alternativa a quello indicato dalla metodologia di certificazione (AC36-ICAO) Allo scopo di diminuire l'impatto acustico degli aeromobili in fase di atterraggio, si analizzano col programma INM i benefici di procedure CDA a 3° rispetto alle procedure tradizionali e, di seguito di procedure CDA ad angoli maggiori in termini di riduzione di lunghezza e di area delle isofoniche SEL85, SEL80 e SEL75.

Modellazione numerica del comportamento di una struttura in muratura

In questi ultimi anni il tema della sicurezza sismica degli edifici storici in muratura ha assunto particolare rilievo in quanto a partire soprattutto dall’ordinanza 3274 del 2003, emanata in seguito al sisma che colpì il Molise nel 2002, la normativa ha imposto un monitoraggio ed una classificazione degli edifici storici sotto tutela per quanto riguarda la vulnerabilità sismica (nel 2008, quest’anno, scade il termine per attuare quest’opera di classificazione). Si è posto per questo in modo più urgente il problema dello studio del comportamento degli edifici storici (non solo quelli che costituiscono monumento, ma anche e soprattutto quelli minori) e della loro sicurezza. Le Linee Guida di applicazione dell’Ordinanza 3274 nascono con l’intento di fornire strumenti e metodologie semplici ed efficaci per affrontare questo studio nei tempi previsti. Il problema si pone in modo particolare per le chiese, presenti in grande quantità sul territorio italiano e di cui costituiscono gran parte del patrimonio culturale; questi edifici, composti di solito da grandi elementi murari, non presentano comportamento scatolare, mancando orizzontamenti, elementi di collegamento efficace e muri di spina interni e sono particolarmente vulnerabili ad azioni sismiche; presentano inoltre un comportamento strutturale a sollecitazioni orizzontali che non può essere colto con un approccio globale basato, ad esempio, su un’analisi modale lineare: non ci sono modi di vibrare che coinvolgano una sufficiente parte di massa della struttura; si hanno valori dei coefficienti di partecipazione dei varii modi di vibrare minori del 10% (in generale molto più bassi). Per questo motivo l’esperienza e l’osservazione di casi reali suggeriscono un approccio di studio degli edifici storici sacri in muratura attraverso l’analisi della sicurezza sismica dei cosiddetti “macroelementi” in cui si può suddividere un edificio murario, i quali sono elementi che presentano un comportamento strutturale autonomo. Questo lavoro si inserisce in uno studio più ampio iniziato con una tesi di laurea dal titolo “Analisi Limite di Strutture in Muratura. Teoria e Applicazione all'Arco Trionfale” (M. Temprati), che ha studiato il comportamento dell’arco trionfale della chiesa collegiata di Santa Maria del Borgo a San Nicandro Garganico (FG). Suddividere un edificio in muratura in più elementi è il metodo proposto nelle Linee Guida, di cui si parla nel primo capitolo del presente lavoro: la vulnerabilità delle strutture può essere studiata tramite il moltiplicatore di collasso quale parametro in grado di esprimere il livello di sicurezza sismica. Nel secondo capitolo si illustra il calcolo degli indici di vulnerabilità e delle accelerazioni di danno per la chiesa di Santa Maria del Borgo, attraverso la compilazione delle schede dette “di II livello”, secondo quanto indicato nelle Linee Guida. Nel terzo capitolo viene riportato il calcolo del moltiplicatore di collasso a ribaltamento della facciata della chiesa. Su questo elemento si è incentrata l’attenzione nel presente lavoro. A causa della complessità dello schema strutturale della facciata connessa ad altri elementi dell’edificio, si è fatto uso del codice di calcolo agli elementi finiti ABAQUS. Della modellazione del materiale e del settaggio dei parametri del software si è discusso nel quarto capitolo. Nel quinto capitolo si illustra l’analisi condotta tramite ABAQUS sullo stesso schema della facciata utilizzato per il calcolo manuale nel capitolo tre: l’utilizzo combinato dell’analisi cinematica e del metodo agli elementi finiti permette per esempi semplici di convalidare i risultati ottenibili con un’analisi non-lineare agli elementi finiti e di estenderne la validità a schemi più completi e più complessi. Nel sesto capitolo infatti si riportano i risultati delle analisi condotte con ABAQUS su schemi strutturali in cui si considerano anche gli elementi connessi alla facciata. Si riesce in questo modo ad individuare con chiarezza il meccanismo di collasso di più facile attivazione per la facciata e a trarre importanti informazioni sul comportamento strutturale delle varie parti, anche in vista di un intervento di ristrutturazione e miglioramento sismico.

Analisi del fine vita degli pneumatici attraverso una metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

This study aims to show the scope of environment impact due to tyre treatments. The study scrutinises a firm’s case, Marangoni S.p.A, which is one of the first pneumatics treatments firm with emphasis on disposed and recostructed exhausted pneumatics. In particular those pneumatic’s treatments are two: reconstruction (30% of the whole amount of the pneumatics given) and incineration (70% of the whole amount of the pneumatics given). With LCA methods (EcoIndicator 99, EPS 2000, EDIP 97, IMPACT 2002) it has been possible to value the impact on the environments in terms of human health, ecosystem quality and resources. In addition, comparison with the principal process and subsidiary processes within the main one has brought to highlight how some results could be understood in different way. This interpretation should bring politics and socials network to take decision in order to save our planet.

Valutazione delle performance degli scalpelli da perforazione: studi teorici, analisi dati e valutazioni tecnico-economiche

The study is aimed to calculate an innovative numerical index for bit performance evaluation called Bit Index (BI), applied on a new type of bit database named Formation Drillability Catalogue (FDC). A dedicated research programme (developed by Eni E&P and the University of Bologna) studied a drilling model for bit performance evaluation named BI, derived from data recorded while drilling (bit records, master log, wireline log, etc.) and dull bit evaluation. This index is calculated with data collected inside the FDC, a novel classification of Italian formations aimed to the geotechnical and geomechanical characterization and subdivisions of the formations, called Minimum Interval (MI). FDC was conceived and prepared at Eni E&P Div., and contains a large number of significant drilling parameters. Five wells have been identified inside the FDC and have been tested for bit performance evaluation. The values of BI are calculated for each bit run and are compared with the values of the cost per metre. The case study analyzes bits of the same type, diameters and run in the same formation. The BI methodology implemented on MI classification of FDC can improve consistently the bit performances evaluation, and it helps to identify the best performer bits. Moreover, FDC turned out to be functional to BI, since it discloses and organizes formation details that are not easily detectable or usable from bit records or master logs, allowing for targeted bit performance evaluations. At this stage of development, the BI methodology proved to be economic and reliable. The quality of bit performance analysis obtained with BI seems also more effective than the traditional “quick look” analysis, performed on bit records, or on the pure cost per metre evaluation.