Acrylic bone cements modified with bioactive and biodegradable fillers

O cimento ósseo acrílico é o único material utilizado para a fixação de próteses em cirurgias ortopédicas, surgindo como uma alternativa às técnicas não cimentadas. Cerca de um milhão de pacientes são anualmente tratados para a substituição total da articulação do quadril e do joelho. Com a maior expectativa de vida da população e o aumento do número de cirurgias realizadas por ano espera-se que o uso do cimento ósseo aumente substancialmente. A fraca ligação do cimento ao osso é um problema comum que pode causar perda asséptica da prótese. Assim, torna-se necessário investir no desenvolvimento de cimentos ósseos alternativos que permitam promover maior estabilidade e melhor desempenho do implante. O principal objetivo desta tese foi desenvolver um cimento ósseo bioativo, capaz de ligar-se ao osso, com propriedades melhoradas relativamente aos sistemas convencionais. A preparação dos materiais foi realizada por dois processos diferentes, a polimerização por via térmica e a polimerização por via química. Inicialmente, utilizando o processo térmico, foram desenvolvidos compósitos de PMMA-co-EHA reforçados com vidro de sílica (CSi) e vidro de boro (CB) e comparados em termos do seu comportamento in vitro em meio acelular e celular. A formação de precipitados de fosfato de cálcio foi observada sobre a superfície de todos os compósitos indicando que estes materiais são potencialmente bioativos. Em relação à avaliação biológica o CSi demonstrou um efeito indutor da proliferação das células. As células apresentaram uma morfologia normal e alta taxa de crescimento quando comparadas com o padrão de cultura. Por outro lado ocorreu inibição da proliferação celular para o CB provavelmente devido à sua elevada taxa de degradação, levando a uma elevada concentraçao de iões de B e de Mg no meio de cultura. O efeito do vidro nos cimentos curados por via química, incorporando um activador de baixa toxicidade, também foi avaliado. Os resultados sugerem que as novas formulações podem diminuir o efeito exotérmico na cura do cimento e melhorar as propriedades mecânicas (flexão e compressão). Outro estudo conduzido neste trabalho explorou a possibilidade de incorporar ibuprofeno (fármaco anti-inflamatório) no cimento, dando origem a um material capaz de ser simultaneamente, bioativo e promotor da libertação controlada de fármacos. Neste contexto foi evidenciado que o desempenho do cimento desenvolvido pode contribuir para minimizar o processo inflamatório associado a uma cirurgia ortopédica. Finalmente, a fase sólida do cimento ósseo bioativo foi modificada por diferentes polímeros biodegradáveis. A adição deste enchimento deu origem a um cimento parcialmente biodegradável que pode permitir a formação de poros e o crescimento ósseo para o interior do cimento, resultando numa melhor fixação da prótese.

Characterization of bioactive compounds of dealcoholized wine: valuation of distillation process

O vinho tinto é uma importante fonte de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante e que estão relacionados com a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e cancro. Estes compostos são um sub-produto do processo de destilação vínica utilizado para produzir aguardente necessária para a produção de Vinho do Porto. Esta tese tem como objetivo valorizar os compostos fenólicos resultantes das destilarias de vinho, através do estudo da sua composição, das interações com o material polimérico do vinho, da sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e avaliação dos seus potenciais efeitos biológicos in vitro. Isto irá permitir definir aplicações para estes compostos como ingredientes alimentares com propriedades funcionais. Dois vinhos tintos (RW1 e RW2) foram utilizados como fonte de compostos fenólicos. A fim de estudar estes compostos, cada vinho foi evaporado à pressão atmosférica, permitindo obter o respetivo vinho desalcolizado (DW1 e DW2). Os polissacarídeos e compostos fenólicos presentes nos vinhos desalcolizados foram fracionados por extração em fase sólida utilizando cartuchos C18 sep-pak. A fração hidrofóbica, rica em compostos fenólicos, foi separada em frações ricas em ácidos fenólicos, em procianidinas e em antocianinas, as quais foram usadas para avaliar a sua contribuição para a atividade antioxidante total e caracterização fenólica detalhada dos DW. Foram obtidas quantidades comparáveis de compostos fenólicos totais (1.3 g/L para RW1 e DW1, e 3.1 para RW2 e DW2), de taninos (1.2 g/L para RW1 e DW1 e 1.6 para RW2 e DW2) e de antocianinas (0.24 g/L para RW1 e DW1 e 0.41 para RW2 e DW2) para os vinhos e para os respetivos vinhos desalcolizados. A determinação da atividade antioxidante de RW e DW pelos métodos do DPPH e ABTS também originou valores semelhantes, permitindo inferir que o processo de destilação realizado não promoveu uma perda relevante de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante total de vinho deveu-se essencialmente à fração rica em antocianinas. Os dois DW foram dialisados para se obter o material polimérico dos vinhos (WPM1 e WPM2). O WPM1 e WPM2 apresentavam 1.1 e 1.3 g/L de material sólido, respetivamente. O WPM (WPM1 e WPM2) era composto por polissacarídeos (31 e 36%), proteínas (10 e 12%) e também por compostos fenólicos (32 e 43%). A análise de açúcares mostrou que as manoproteínas e as arabinogalactanas eram os principais polissacarídeos presentes. A extração do WPM com metanol deu origem a um material insolúvel em metanol (PMi) e a uma fração solúvel em metanol, que continuava a conter hidratos de carbono e compostos fenólicos, mostrando uma forte interação entre estes compostos. Para determinar a energia de ativação (Ea) da libertação dos compostos fenólicos de fracções de material polimérico do vinho, foram realizadas diálises do DW, WPM e PMi, utilizando-se quatro concentrações diferentes, a cinco temperaturas (5-40 °C). O valor da Ea foi 25 para o WPM e 61 kJ/mol para o PMi, mostrando que os compostos fenólicos do vinho podem estar associados de forma diferente à matriz polimérica e que uma fração pode estar, ainda, fortemente associada a esta matriz. A fim de avaliar a possível existência de interações seletivas com os compostos fenólicos, o WPM foi fracionado, permitindo a obtenção de uma fração rica em manoproteínas (MP), através de uma cromatografia de afinidade com concanavalina A e 3 frações ricas em arabinogalactanas (AG0, AG1 e AG2) obtidas por cromatografia de troca aniónica. Foi avaliada a difusão de nove antocianinas monoméricas através de uma membrana de diálise, em presença do WPM, e das frações ricas em MP e em AG. A diálise dos compostos fenólicos livres do vinho foi realizada como ensaio em branco. Todas as frações poliméricas mostraram capacidade para reter as antocianinas, embora em diferente extensão. Foi observada uma capacidade de retenção maior para as antocianinas acilglucosiladas do que para as antocianinas glucosiladas. A fração rica em AG teve uma maior contribuição para a capacidade de retenção das antocianinas pelo material polimérico vinho do que a fração rica em MP, principalmente quando as antocianinas estavam acetiladas. Com o objetivo de estudar formas para preservar, a longo prazo, as propriedades antioxidantes dos compostos fenólicos, o extrato de compostos fenólicos (PCE), em pó, foi armazenado em diferentes condições de luz e atmosfera, à temperatura ambiente durante 1 ano. Observou-se que o PCE armazenado no escuro, dentro de um exsicador sob atmosfera de azoto, preservou 95% da atividade antioxidante inicial. Também foram avaliadas as melhores condições para preservar as antocianinas quando em solução, armazenadas a duas temperaturas (5 e 30 ºC) durante 3 meses. A adição de 0.5 g/L de uma fração rica em polissacarídeos a um vinho armazenado a 30 ºC promoveu a proteção das antocianinas, especialmente das antocianinas cumaroiladas. Os potenciais efeitos biológicos dos compostos fenólicos foram avaliados em diferentes sistemas celulares in vitro utilizando as seguintes frações: WPM, WPS (polissacarídeos do vinho), WPC (compostos fenólicos do vinho), PA-E (fração rica em ácidos fenólicos), PR-E (fração rica em procianidinas) e APP-E (fração rica em antocianinas e procianidinas poliméricas). Foi observada uma maior viabilidade celular quando as células do carcinoma do cólon HT-29 foram expostas a dois agentes oxidantes (radiação UV e H2O2) em presença das frações PR-E e APP-E. Além disso, os extratos WPS, WPC, PR-E e APP-E mostraram propriedades anti-inflamatórias, avaliadas pela inibição da produção de NO por células de macrófagos RAW264.7, sendo o extrato APP-E (0.19 mg/mL) o que exibiu a maior capacidade anti-inflamatória. A fim de elucidar as propriedades antioxidantes dos extratos do vinho em células humanas, os glóbulos vermelhos (RBC) foram selecionados como um modelo metabolicamente simples. Os extratos WPM, WPS, WPC, PR-E, e APP-E mostraram efeito anti-hemolítico para a hemólise dos RBC provocada pelo peróxido de hidrogénio (H2O2) e pelo di-hidrocloreto de 2,2'-azo-bis(2-diaminopropano) (AAPH). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o processo de desalcoolização dos vinhos à pressão atmosférica, preservou as principais características antioxidantes dos compostos fenólicos. Estes compostos podem contribuir para a defesa das células contra agentes oxidantes, nomeadamente por terem um potencial de atividades anti-inflamatória e anti-hemolítica, promovendo a viabilidade celular. A interação dos compostos fenólicos do vinho com o material polimérico permite inferir uma dosagem contínua e gradual das antocianinas vinho tinto após a sua ingestão, contribuindo para um período mais longo da sua exposição e, como consequência, dos seus potenciais benefícios para a saúde.

Volatile terpenoids and C13 norisoprenoids in wines: development of rapid methods of analysis and evaluation of the sesquiterpenoids biological potential

Vitis vinifera L., the most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world, was the starting point for the development of this PhD thesis. This subject was exploited following on two actual trends: i) the development of rapid, simple, and high sensitive methodologies with minimal sample handling; and ii) the valuation of natural products as a source of compounds with potential health benefits. The target group of compounds under study were the volatile terpenoids (mono and sesquiterpenoids) and C13 norisoprenoids, since they may present biological impact, either from the sensorial point of view, as regards to the wine aroma, or by the beneficial properties for the human health. Two novel methodologies for quantification of C13 norisoprenoids in wines were developed. The first methodology, a rapid method, was based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry operating at selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM), using GC conditions that allowed obtaining a C13 norisoprenoid volatile signature. It does not require any pre-treatment of the sample, and the C13 norisoprenoid composition of the wine was evaluated based on the chromatographic profile and specific m/z fragments, without complete chromatographic separation of its components. The second methodology, used as reference method, was based on the HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM, allowing the GC conditions for an adequate chromatographic resolution of wine components. For quantification purposes, external calibration curves were constructed with β-ionone, with regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9968 (RSD 12.51 %) and 0.9940 (RSD of 1.08 %) for the rapid method and for the reference method, respectively. Low detection limits (1.57 and 1.10 μg L-1) were observed. These methodologies were applied to seventeen white and red table wines. Two vitispirane isomers (158-1529 L-1) and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) (6.42-39.45 μg L-1) were quantified. The data obtained for vitispirane isomers and TDN using the two methods were highly correlated (r2 of 0.9756 and 0.9630, respectively). A rapid methodology for the establishment of the varietal volatile profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' (FP) white wines by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS) was developed. Monovarietal wines from different harvests, Appellations, and producers were analysed. The study was focused on the volatiles that seem to be significant to the varietal character, such as mono and sesquiterpenic compounds, and C13 norisoprenoids. Two-dimensional chromatographic spaces containing the varietal compounds using the m/z fragments 93, 121, 161, 175 and 204 were established as follows: 1tR = 255-575 s, 2tR = 0,424-1,840 s, for monoterpenoids, 1tR = 555-685 s, 2tR = 0,528-0,856 s, for C13 norisoprenoids, and 1tR = 695-950 s, 2tR = 0,520-0,960 s, for sesquiterpenic compounds. For the three chemical groups under study, from a total of 170 compounds, 45 were determined in all wines, allowing defining the "varietal volatile profile" of FP wine. Among these compounds, 15 were detected for the first time in FP wines. This study proposes a HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS based methodology combined with classification-reference sample to be used for rapid assessment of varietal volatile profile of wines. This approach is very useful to eliminate the majority of the non-terpenic and non-C13 norisoprenic compounds, allowing the definition of a two-dimensional chromatographic space containing these compounds, simplifying the data compared to the original data, and reducing the time of analysis. The presence of sesquiterpenic compounds in Vitis vinifera L. related products, to which are assigned several biological properties, prompted us to investigate the antioxidant, antiproliferative and hepatoprotective activities of some sesquiterpenic compounds. Firstly, the antiradical capacity of trans,trans-farnesol, cis-nerolidol, α-humulene and guaiazulene was evaluated using chemical (DPPH• and hydroxyl radicals) and biological (Caco-2 cells) models. Guaiazulene (IC50= 0.73 mM) was the sesquiterpene with higher scavenger capacity against DPPH•, while trans,trans-farnesol (IC50= 1.81 mM) and cis-nerolidol (IC50= 1.48 mM) were more active towards hydroxyl radicals. All compounds, with the exception of α-humulene, at non-cytotoxic levels (≤ 1 mM), were able to protect Caco-2 cells from oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The activity of the compounds under study was also evaluated as antiproliferative agents. Guaiazulene and cis-nerolidol were able to more effectively arrest the cell cycle in the S-phase than trans,trans-farnesol and α-humulene, being the last almost inactive. The relative hepatoprotection effect of fifteen sesquiterpenic compounds, presenting different chemical structures and commonly found in plants and plant-derived foods and beverages, was assessed. Endogenous lipid peroxidation and induced lipid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide were evaluated in liver homogenates from Wistar rats. With the exception of α-humulene, all the sesquiterpenic compounds under study (1 mM) were effective in reducing the malonaldehyde levels in both endogenous and induced lipid peroxidation up to 35% and 70%, respectively. The developed 3D-QSAR models, relating the hepatoprotection activity with molecular properties, showed good fit (R2LOO > 0.819) with good prediction power (Q2 > 0.950 and SDEP < 2%) for both models. A network of effects associated with structural and chemical features of sesquiterpenic compounds such as shape, branching, symmetry, and presence of electronegative fragments, can modulate the hepatoprotective activity observed for these compounds. In conclusion, this study allowed the development of rapid and in-depth methods for the assessment of varietal volatile compounds that might have a positive impact on sensorial and health attributes related to Vitis vinifera L. These approaches can be extended to the analysis of other related food matrices, including grapes and musts, among others. In addition, the results of in vitro assays open a perspective for the promising use of the sesquiterpenic compounds, with similar chemical structures such as those studied in the present work, as antioxidants, hepatoprotective and antiproliferative agents, which meets the current challenges related to diseases of modern civilization.

Analysis of the organic matter associated to sea salt : definition of potential molecular markers based on the volatile composition and presence of glycosidic derivatives and polysaccharides

Sea salt is a natural product obtained from the evaporation of seawater in saltpans due to the combined effect of wind and sunlight. Nowadays, there is a growing interest for protection and re-valorisation of saltpans intrinsically associated to the quality of sea salt that can be evaluated by its physico-chemical properties. These man-made systems can be located in different geographical areas presenting different environmental surroundings. During the crystallization process, organic compounds coming from these surroundings can be incorporated into sea salt crystals, influencing their final composition. The organic matter associated to sea salt arises from three main sources: algae, surrounding bacterial community, and anthropogenic activity. Based on the hypothesis that sea salt contains associated organic compounds that can be used as markers of the product, including saltpans surrounding environment, the aim of this PhD thesis was to identify these compounds. With this purpose, this work comprised: 1) a deep characterisation of the volatile composition of sea salt by headspace solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCGC–ToFMS) methodology, in search of potential sea salt volatile markers; 2) the development of a methodology to isolate the polymeric material potentially present in sea salt, in amounts that allow its characterisation in terms of polysaccharides and protein; and 3) to explore the possible presence of triacylglycerides. The high chromatographic resolution and sensitivity of GC×GC–ToFMS enabled the separation and identification of a higher number of volatile compounds from sea salt, about three folds, compared to unidimentional chromatography (GC–qMS). The chromatographic contour plots obtained revealed the complexity of marine salt volatile composition and confirmed the relevance of GC×GC–ToFMS for this type of analysis. The structured bidimentional chromatographic profile arising from 1D volatility and 2D polarity was demonstrated, allowing more reliable identifications. Results obtained for analysis of salt from two locations in Aveiro and harvested over three years suggest the loss of volatile compounds along the time of storage of the salt. From Atlantic Ocean salts of seven different geographical origins, all produced in 2007, it was possible to identify a sub-set of ten compounds present in all salts, namely 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, isophorone, ketoisophorone, β-ionone-5,6-epoxide, dihydroactinidiolide, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methylpropanoate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diyl bis(2-methylpropanoate), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. These ten compounds were considered potential volatile markers of sea salt. Seven of these compounds are carotenoid-derived compounds, and the other three may result from the integration of compounds from anthropogenic activity as metabolites of marine organisms. The present PhD work also allowed the isolation and characterisation, for the first time, of polymeric material from sea salt, using 16 Atlantic Ocean salts. A dialysis-based methodology was developed to isolate the polymeric material from sea salt in amounts that allowed its characterisation. The median content of polymeric material isolated from the 16 salts was 144 mg per kg of salt, e.g. 0.014% (w/w). Mid-infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry revealed the main occurrence of sulfated polysaccharides, as well as the presence of protein in the polymeric material from sea salt. Sea salt polysaccharides were found to be rich in uronic acid residues (21 mol%), glucose (18), galactose (16), and fucose (13). Sulfate content represented a median of 45 mol%, being the median content of sulfated polysaccharides 461 mg/g of polymeric material, which accounted for 66 mg/kg of dry salt. Glycosidic linkage composition indicates that the main sugar residues that could carry one or more sulfate groups were identified as fucose and galactose. This fact allowed to infer that the polysaccharides from sea salt arise mainly from algae, due to their abundance and composition. The amino acid profile of the polymeric material from the 16 Atlantic Ocean salts showed as main residues, as medians, alanine (25 mol%), leucine (14), and valine (14), which are hydrophobic, being the median protein content 35 mg/g, i.e. 4,9 mg per kg of dry salt. Beside the occurrence of hydrophobic volatile compounds in sea salt, hydrophobic non-volatile compounds were also detected. Triacylglycerides were obtained from sea salt by soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Fatty acid composition revealed palmitic acid as the major residue (43 mol%), followed by stearic (13), linolenic (13), oleic (12), and linoleic (9). Sea salt triacylglycerides median content was 1.5 mg per kg of dry salt. Both protein and triacylglycerides seem to arise from macro and microalgae, phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, due to their abundance and composition. Despite the variability resulting from saltpans surrounding environment, this PhD thesis allowed the identification of a sea salt characteristic organic compounds profile based on volatile compounds, polysaccharides, protein, and triacylglycerides.

Traditional algarvian distillats and liqueurs historic scientific aspects

All the evidence indicates that distillation and liqueurs preparation began in Monchique mountain because this place was pointed as a possible capital of the oldest population of Algarve and an important Arabic village (Barreto, 1972: 19). It was possible to find lots of vestiges like the alembic produced by Arabic population near the X century (Telo, 1988: 77). Traditionally the Algarvian people produce the Arbutus unedo L., fig, carob, grape distillates. At the same time they produce liqueur-using maceration of parts of plants or fruits in some kinds of distillates. Most of the work about Algarvian distillates started by studying the basic compounds of Arbutus unedo spirits by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) as well as other physical-chemical properties. In a second phase aged distillates were studied by their phenolic compounds evolution using high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC). Volatile compounds of traditional liqueurs were identified by head space micro extraction solid phase (HE-SPME) and also analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and when possible confirmed with standards. Total phenols were determined by Folin-Ciocalteur method. Flavenoids were studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sensorial analysis was also done in every drink studies. The results showed that the arbutus distillate doesn’t present a high level of methanol according to the current legislation. The excesses of acidity or ethyl acetate present normal values when the fermentation is well done (Galego, et al. 1995: 341; Galego, et al. 1995: 685). During the aging process, the colour of spirits tend to become darker, the colour changes occurred more rapidly in the arbutus spirits located in cellars with higher temperatures (Galego, et al. 2001: 432). In the sensory evaluation of samples aged during 12 months into 50 L medium toasting level oak wood barrels, panellists considered that samples of arbutus spirit had too much wood flavour and they were not able to detect the characteristic aroma of arbutus fruit (Galego, et al., 2001: 183). Differences in liqueurs were observed using HS-SPME-GC, HS-SPME-GC-MS or HPLC analysis and this observation was confirmed by a sensorial panel (Galego, et al. 2003: 60).

Optimisation of an aptamer-biosensor to detect C-reactive protein

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Validation of a method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in water

Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Motorização de fármacos na água bruta e na água para consumo humano por cromatolografia líquida de ultra eficiência associada à espectrometria de massa tandem

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Bromatologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014

Desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia de produção de iogurtes funcionais com leite de cabra contendo fibra Beta vulgaris e frutos de Vaccinium cylindraceum

Dissertação de Mestrado, Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar, 02 de Junho de 2014, Universidade dos Açores.

Determination of the radiochemical purity of 99mTc-Tetrofosmin: comparision between five methods

GOAL: The manufacturing and distribution of strips of instant thin - layer chromatography with silica gel (ITLC - SG) (reference method) is currently discontinued so there is a need for an alternative method f or the determination of radiochemical purity (RCP) of 99m Tc - tetrofosmin. This study aims to compare five alternative methods proposed by the producer to determine the RCP of 99m Tc - tetrofosmin. METHODS: Nineteen vials of tetrofosmin were radiolabelled with 99m Tc and the percentages of the RCP were determined. Five different methods were compared with the standard RCP testing method (ITLC - SG, 2x20 cm): Whatman 3MM (1x10 cm) with acetone and dichloro - methane (method 1); Whatman 3MM (1x1 0 cm) with ethyl acetate (method 2); aluminum oxide - coated plastic thin - layer chromatography (TLC) plate (1x10 cm) and ethanol (method 3); Whatman 3MM (2x20 cm) with acetone and dichloro - methane (method 4); solid - phase extraction method C18 cartridge (meth od 5). RESULTS: The average values of RCP were 95,30% ± 1,28% (method 1), 93,95 ± 0,61% (method 2), 96,85% ± 0,93% (method 3), 92,94% ± 0,99% (method 4) and 96,25% ± 2,57% (method 5) (n=12 each), and 93,15% ± 1,13% for the standard method (n=19). There we re statistical significant differences in the values obtained for methods 1 (P=0,001), 3 (P=0,000) and 5 (P=0,004), and there were no statistical significant differences in the values obtained for methods 2 (P=0,113) and 4 (P=0,327). CONCLUSION: From the results obtained, methods 2 and 4 showed a higher correlation with the standard method. Unlike method 4, method 2 is less time - consuming than the reference method and can overcome the problems associated with the solvent toxicity. The remaining methods (1, 3 and 5) tended to overestimate RCP value compared to the standard method.

Projecto de pré-dimensionamento de uma ETAR em Luanda - Angola

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Hidráulica

Development of a SPME-GC-ECD methodology for selected pesticides in must and wine samples

A method for the determination of some pesticide residues in must and wine samples was developed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography – electron capture detection (GC/ECD). The procedure only needs dilution as sample pre-treatment and is therefore simple, fast and solvent-free. Eight fungicides (vinclozolin, procymidone, iprodione, penconazole, fenarimol, folpet, nuarimol and hexaconazole), one insecticide (chlorpyriphos) and two acaricides (bromopropylate and tetradifon) can be quantified. Good linearity was observed for all the compounds in the range 5–100 µg/L. The reproducibility of the measurements was found acceptable (with RSD’s below 20%). Detection limits of 11 µg/L, on average, are sufficiently below the proposed maximum residue limits (MRL’s) for these compounds in wine. The analytical method was applied to the determination of these compounds in Portuguese must and wine samples from the Demarcated Region of Alentejo, where any residues could be detected.

Adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin on cork and activated carbon

Studies were undertaken to determine the adsorption behavior of α-cypermethrin [R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(1S)-cis- 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] in solutions on granules of cork and activated carbon (GAC). The adsorption studies were carried out using a batch equilibrium technique. A gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to analyze α-cypermethrin after solid phase extraction with C18 disks. Physical properties including real density, pore volume, surface area and pore diameter of cork were evaluated by mercury porosimetry. Characterization of cork particles showed variations thereby indicating the highly heterogeneous structure of the material. The average surface area of cork particles was lower than that of GAC. Kinetics adsorption studies allowed the determination of the equilibrium time—24 hours for both cork (1–2 mm and 3–4 mm) and GAC. For the studied α-cypermethrin concentration range, GAC revealed to be a better sorbent. However, adsorption parameters for equilibrium concentrations, obtained through the Langmuir and Freundlich models, showed that granulated cork 1–2 mm have the maximum amount of adsorbed α-cypermethrin (qm) (303 μg/g); followed by GAC (186 μg/g) and cork 3-4 mm (136 μg/g). The standard deviation (SD) values, demonstrate that Freundlich model better describes the α-cypermethrin adsorption phenomena on GAC, while α-cypermethrin adsorption on cork (1-2 mm and 3-4 mm) is better described by the Langmuir. In view of the adsorption results obtained in this study it appears that granulated cork may be a better and a cheaper alternative to GAC for removing α-cypermethrin from water.

Analysis of PCBs in soils and sediments by microwave-assisted extraction, headspace-SPME and high resolution gas chromatography with ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry

A procedure for the determination of seven indicator PCBs in soils and sediments using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) prior to GC-MS/MS is described. Optimization of the HS-SPME was carried out for the most important parameters such as extraction time, sample volume and temperature. The adopted methodology has reduced consumption of organic solvents and analysis runtime. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limit ranged from 0.6 to 1 ng/g when 5 g of sample was extracted, the precision on real samples ranged from 4 to 21% and the recovery from 69 to 104%. The proposed method, which included the analysis of a certified reference material in its validation procedure, can be extended to several other PCBs and used in the monitoring of soil or sediments for the presence of PCBs.

Determination of pesticides in fruit and fruit juices by chromatographic methods. An overview

In order to combat a variety of pests, pesticides are widely used in fruits. Several extraction procedures (liquid extraction, single drop microextraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and stir bar sorptive extraction) have been reported to determine pesticide residues in fruits and fruit juices. The significant change in recent years is the introduction of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) methods in these matrices analysis. A combination of techniques reported the use of new extraction methods and chromatography to provide better quantitative recoveries at low levels. The use of mass spectrometric detectors in combination with liquid and gas chromatography has played a vital role to solve many problems related to food safety. The main attention in this review is on the achievements that have been possible because of the progress in extraction methods and the latest advances and novelties in mass spectrometry, and how these progresses have influenced the best control of food, allowing for an increase in the food safety and quality standards.