1000 resultados para Leite - Qualidade
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The informal milk is recognized as the product marketed without inspection. We evaluated the microbiological quality, nutritional ingredients and substances inhibiting bacterial growth in 100 informal samples from cows milk, marketed in the southwest region of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was found that 77% of Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and 86% of Total Bacterial Count (TBC) of the samples were at odds with the maximum values required by Instruction Rules 62 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Supply. It was identified to solids contents in disagreement (36%), protein (23%), fat (38%), nonfat dry extract (43%) and 73% urea nitrogen. In 59% of the samples was detected residues of the bacterial growth inhibitors. Were isolated 240 strains of micro-organisms with a prevalence of enterobacteria, streptococci, staphylococci and fungi. The informal milk is marketed in the region without the minimum hygienic conditions and present risks to public health, and represents serious socio-economic problem for the region.
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This paper reports the results of an extension project carried out at Unesp/Veterinary Medicine course in Araçatuba city with milk farmers of the region. The aim of the project was to supply information to farmers concerning to good quality milk production and, at the same time, to follow up the evolution of milk quality parameters, according to the current Brazilian legislation. Every 45 days, approximately, lectures were presented to milk farmers in Araçatuba city region, approaching chemical and microbiological composition of milk, prevention and detection of mastitis, hygiene proceedings in milking and conservation of milk, cleaning and sanitization operations of facilities and equipments and prevention of adulteration. During the intervals between lectures, milk samples were collected from collective milk cooling tanks and analyzed for microbiological, hygienic and physicochemical tests. The main inadequacies in milk quality were high total bacteria and somatic cells counts, low solids contents and water addition. These problems did not proceed to betterment during the project time. So, it was concluded that the time for instruction of farmers was not enough for a progress in the quality of the milk produced in the region, pointing out the need in continuing this kind of work.
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Na propriedade rural, onde o leite cru refrigerado fica armazenado até a captação pelo caminhão tanque em coleta a granel, o mesmo é mantido a temperatura de refrigeração entre 1 a 4ºC por longos períodos (até 96 horas), os microrganismos psicrotróficos encontram condições favoráveis para sua multiplicação, produzindo enzimas proteolíticas e lipolíticas termotolerantes, podendo provocar alterações indesejáveis no leite e nos seus derivados. Quando estes microrganismos estão presentes em elevadas populações, pode ser indicativo de baixa qualidade do leite e insatisfatória condições sanitárias para o processamento. Devido a necessidade da melhora da qualidade dos produtos lácteos, objetivou-se a execução desta pesquisa realizando levantamentos sobre o cumprimento dos padrões microbiológicos exigidos pela atual legislação brasileira IN 62 (BRASIL, 2011), pesquisas sobre os microrganismos psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp. e produção de enzimas proteolítica e lipolítica por Pseudomonas spp. As coletas foram realizadas em 10 propriedades do Estado de São Paulo na Regional Agrícola do Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural - EDR Limeira - SP, sendo, 5 propriedades com ordenha manual e 5 propriedades com ordenha mecânica, nos períodos de chuva e seca e em vários pontos durante a obtenção do leite cru refrigerado e também do leite com intervalo de 24 horas até a captação deste leite pelo caminhão. As médias das populações dos microrganismos mesófilos na ordenha manual, foi diferente estatisticamente significativo no leite recém ordenhado (1,52×106 UFC.mL-1) para o leite com 24 horas de armazenamento (2,67×107 UFC.mL-1) no período chuvoso, e na ordenha mecânica, o encontrado foi uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no leite recém ordenhado (3,87×106 UFC.mL-1) para o leite com 24 horas de armazenamento (9,82×108 UFC.mL-1) também no período chuvoso. Nas populações dos microrganismos psicrotróficos, suas médias diferiram estatisticamente na ordenha manual no período da chuva no leite recém ordenhado (1,48×104 UFC.mL-1) para o leite com 48 horas de armazenamento (1,49×105 UFC.mL-1) e na ordenha mecânica, o leite recém ordenhado (8,74×103 UFC.mL-1), com 24 horas de armazenamento (4,33×104 UFC.mL-1) não diferiram entre si e foram diferentes estatisticamente do leite com 48 horas de armazenamento (3,46×105 UFC.mL-1) apresentaram valor elevado, principalmente quando o leite cru refrigerado permanece por longos períodos de armazenamento na propriedade rural, que pode ser um sério fator de comprometimento pela produção de lipases ou proteases principalmente pelas Pseudomonas spp. onde em todos os pontos amostrados foram isolados este microrganismo produzindo enzimas (lipase e/ou protease). A maior porcentagem de atividade lipolítica foi verificada no período seco, já a maior porcentagem de atividade proteolítica foi verificada no período chuvoso. Contudo, deve-se intensificar as medidas de autocontrole para minimizar os efeitos dos microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos sobre a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado e, consequentemente, de seus derivados.
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The unstable non acid milk (UNAM) is characterized by coagulation in the alcohol test and wanted acidity (14-18°D). Among Brazilian regions, the South and Southeast have the highest occurrence of LINA, which has been causing problems for both producers and for industries, due to the disposal or undervaluation of milk. In the Northeast there are few studies that indicate their occurrence and quality. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of unstable non-acid milk in the west and central mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, determine their physicochemical characteristics, test alcoholic graduations and evaluate their correlation with the quality of milk. 176 raw milk samples were analyzed in the period from September to December /2014 from 23 APASA’s cooling tanks, located in 7 cities of west and central mesoregions RN. The samples were collected in duplicate, one sample used for alcohol testing at 68, 72 and 76%, measurement of pH, acidity, electrical conductivity and boiling proof, made in LABOLEITE / UFRN; and the other sample containing Bronopol® preservative, was sent to the APCBRH (Cattle Breeders Association Paranaense Holstein) laboratory in Curitiba-PR, which were analyzed fat, protein, total solids, lactose, casein, urea nitrogen and somatic cell count. The test alcohol samples disapproved 31.82%, of which 30% proved to be non-acid, and 30% had high acidity. The samples were divided into three classes: Stable Milk, UNAM and acid milk. 3% Tukey test was used for comparison of stable milk components and UNAM and there was no significant difference between them. Both classes obtained averages within the standard required by IN 62. The average value of electric conductivity was 4.84 mS/cm for stable milk, 4.55 mS/cm for unstable and acid milk and 4.53 mS/cm for non-acid unstable milk. The electrical conductivity was positively correlated with alcohol stability of milk and negative correlation with acidity and pH. Could not observe direct relationship between the electrical conductivity and the somatic cell count.The boiling test was negative for all samples UNAM. It can be concluded that the incidence of UNAM in the studied region is low, although the predisposing factors such as heat stress, drought and nutritional deficiency. In conclusion, the UNAM has quality similar to stable milk, conform the norms required by Agriculture Ministry, and with adequate thermal stability, which proves that there is no reason to reject this milk by industry.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diet with selenium on the physico-chemical composition and somatic cell count of buffalo milk, and check the selenium waste in milk and minas kind fresh cheese. For the analysis of physical-chemical composition and SCC were used 2264 buffalo milk data from the Murrah, belonging to Tapuio Ltda, located in the agreste region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the period 2010 to 2014. To check the amount of selenium residue in buffalo milk and fresh cheese mines were used 100 Murrah buffaloes divided into 5 lots. The batches were formed according to the production levels of animals, wherein the amount of concentrate fed varied within each lot, which received 0.08 ppm / Se / kg of concentrate. Was collected from 300 ml of tank milk from and each lot, as well as 300 gr minas cheese, from August to November 2014, with the collection of lots held only in the month of November. The samples were sent to the Pernambuco Tecnology Institute for selenium residue analysis. The effect of the seasons was contrasted in two ways, namely: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter season or drought and rainy season. The analyzes statistics were performed using the procedures available in the software SAS® (SAS, 2002). Selenium level provided to the animals in this study was not significant to the point of detection of their residue in milk and the cheeses. However, it influences the reduction of the CCS. The milk characteristics were not affected by selenium use only the seasons.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diet with selenium on the physico-chemical composition and somatic cell count of buffalo milk, and check the selenium waste in milk and minas kind fresh cheese. For the analysis of physical-chemical composition and SCC were used 2264 buffalo milk data from the Murrah, belonging to Tapuio Ltda, located in the agreste region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the period 2010 to 2014. To check the amount of selenium residue in buffalo milk and fresh cheese mines were used 100 Murrah buffaloes divided into 5 lots. The batches were formed according to the production levels of animals, wherein the amount of concentrate fed varied within each lot, which received 0.08 ppm / Se / kg of concentrate. Was collected from 300 ml of tank milk from and each lot, as well as 300 gr minas cheese, from August to November 2014, with the collection of lots held only in the month of November. The samples were sent to the Pernambuco Tecnology Institute for selenium residue analysis. The effect of the seasons was contrasted in two ways, namely: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter season or drought and rainy season. The analyzes statistics were performed using the procedures available in the software SAS® (SAS, 2002). Selenium level provided to the animals in this study was not significant to the point of detection of their residue in milk and the cheeses. However, it influences the reduction of the CCS. The milk characteristics were not affected by selenium use only the seasons.
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No presente relatório são caracterizadas e descritas as atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio curricular na vertente da importância do maneio, ambiente e animal no controlo das mastites. Contempla ainda uma revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso sobre a problemática das mastites na exploração. No estudo de caso procurou avaliar-se a influência do maneio, ambiente e animal no controlo das mastites e o impacto que estas representam na quantidade e na qualidade do leite. Foi ainda realizado estudo em 30 bovinos, identificados como animais problema, com recolha de amostras de leite para análise de antibiograma com deteção de agente. Foi implementado um plano de prevenção e controlo de mastites que consistiu na implementação de medidas de higiene e maneio dos animais, implementação de operações de rotinas de ordenha, implementação de medidas preventivas com recurso a vacinação e estabelecimentos de protocolos de tratamentos para os animais com patologias associadas às mastites. Os resultados obtidos foram muito positivos, diminuindo de forma drástica a incidência de mastites de 20% para 5% anual e consequentemente, uma melhoria considerável da quantidade de leite (22 para 33 L/vaca/dia) e na qualidade do leite (CCS <300 000 cel/mL) produzido; Abstract: Mastitis: Importance of management, environment and animal. Plan for the prevention, control and impact on the quantity and quality of milk This report characterize and describe the activities carried out during the traineeship in the aspect of the importance of management, environment and animal in the control of mastitis. There is also a literature and a case study on the problem of mastitis on the farm review. In the case study we sought to evaluate the influence of management, environment and animal in the control of mastitis and the impact that they represent in the quantity and quality of milk. A study was also carried out in 30 cattle, identified as problem animals, with milk samples for antibiotic susceptibility analysis with agent detection. It was implemented a mastitis prevention and control plan with the implementation of hygiene measures and husbandry of animals, implementation of milking routine operations, and implementing preventive measures using vaccination and treatment protocols establishment for animal diseases associated with mastitis. The results were very positive, decreasing dramatically the incidence of 20% mastitis to 5% per year and hence a considerable improvement of the quantity (22 to 33 L/cow/day) and quality ( SCC <300,000 cells/mL) of milk produced.
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A produção e qualidade do leite são influenciadas por factores ambientais como a nutrição, factores genéticos como a raça, e factores fisiológicos como a idade a idade ao parto ou o número de ordenhas diárias. Este trabalho teve por objectivo estimar factores de correcção para os efeitos ambientais que influenciam a quantidade e qualidade do leite com vista ao melhoramento genético dos animais. Para isso, foram utilizados os registos de 23897 contrastes leiteiros de vacas de raça Frísia, no período de 6 anos, recolhidos a partir dos dados da ANABLE. De acordo com os resultados, obtidos através do método dos quadrados mínimos, observa-se que para a produção de leite, gordura e proteína, todos os efeitos fixos de variação são significativos nas três características produtivas estudadas, pelo que se conclui que há interacção entre a idade da vaca ao parto e a produção e qualidade do leite, assim como, a época do ano em que ocorre o parto e o número de ordenhas diárias a que o animal está sujeito. ABSTRACT; Cow production and milk quality are influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition, by genetic factors as breed and physiological factors as age at calving or milking frequency. This study aimed to estimate correction parameters for environmental factors with influence on milk production and quality embodying genetic improvement. For this propose, a data base was used with information related to 23987 milk tests collected from official milk recording program. According to the results, where the at least square procedure was adopted, it shows that all the fixed effects of variation significantly affect the productive performances, so it can be concluded that there is a significant interaction between milking frequency, age at calving and season when it occurs, and milk production and quality.
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2015
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2015
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Ubaporanga é um municipio brasileiro situado na região leste do Estado de Minas Gerais. A Unidade Básica de Saúde pesquisada é a José Sabino de Assis Leite, localizada no distrito de São Jose do Batatal, em área rural. O problema de maior relevância na equipe de saúde José Sabino de Assis Leite foi alta incidência de doenças cardiovasculares em pessoas idosas com maior ênfase em Diabetes e Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica descompensada. O objetivo desse trabalho é elaborar um plano de ação para modificação dos fatores de risco que influem na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Para a construção deste projeto foram utilizados trabalhos científicos e outros dados disponíveis na secretaria municipal de saúde de Ubaporanga. Foi disponibilizado horário na agenda de atendimentos para esse grupo de pacientes. Pretendeu-se aumentar o nível de informação dos pacientes sobre os principais fatores de risco em relação a sua doença. Para a realização desse projeto de intervenção foi preciso articular parceria entre unidade básica de saúde e secretaria de saúde do município. A pesquisa da qualidade de vida dos portadores de diabetes mellitus surge para orientar os serviços de saúde e com isso a prática clínica sendo assim se nota a fundamental relevância para o processo de tomada de decisão e determinação do benefício terapêutico. Com um melhor acompanhamento familiar e seguimento padronizado em consulta, torna-se possível se ter um controle satisfatório da doença e assim pode-se evitar agravos relacionados aos portadores de diabetes