Study on the hydrolysis/precipitation behavior of Keggin Al-13 and Al-30 polymers in polyaluminum solutions

The hydrolysis/precipitation behaviors of Al3+, Al-13 and Al-30 under conditions typical for flocculation in water treatment were investigated by studying the particulates' size development, charge characteristics, chemical species and speciation transformation of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates. The optimal pH conditions for hydrolysis precipitates formation for AlCl3, PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) were 6.5-7.5, 8.5-9.5, and 7.5-9.5, respectively. The precipitates' formation rate increased with the increase in dosage, and the relative rates were AlCl3 >> PAC(A130) > PACA113. The precipitates' size increased when the dosage increased from 50 mu M to 200 mu M, but it decreased when the dosage increased to 800 AM. The Zeta potential of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates decreased with the increase in pH for the three coagulants. The isoelectric points of the freshly formed precipitates for AlCl3, PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) were 7.3, 9.6 and 9.2, respectively. The Zeta potentials of AlCl3 hydrolysis precipitates were lower than those of PAC(A113) and PAC(A130) when pH > 5.0. The Zeta potential of PAC(A130) hydrolysis precipitates was higher than that of PACA113 at the acidic side, but lower at the alkaline side. The dosage had no obvious effect on the Zeta potential of hydrolysis precipitates under fixed pH conditions. The increase in Zeta potential with the increase in dosage under uncontrolled pH conditions was due to the pH depression caused by coagulant addition. Al-Ferron research indicated that the hydrolysis precipitates of AlCl3 were composed of amorphous AI(OH)3 precipitates, but those of PACA113 and PACA130 were composed of aggregates of Al-13 and Al-30, respectively. Al3+ was the most un-stable species in coagulants, and its hydrolysis was remarkably influenced by solution pH. Al-13 and Al-30 species were very stable, and solution pH and aging had little effect on the chemical species of their hydrolysis products. The research method involving coagulant hydrolysis precipitates based on Al-Ferron reaction kinetics was studied in detail. The Al species classification based on complex reaction kinetic of hydrolysis precipitates and Ferron reagent was different from that measured in a conventional coagulant assay using the Al--Ferron method. The chemical composition of Al-a, Al-b and Al-c depended on coagulant and solution pH. The Al-b measured in the current case was different from Keggin Al-13, and the high Alb content in the AlCl3 hydrolysis precipitates could not used as testimony that most of the Al3+ Was converted to highly charged Al-13 species during AlCl3 coagulation.

Chaotic behavior of pulsating heat pipes

Chaotic behavior of closed loop pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) was studied. The PHPs were fabricated by capillary tubes with outer and inner diameters of 2.0 and 1.20 mm. FC-72 and deionized water were used as the working fluids. Experiments cover the following data ranges: number of turns of 4, 6, and 9, inclination angles from 5 degrees (near horizontal) to 90, (vertical), charge ratios from 50% to 80%, heating powers from 7.5 to 60.0 W. The nonlinear analysis is based on the recorded time series of temperatures on the evaporation, adiabatic, and condensation sections. The present study confirms that PHPs are deterministic chaotic systems. Autocorrelation functions (ACF) are decreased versus time, indicating prediction ability of the system is finite. Three typical attractor patterns are identified. Hurst exponents are very high, i.e., from 0.85 to 0.95, indicating very strong persistent properties of PHPs. Curves of correlation integral versus radius of hypersphere indicate two linear sections for water PHPs, corresponding to both high frequency, low amplitude, and low frequency, large amplitude oscillations. At small inclination angles near horizontal, correlation dimensions are not uniform at different turns of PHPs. The non-uniformity of correlation dimensions is significantly improved with increases in inclination angles. Effect of inclination angles on the chaotic parameters is complex for FC-72 PHPs, but it is certain that correlation dimensions and Kolmogorov entropies are increased with increases in inclination angles. The optimal charge ratios are about 60-70%, at which correlation dimensions and Kolmogorov entropies are high. The higher the heating power, the larger the correlation dimensions and Kolmogorov entropies are. For most runs, large correlation dimensions and Kolmogorov entropies correspond to small thermal resistances, i.e., better thermal performance, except for FC-72 PHPs at small inclination angles of theta < 15 degrees.

Study on the Dissociation Behavior of Gas Hydrate in Porous Sediment Based on Fractal Theory

The dissociation process of gas hydrate was regarded as a gas-solid reaction without solid production layer when the temperature was above the zero centigrade. Based on the shrinking core model and the fractal theory, a fractional dimension dynamical model for gas hydrate dissociation in porous sediment was established. The new approach of evaluating the fractal dimension of the porous media was also presented. The fractional dimension dynamical model for gas hydrate dissociation was examined with the previous experimental data of methane hydrate and carbon dioxide hydrate dissociations, respectively. The calculated results indicate that the fractal dimensions of porous media acquired with this method agree well with the previous study. With the absolute average deviation (AAD) below 10%, the present model provided satisfactory predictions for the dissociation process of methane hydrate and carbon dioxide hydrate.

Experimental Investigation into the Production Behavior of Methane Hydrate in Porous Sediment with Hot Brine Stimulation

The gas production behavior from methane hydrate in porous sediment by injecting the brine with the salinity of 0−24 wt % and the temperature of −1 to 130 °C was investigated in a one-dimensional experimental apparatus. The results show that the gas production process consists of three periods: the free gas production, the hydrate dissociation, and the general gas reservoir production. The hydrate dissociation accompanies the temperature decrease with the injection of the brine (NaCl solution), and the dissociation duration is shortened with the increase of the salinity. With the injection of hot brine, instantaneous hydrate dissociation rate also increases with the increase of the salinity. However, while the NaCl concentration is beyond a certain value, the rate has no longer continued increasing. Thermal efficiency and energy ratio for the hydrate production can be enhanced by injecting hot brine, and the enhanced effectiveness is quite good with the injection of high salinity at lower temperature.

Experimental investigation of production behavior of methane hydrate under ethylene glycol injection in unconsolidated sediment

This article investigates the gas production behavior from methane hydrate (MH) in porous sediment by injecting ethylene glycol (EG) solution with the different concentrations and the different injection rates in an one-dimensional experimental apparatus. The results suggest that the gas production process can be divided into the four stages: (1) the initial injection, (2) the EG diluteness, (3) the hydrate dissociation, and (4) the remained gas output. Nevertheless, the water production rate keeps nearly constant during the whole production process. The production efficiency is affected by both the EG concentration and the EG injection rate, and it reaches a maximum with the EG concentration of 60 wt %.

Accurate determination of electronic transition energy of carbon nanotubes from the resonant behavior of radial breathing modes and their overtones

The resonant Raman behavior of the radial breathing modes are very useful to analyze the electronic property of carbon nanotubes. We investigated the resonant behaviors of Stokes and anti-Stokes radial breathing mode and its overtone of a metallic nanotube, and show how to accurately determine the electronic transition energy of carbon nanotubes from radial breathing modes and their overtones. Based on the present results, the previously reported resonant Raman behavior of the radial breathing modes of SWINT bundles can be interpreted very well.

PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE GAAS/ALXGA1-XAS SUPERLATTICE ELECTRODE/ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE

Single and multiple quantum wells of lattice-matched superlattices material GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs have been studied as photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical cells containing nonaqueous electrolyte. Structural photocurrent spectra in the potential range of -1.8 to 1.0 V (vs standard calomel electrode) were obtained. The quantum yields for both superlattice electrodes were estimated and compared.

PRESSURE BEHAVIOR OF INXGA1-XAS/GAAS STRAINED QUANTUM-WELLS WITH DIFFERENT WIDTHS

The photoluminescence of InxGa1-xAs/GaAs strained quantum wells with widths of 30 angstrom to 160 angstrom have been studied at 77 K under hydrostatic pressure up to 60 kbar. It is found that the pressure coefficients of exciton peaks from 1st conduction subband to heavy hole subband increase from 9.74 meV/kbar for a 160 angstrom well to 10.12 meV/kbar for a 30 angstrom well. The calculation based on the Kronig-Penney model indicated that the extension of the electronic wave function to the barrier layer in the narrow wells is one of the reasons for the increase of the pressure coefficients with the decrease of well width. Two peaks related to indirect transitions were observed at pressures higher than 50 kbar.

PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF RUTHENIUM IN SILICON

We report the physical behavior of Ru atom in silicon in this paper. Two energy levels E(0.58) and H(0.34) were observed. The pure substitutional Ru in silicon was responsible for the H(0.34), and the E(0.58) was introduced by a complex of a Ru atom and a vacancy (or vacancies). By use of scattered wave-X-alpha (SW-X-alpha) cluster method the theoretical calculation of electronic states for substitutional Ru atom in silicon has been performed. The results obtained were compared with those of experimental measurements.

Ge composition saturation behavior during low-temperature Si1-xGex growth by disilane and solid Ge molecular beam epitaxy

Ge composition dependence on the Ge cell temperature has been studied during the growth of Si1-xGex by disilane and solid Ge molecular beam epitaxy at a substrate temperature of 500 degrees C. It is found that the composition x increases and then saturates when the Ge cell temperature increases, which is different from the composition-dependent behavior in growth at high temperature as well as in growth by molecular beam epitaxy using disilane and germane. The enhanced hydrogen desorption from a Ge site alone cannot account for this abnormal composition-variation behavior. We attribute this behavior to the increase of rate constant of H desorption on a Si site when the Ge cell temperature increases.

Threshold behavior in backgating in GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors: Induced by limitation of channel-substrate junction to leakage current

An analytical model is proposed to understand backgating in GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs), in which the effect of channel-substrate (CS) junction is included. We have found that the limitation of CS junction to leakage current will cause backgate voltage to apply directly to CS junction and result in a threshold behavior in backgating effect. A new and valuable expression for the threshold voltage has been obtained. The corresponding threshold electric field is estimated to be in the range of 1000-4000 V/cm and for the first time is in good agreement with reported experimental data. More, the eliminated backgating effect in MESFETs that are fabricated on the GaAs epitaxial layer grown at low temperature is well explained by our theory. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.