Fighting climate change in the air: lessons from the EU directive on global aviation

The European Union's (EU) decision to include aviation into the Emissions Trade Scheme was heatedly contested. Countries around the world, but mainly the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa group (BRICS) and the US, denounced the EU's initiate as illegal and unilateral. Following a decade of frustrated negotiations at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), this paper interrogates why such measure, in principle climate-friendly, inspired so much global resentment. I argue that concerns with competitiveness and risks of legal inconsistency are important, but insufficient elements to explain the core of the conflict. The paper suggests that the EU was strongly criticized because third countries perceived this action as an imposed solution, which fostered an environment of distrust. Therefore, I claim that the problem has more to do with a normative divide than with a substantive divergence on what should be done regarding aviation emissions. My analysis is informed by the present literature on the links between trade and climate change, but gives particular weight to first-hand information through interviews with key stakeholders. The paper is divided in three parts. First, it presents the scope of the EU directive in historical perspective. Second, it explores the EU's measure through three different angles: legal, economical and political. The final part explores some possible solutions to overcome these divergences.

Five generations of peace operations: from the "thin blue line" to "painting a country blue"

This article combines both international practice and analytical contributions into a systematic and synthetic presentation of the evolution of peace operations from their modern inception in 1948 to the present. It seeks to serve a didactic purpose in proposing a basic structure for Brazilian scholars' burgeoning debate on peace operations and intervention, rather than a definitive characterization of blue helmet practice. Peace operations' progression is traced through five analytical "generations," each adding a crucial factor distinguishing it from its predecessors. Each generation is placed in relation to changes in the nature of conflict and in the interpretation of the foundational principles of peace operations, and links to broader theoretical issues in International Relations are made explicit at each stage.

The UN peacebuilding process: an analysis of its shortcomings in Timor-Leste

This paper brings a comprehensive analysis of the peacebuilding process conducted by the UN in Timor-Leste. Drawing on fieldwork, interviews, and secondary sources, the paper brings light to the main fragilities of this process. Firstly, the paper briefly outlines the scholarly debate around UN peacebuilding process. Then, the paper brings an overview of the UN missions deployed to Timor-Leste. Finally, the paper identifies the major limitations of such engagement. By highlighting the main flaws of this peacebuilding process, the paper opens the space for (re)thinking alternative ways of building peace in post-conflict scenarios.

Accounting and the ���Doctor-Manager Relationship���

The adoption of the ���new public management��� in the hospital sector brought about greater presence and power to professional managers in hospitals, thus increasing the risk of conflict in the doctor-manager relationship. Aiming to enrich the discussion on the factors that could be the bases for this conflict and considering the role of accounting, the study presented here corresponds, basically, to what we call ���content analysis��� of qualitative studies. The results demonstrate that the Portuguese doctors as the sample studied accept, in essence, the principles of enterprise management and recognize the use of accounting information in the scope of their functions as long as they are called to participate as legitimate actors, and authorities respect their desires to preserve a practice which they consider of quality.

Li����es de "Media����o Penal", Mestrado em Solicitadoria, 2013/2014

I ��� Media����o Penal; 1-Especificidade do conflito penal; 2-A Media����o Penal e as suas principais caracter��sticas; 3-Evolu����o da Media����o Penal em Portugal e no ��mbito da Uni��o Europeia; 4-A pr��tica da media����o penal ��� quais as situa����es de conflito a que se dirige e quem pode participar; 5-Acordos de media����o penal; �� I. Criminal Mediation; 1-Criminal conflict; 2-Criminal Mediation ��� concept and main features; 3-Evolution of Criminal Mediation in Portugal and in Europe; 4-Practice regarding criminal mediation ��� specific conflicts and participants; 5-Criminal Mediation agreements.

ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN APPLICATION SCORING MODELS

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of psychological variables and scales suggested by Economic Psychology in predicting individuals’ default. Therefore, a sample of 555 individuals completed a self-completion questionnaire, which was composed of psychological variables and scales. By adopting the methodology of the logistic regression, the following psychological and behavioral characteristics were found associated with the group of individuals in default: a) negative dimensions related to money (suffering, inequality and conflict); b) high scores on the self-efficacy scale, probably indicating a greater degree of optimism and over-confidence; c) buyers classified as compulsive; d) individuals who consider it necessary to give gifts to children and friends on special dates, even though many people consider this a luxury; e) problems of self-control identified by individuals who drink an average of more than four glasses of alcoholic beverage a day.

Aprendizagem Cooperativa : um contributo para a diferencia����o pedag��gica inclusiva

A disserta����o incidiu na diferencia����o pedag��gica inclusiva, especificamente, num grupo/turma com diferentes anos de escolaridade, com aprendizagens diferentes, e alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais (NEE) de ��ndole comportamental e cognitivo, tendo como objectivo constituir alternativa ao problema. As professoras titulares de turma e de educa����o especial, em coopera����o, planificaram e implementaram este estudo, cujo ponto de partida consistia em promover o desenvolvimento pessoal e social, tendo por base um livro pertencente ao Plano Nacional de Leitura (PNL). Foram desenvolvidas estruturas cooperativas de forma a melhorar comportamentos e aprendizagens em todos os alunos e em especial dos alunos com NEE. Neste processo de observa����o e reflex��o, a experi��ncia foi conceptualizada e analisada com o objectivo de contribuir para a mudan��a. A an��lise de dados do trabalho individual e de grupo dos alunos, onde se inferiu uma maior ajuda, autonomia, responsabilidade, envolvimento e interesse, pelas actividades, permitiu-nos verificar que os objectivos foram alcan��ados na sua maioria O estudo permitiu evidenciar a diminui����o de conflitos comportamentais, contribuindo para um clima de entreajuda englobando todos os alunos, onde a partilha de conhecimentos coadjuvou para melhorar as aprendizagens de todos.

O papel da Organiza����o das Na����es Unidas em Angola

RESUMO: Angola tem sido ao longo dos tempos objecto de cobi��a por parte de pa��ses estrangeiros por motiva����es diversas, que foram desde interesses coloniais ��� como aconteceu com Portugal, que durante s��culos a colonizou, e da Holanda, que dominou Luanda entre 1641 e 1648 ��� ou por interesses hegem��nicos, ideol��gicos e pol��ticos ��� como sucedeu com os EUA e a URSS, mas tamb��m com a Republica Popular da China e Cuba ��� e at�� por interesses regionais ��� como foram os casos da ��frica do Sul e dos cont��guos Congo Belga, hoje Republica Democr��tica do Congo, e Z��mbia. No entanto, a todos estes interesses diversos n��o se pode excluir um que lhes �� transversal: o interesse econ��mico. De facto, os 1246700 km�� de que Angola disp��e, aliados �� sua excelente localiza����o geogr��fica com uma extensa costa atl��ntica e a sua extraordin��ria riqueza em recursos naturais podem explicar este envolvimento estrangeiro na Hist��ria de Angola. No que diz respeito ao objecto da Disserta����o, o envolvimento da ONU nas quest��es relacionadas com Angola remonta �� d��cada de 50, ou seja, ao per��odo colonial e muito antes da independ��ncia do pa��s em 1975, devido �� pol��tica descolonizadora sa��da da II Guerra Mundial. Al��m disso, a din��mica que emergiu da II Guerra Mundial, rapidamente, reconfigurou o panorama pol��tico internacional em dois blocos: o ocidental liderado pelos EUA e o de Leste liderado pela URSS, que se envolveram numa Guerra Fria, polariza����o cujos efeitos se ligam de forma tr��gica �� guerra em Angola, primeiro para a autodetermina����o, e, depois, j�� num contexto de independ��ncia, num conflito armado que ultrapassou o plano interno. Os interesses dos EUA e da URSS, que come��aram por ser antag��nicos, deram lugar em 1989 com o fim da bipolaridade a uma coopera����o mais aberta e uma abertura pol��tica em Angola rumo �� paz e ao in��cio da constru����o da democracia. Neste trabalho estuda-se o papel da ONU em Angola, quer no per��odo de luta pela independ��ncia, quer depois, na busca da paz no sangrento conflito ��� nem sempre civil ��� que mesmo antes da data da independ��ncia, a 11 de Novembro de 1975, e at�� Fevereiro de 2002, dilacerou o pa��s. Procura-se, igualmente, analisar o contributo da ONU na consolida����o das institui����es e na constru����o de um regime democr��tico em Angola. ABSTRACT: Angola has been along time subject to the greed of several foreign countries for many reasons and motivations which go from colonial interests - that is the cases of, Portugal which for centuries colonized it, and Netherlands under whose administration had been Luanda between 1641 and 1648 - or for hegemonic, ideological and political interests - as it happened in regard to USA and USSR, but also People���s Republic of China, Cuba, - and even for regional interests - regarding South Africa Republic, and the neighbouring countries, Democratic Republic of Congo (ancient Republic of the Congo ���Leopoldville���), and the Republic of Zambia. On the other hand to these interests we may join another which is transversal to all of them: economic interest. Effectively, Angola���s 481,351 square miles (1,246,700 Km2) estimated area, combined with its excellent geographical location with a lengthy Atlantic coast, its extraordinary richness in natural resources may well explain this foreign participation in its Political History. Concerning the objective of this work, the UN has been involved in matters regarding Angola since the decade of 50 of the last century, during the colonial period, long before the independence of the country in 1975, due to the decolonization policy emerged from the Second World War. Furthermore, after the Second World War, international environment has changed, transforming quickly the world into two main blocs, the West with the leadership of the USA and the East with the leadership of USSR which went into a Cold War. The effects of this polarization reached tragically Angola, early in the fight for self-determination, and went on later after independence in an armed conflict, which has overcome the internal dimension. The USA and USSR interests, at the beginning being antagonistic had become by 1989, with the end of bipolarity, more cooperative, leading Angola to a political reform towards peace and beginning the construction of democracy. In this academic work it���s studied the UNO role in Angola since the fight for self-determination early in the sixties of last century, and later in the search for peace during the bloody - and not always civil ��� war conflict which very before independence date in 11th November 1975, and as long as 2002, divided the country. Additionally, this work aims to understand the UNO contribution to consolidate institutions and to promote democracy in Angola.

Notes on health care planning in Latin America and the Caribbean

Attention is called to the fact that the efforts to improve health of populations in Latin America have generally failed. The inequality in the distribution of ill-health is great. The authors accept the fact that the lack of resources available to the health sector may be a restriction towards the improvement of the situation, but they argue that a much more important issue is the misuse of such resources and their maldistribution within the health sector. The lack of integration and coordination between the health services, the conflict of public and private health systems, the under-utilization of existing services and the gap between planning and real implementation are discussed.

Kuailous ou Po tau ya : imagens no feminino sobre os portugueses em Macau

Tendo Macau por contexto, quinze anos ap��s a transfer��ncia da sua administra����o para a Rep��blica Popular da China e cinco s��culos de presen��a portuguesa, o estudo efetua uma abordagem ��s representa����es e estere��tipos sociais dos portugueses, a partir de um inqu��rito a cento e setenta e cinco mulheres chinesas desta Regi��o Administrativa Especial (RAEM). Tendo como marcos conceptuais a Teoria das Representa����es Sociais, de Moscovici, e a Teoria da Identidade Social, de Tajfel, o estudo procura explicitar os saberes sociais constru��dos por esse grupo de refer��ncia, determinantes na forma como se processa a comunica����o e a intera����o grupal com portugueses e ��ncora para a constru����o de estere��tipos com os quais esses processos s��o simplificados, mas tamb��m enviesados. Antevendo-se, num horizonte n��o muito long��nquo, decis��es quanto �� manuten����o do princ��pio ���um pa��s, dois sistemas���, que viabiliza a preserva����o de marcas portuguesas (como a l��ngua) e uma abertura especial �� presen��a de portugueses em Macau, a compreens��o das imagens e met��foras sobre esta comunidade constitui estrat��gia relevante para a perspetiva����o, no presente como no futuro, das rela����es intergrupais que a envolvem. O estudo conclui que as representa����es sobre os portugueses s��o, no essencial, de pendor positivo e exibem uma abertura �� proximidade social e �� participa����o desta comunidade nas din��micas sociais da RAEM. Mas assinala tamb��m ��reas de potencial maior conflitualidade na defesa, pelo endogrupo, de ��reas vitais de afirma����o dessa nova ordem social p��s- transfer��ncia.

New challenges in mathematics for the european higher education

In this paper we will talk about a math project submitted to the Lifelong Learning Programme. European higher education needs a reform in order to play its full role in the Europe of Knowledge. Modernisation of higher education is necessary in the areas of curricula (Bologna process), funding and governance so that higher education institutions can face the challenges posed by globalisation and contribute more effectively to the training and retraining of the European workforce. On the other hand Mathematics is an essential component of all educational systems. Mathematical literacy is being scrutinized in assessment efforts such as the OCDE Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). This showed a low level in Europe. Due to the Bologna Process, which brought several didactical implications for Higher Education (HE) institutions, there is the need of lifelong learning. This evolution is in conflict with the earlier mentioned lack of competencies on basic sciences, such as Mathematics. Forced by this duality, efforts are combined to share expertise in the Math field and the integration of pedagogical methodologies becomes a necessity. Thus, several European countries have proposed an International Project to the Lifelong Learning Programme, Action ERASMUS Modernisation of Higher Education, to make institutions more attractive and more responsive to the needs of the labour market, citizens and society at large. One of the main goals of the project is to attract students to math through high-quality instructional units in an understandable, exciting and attractive way.

A forma����o em media����o de conflitos no desenvolvimento profissional dos assistentes operacionais, em escola p��blica do 1�� ciclo do ensino b��sico

O objetivo da pesquisa pretende verificar se h�� um contributo da forma����o em media����o no desenvolvimento de conhecimentos nessa ��rea e na mudan��a de atitude nos Assistentes Operacionais (AO), face �� resolu����o de conflitos entre alunos. Os recreios das escolas do 1.�� Ciclo do Ensino B��sico (1.��CEB) s��o os locais onde ocorre a quase totalidade dos conflitos entre alunos (Fern��ndez, 2007; Oliveira, 2007; Rosa, 2007). Esses recreios s��o supervisionados pelos AO, os quais devem ter forma����o espec��fica em estrat��gias de resolu����o de conflitos. A media����o �� apontada como a melhor estrat��gia na abordagem dos conflitos escolares, perspetivando melhoria na conviv��ncia escolar e na constru����o de um clima escolar positivo, prop��cio �� efic��cia da educa����o. A estrat��gia de pesquisa baseia-se num estudo de interven����o com uma amostra de conveni��ncia, simultaneamente qualitativo e quantitativo. Os dados foram recolhidos por question��rio, por levantamento dos conhecimentos anteriores e posteriores �� forma����o e por entrevistas aos participantes. No estudo participaram sete AO. Os resultados revelaram que os AO desenvolveram conhecimentos sobre media����o e percecionaram em si mesmos mudan��as de atitude face �� resolu����o de conflitos entre alunos. Os resultados ainda revelaram que os AO se sentem desvalorizados no meio escolar, mas motivados na intera����o com os alunos. Concluiu-se que a forma����o em media����o de conflitos oferece um contributo significativo no desenvolvimento de conhecimentos sobre media����o e facilita uma mudan��a de atitude na resolu����o de conflitos entre alunos. Concluiu-se tamb��m que os AO est��o conscientes do seu papel educativo e que t��m sugest��es pertinentes de melhoria.ABSTRAT This research intends to evaluate whether training in mediation contributes for the development of knowledge in this area, and for changes in attitude, when Operational Assistants (OAs) sort out conflicts between students. The playgrounds of the schools of the 1st Cycle of Basic Education (1stCEB) are the places where almost the conflicts between students happen. These playgrounds are supervised by OAs, which must have specific training in conflict resolution strategies. Mediation is considered the best strategy for addressing students��� conflicts in order to improve school coexistence and positive climate, conducive to the effectiveness of education. The research strategy is based on an intervention study with a convenience sample, both qualitative and quantitative. Data was collected by questionnaire, assessment of knowledge before and after training and final interviews. The participants were 7 OAs. The results revealed the development of knowledge about mediation, who perceives themselves as changing attitudes towards conflicts resolution between students. The results also revealed that the OAs feel devalued, but motivated when interacting to students. Training in conflict mediation offers a significant contribution in the development of knowledge about mediation and facilitates a change of attitude in sorting out conflicts between students. It was also concluded that the OAs are aware of their educational role and have relevant suggestions for improvement.

Os Crimes fiscais: em especial, o crime de abuso de confian��a (fiscal)

Disserta����o para obten����o do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finan��as Orientador: Professor Dr. Ant��nio da Costa Oliveira

Conflicts between employee preferences and ergonomic recommendations in shift scheduling: regulation based on consent is not sufficient

OBJECTIVE: Contribution to the discussion of the role of participation/consent of employees in working hours regulation. METHODS: Exploratory analysis of conflicts between preferences of employees and ergonomic recommendations in shift scheduling by analysing a large number of participative shift scheduling projects. RESULTS: The analysis showed that very often the pursuit of higher income played the major role in the decision making process of employees and employees preferred working hours in conflict with health and safety principles. CONCLUSIONS: First, the consent of employees or the works council alone does not ensure ergonomically sound schedules. Besides consent, risk assessment procedures seem to be a promising but difficult approach. Secondly, more research is necessary to check the applicability of recommendations under various settings, to support the risk assessment processes and to improve regulatory approaches to working hours.

Riders in the storm: the professions and healthcare governance

The public sector is facing turbulent times and this also challenges the health professions who are expected to serve both the interests of the citizens and the cost-containment and austerity policies of governments. This article seeks to explore the changing role of the health professions. I introduce an approach on ���citizen professionals��� as active players in the policy process and mediators between the state/policymakers and the citizens/patients. The aim is to highlight a transformative potential of professionalism and the connectedness with other sets of governance, like management. Empirical material from a German case study and a comparative European study serve to illustrate the arguments, drawing on policy analysis and secondary sources. The results bring the complexity of transformations and new emergent forms of professionalism into view that cannot be understood in traditional categories of conflict, exclusion and jurisdiction. Exploring the potential of the health professions to creatively respond to new challenges may reveal new opportunities for innovating healthcare policy beyond market and management.